(Ebook) Essential Revision Notes For MRCP by Philip A. Kalra ISBN 9781905635924, 9781909491977, 9781909491960, 1905635923, 1909491977, 1909491969 Latest PDF 2025
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Essential
Revision Notes
for MRCP
Fourth Edition
Dedication
To my wife, Marian, and children, Michael, Gabriella and Alicia, who will always inspire
Essential
Revision Notes
for MRCP
Fourth Edition
edited by
Philip A Kalra MA MB BChir FRCP MD
Consultant and Honorary Professor of Nephrology,
Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust and The University of Manchester
© PASTEST LTD 1999, 2004, 2009, 2014
Egerton Court
Parkgate Estate
Knutsford
Cheshire WA16 8DX
Telephone: 01565 755226
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permissions of the copyright owner.
First published 1999
Reprinted 1999
Revised edition 2002
Reprinted 2003
Second edition 2004
Third edition 2009
Reprinted 2009
Fourth edition 2014
ISBN: 1 905 635 92 4
978 1 905635 92 4
ePub ISBN: 978 1 909491 97 7
Mobi ISBN: 978 1 909491 96 0
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
The information contained within this book was obtained by the authors from reliable sources. However, whilst every effort has been
made to ensure its accuracy, no responsibility for loss, damage or injury occasioned to any person acting or refraining from action as a
result of information contained herein can be accepted by the publishers or authors.
CHAPTER
Cardiology
1. J E R Davies, S Nijjer
Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and
2. Poisoning
S Waring
Dermatology
3. H Robertshaw
Endocrinology
4. T Kearney, S Giritharan, M Kumar
Epidemiology
5. J Ritchie
Gastroenterology
6. S Lal, D H Vasant
Genetics
7. E Burkitt Wright
Genito-urinary Medicine and AIDS
8. B Goorney
Haematology
9. K Patterson
Immunology
10. J Galloway
Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine
11. C L van Halsema
Maternal Medicine
12. L Byrd
Metabolic Diseases
13. S Sinha
Molecular Medicine
14. K Siddals
Nephrology
15. P Kalra
Neurology
16. M Jones, C Kobylecki, D Rog
Ophthalmology
17. K Smyth
Psychiatry
18. E Sampson
Respiratory Medicine
19. H Green
Rheumatology
20. M McMahon
Statistics
21. E Koutoumanou
Index
Contributors to Fourth Edition
Emma Burkitt Wright MBChB PhD MRCP(UK)
Specialist Registrar and Honorary Clinical Research Fellow, Manchester Centre for Genomic
Medicine, Central Manchester University Hospitals Foundation Trust and University of Manchester,
Chapter 7 Genetics
Clare L van Halsema MBChB MSc MD MRCP DTM&H Dip HIV Med
Specialist Registrar in Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical
Medicine, North Manchester General Hospital, Manchester, Chapter 11 Infectious Diseases and
Tropical Medicine
Cardiology
Fig 1.5 – Radionuclide myocardial perfusion imaging. Left panel shows the gamma camera. Right
panel shows a reversible inferolateral perfusion defect: left column stress, right column rest.
Fig 1.6 – Mechanism for atrioventricular nodal re-entry tachycardia
Fig 1.7 – Mechanism for atrioventricular re-entry tachycardia
Maternal Medicine
Table 12.4 – Specific renal diseases and pregnancy
Neurology
Figure 16.2 – Demonstrating how the ‘shape’ of three common neurological conditions – seizures,
transient ischaemic attacks and migraine – and their positive and negative neurological features in the
history help to differentiate them.
The following images in this book have been reproduced with kind permission from Science Photo
Library.
Immunology
Fig 10.3 – Angioedema on the tongue
Preface to the Fourth Edition
I am delighted that ‘Essential Revision Notes for MRCP’ has retained it’s place as one of the key texts
for preparation for the MRCP over a period now extending beyond 15 years. In this latest edition
there has been a significant revision of the text in all of the chapters by experts in the subject, and the
material has been brought right up to date with coverage of the latest clinical developments in the
subject areas.
We continue to use the same successful style of layout within the Essential Revision Notes (ERN)
with emphasis upon ‘user-friendliness’ with succinct text, bullet points and tables. The double-
column format enhances readability and revision. The aim is to provide the practising physician with
accessible, concise and up-to-date core knowledge across all of the subspecialties of medicine. For
candidates who are preparing for the MRCP, it fills a unique gap between large detailed textbooks of
medicine and those smaller texts which concentrate specifically on how to pass the examinations.
However, many physicians use the ERN as a career-long companion to be used as a concise source of
reference long after they have successfully collected their exam certificates.
A special thanks goes to our skilled team of contributing authors for their outstanding efforts which
have ensured that this new edition maintains the standard set by previous editions. I am also
particularly grateful to Cathy Dickens, who has been a key contributor to the ERN effort since it’s
initiation in 1998, and to Brad Fallon, for co-ordinating the book production process at PasTest.
Philip A Kalra
Consultant and Honorary Professor of Nephrology
Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust and University of Manchester
Chapter 1
Cardiology
CONTENTS
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Clinical examination
1.2.1 Jugular venous pressure
1.2.2 Arterial pulse associations
1.2.3 Cardiac apex
1.2.4 Heart sounds
1.3 Cardiac investigations
1.3.1 Electrocardiography
1.3.2 Echocardiography
1.3.3 Nuclear cardiology: myocardial perfusion imaging
1.3.4 Cardiac catheterisation
1.3.5 Exercise stress testing
1.3.6 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring
1.3.7 Computed tomography
1.3.8 Magnetic resonance imaging
1.4 Valvular disease and endocarditis
1.4.1 Murmurs
1.4.2 Mitral stenosis
1.4.3 Mitral regurgitation
1.4.4 Aortic regurgitation
1.4.5 Aortic stenosis
1.4.6 Tricuspid regurgitation
1.4.7 Prosthetic valves
1.4.8 Infective endocarditis
1.5 Congenital heart disease
1.5.1 Atrial septal defect
1.5.2 Ventricular septal defect
1.5.3 Patent ductus arteriosus
1.5.4 Coarctation of the aorta
1.5.5 Eisenmenger syndrome
1.5.6 Tetralogy of Fallot
1.5.7 Important post-surgical circulations
1.6 Arrhythmias and pacing
1.6.1 Bradyarrhythmias
1.6.2 Supraventricular tachycardias
1.6.3 Atrial arrhythmias
1.6.4 Ventricular arrhythmias and channelopathies
1.6.5 Pacing and ablation procedures
1.7 Ischaemic heart disease
1.7.1 Angina
1.7.2 Myocardial infarction
1.7.3 PPCI for STEMI
1.7.4 Coronary artery interventional procedures
1.8 Heart failure and myocardial diseases
1.8.1 Cardiac failure
1.8.2 Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
1.8.3 Dilated cardiomyopathy
1.8.4 Restrictive cardiomyopathy
1.8.5 Myocarditis
1.8.6 Cardiac tumours
1.8.7 Alcohol and the heart
1.8.8 Cardiac transplantation
1.9 Pericardial disease
1.9.1 Constrictive pericarditis
1.9.2 Pericardial effusion
1.9.3 Cardiac tamponade
1.10 Disorders of major vessels
1.10.1 Pulmonary hypertension
1.10.2 Venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
1.10.3 Systemic hypertension
1.10.4 Aortic dissection
Appendix I
Normal cardiac physiological values
Appendix II
Summary of further trials in cardiology
Cardiology
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Patients with cardiovascular disease form a large part of clinical work and accordingly have
prominence in the MRCP examination. Ischaemic heart disease, valvular disease and arrhythmic
disorders have the largest preponderance of questions. Many of the conditions have overlapping
causes and cardiac pathophysiology is such that one condition can lead to another. Understanding the
pathophysiology will allow clinicians to unpick diagnoses, understand the diseases and answer
examination questions more effectively.
Raised JVP with loss of normal pulsations: SVC syndrome is obstruction caused by
3. mediastinal malignancy, such as bronchogenic malignancy, which causes head, neck and/or arm
swelling.
a
Absent Atrial fibrillation – no co-ordinated contraction
waves
Large Tricuspid stenosis, right heart failure, pulmonary hypertension
Caused by atrioventricular dissociation – allowing the atria and ventricles to
Cannon
contract at same time:
Atrial flutter and atrial tachycardias
Third-degree (‘complete’) heart block
Ventricular tachycardia and ventricular ectopics
v
Giant Tricuspid regurgitation – technically a giant ‘c-V’ wave
waves
x
Steep Tamponade and cardiac constriction
descent
If steep x descent only, then tamponade
y
Steep Cardiac constriction
descent
Slow Tricuspid stenosis
Figure 1.2 Different JVP morphologies can reflect different disease states
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