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 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/5/2018, SPi

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 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/5/2018, SPi

The Minor Prophets as

Christian Scripture in
the Commentaries of
Theodore of
Mopsuestia and Cyril
of Alexandria

HAUNA T. ONDREY

1
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/5/2018, SPi

3
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First Edition published in 2018
Impression: 1
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For Scot McKnight

OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/5/2018, SPi
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/5/2018, SPi

Acknowledgments

It is a pleasure to acknowledge my indebtedness to the community

of mentors, colleagues, friends, and family that has made this work
possible.
This book began as a doctoral thesis, for the completion of which
I owe deep gratitude to Mark W. Elliott, whose supervision exempli-
fied wisdom and care. I’m additionally thankful for colleagues who
shared the ups and downs of the PhD journey at the University of
St Andrews, especially my Black Room companions, Loe Joo Tan,
Sarah Maple, Tanya Walker, Garrick Allen, and Milton Núñez-Coba,
as well as Rosanna Alderson, Jen Gilbertson, Haley Goranson, and
Andrew and Susan Cowan.
I’m grateful to Philip J. Anderson and Bradley Nassif for introdu-
cing me to the Fathers and supporting me along the way; to all my
colleagues at North Park Theological Seminary, with special thanks
to Michelle Clifton-Soderstrom, Stephen Chester, and dean David
Kersten; to theological librarian Steve Spencer for always providing a
research room and timely counsel; and to the Brandel Library inter-
library loan staff for increasing their workload on my behalf.
Father John Behr provided substantive advice and encouragement,
both as external thesis reader and throughout the publication pro-
cess, and deserves my thanks. Many thanks also to the Oxford Early
Christian Studies editors and external reader for especially useful
feedback that made this work far better than my initial submission.
Throughout the research and writing process I have relied on the
steady love of my entire family, especially my parents, Jeff Ondrey
and Sali Honess-Ondrey, and sister Sarah. My husband, Carl Anders
Johnson, has been behind me at each step, providing encouragement,
perspective, and unconditional support. Finally, my thanks go to
Scot McKnight, to whom this book is dedicated, for giving me early
opportunities that outmatched my experience. In this small way,
I hope to repay your confidence.
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/5/2018, SPi
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/5/2018, SPi

Contents

Abbreviations xi

Introduction: Theodore and Cyril in Context 1

Part I. One Divine Economy in Two Testaments

1. A Nexus of Commentators on the Twelve:
Theodore and Cyril’s Defense of Historia 49

Part II. The Ministry of the Twelve Prophets

to Old Testament Israel
2. Theodore of Mopsuestia: The Twelve within
the First Age 75
3. Cyril of Alexandria: The Twelve within the First
Covenant 118

Part III. The Ministry of the Texts of the Twelve

to the Church
4. Theodore of Mopsuestia: The Twelve as
Christian Scripture 147
5. Cyril of Alexandria: The Twelve as Christian Scripture 167

Part IV. Conclusion: The Twelve between Two Testaments

6. Theodore and Cyril in Dialogue: Analysis
and Implications 215

Bibliography 241
Scripture Index 257
Modern Authors 264
General Index 265
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 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 10/5/2018, SPi

Abbreviations

ACO Acta Conciliorum Oecumenicorum

CCG Corpus Christianorum Series Graeca
CCL Corpus Christianorum Series Latina
CCR Coptic Church Review
CSCO Corpus Scriptorum Christianorum Orientalium
ET English translation
FOTC Fathers of the Church
GCS Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten
Jahrhunderte
HeyJ Heythrop Journal
IJSCC International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church
JECS Journal of Early Christian Studies
JETS Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
JTS Journal of Theological Studies
LCL Loeb Classical Library
LXX Septuagint
OECS Oxford Early Christian Studies
OECT Oxford Early Christian Texts
PG Patrologia Graeca
PL Patrologia Latina
PO Patrologia Orientalis
ProEccl Pro Ecclesia
RB Revue Biblique
RSR Recherches de science religieuse
SC Sources Chrétiennes
SE Sacris Erudiri
ST Studi e testi
StP Studia Patristica
TLG Thesaurus Linguae Graecae
TZ Theologische Zeitschrift
VC Vigilae Christianae
VCSup Supplements to Vigilae Christianae
VetC Vetera Christianorum
WGRW Writings from the Greco-Roman World
WTJ Westminster Theological Journal
ZNW Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die
Kunde der älteren Kirche
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 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 8/5/2018, SPi

Introduction
Theodore and Cyril in Context

CYRIL AGAINST THEODORE

When Theodore of Mopsuestia and Cyril of Alexandria are considered

together, it is usually as christological antagonists. And rightly so:
while alive, Cyril actively campaigned against Theodore, and his
polemical writings played a substantial role in Theodore’s sixth-
century condemnation.¹
In 432 Rabboula of Edessa (411–436) ordered Theodore’s writings
destroyed,² recruiting Cyril to his cause when his campaign against
Theodore met resistance from John of Antioch and other eastern
bishops. Cyril had already named Diodore the root of Nestorius’s
faulty Christology,³ and he learned from Rabboula that Theodore too
bore this guilt, veneration of him causing the outbreak of a previously
hidden disease.⁴ Cyril subsequently joined in the campaign, writing
against Theodore by name, first in an exposition on the Nicene

¹ For the path from Ephesus (431) to Constantinople II (553), see especially intro-
ductory chapters by Richard Price, trans., intro., The Acts of the Council of Constantin-
ople of 553: With Related Texts on the Three Chapters Controversy, 2 vols., Translated
Texts for Historians 51 (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 2009), esp. introductory
chapters, pp. 1–108, and introductory texts throughout; John Behr, The Case Against
Diodore and Theodore: Texts and Their Contexts, OECT (Oxford: Oxford University
Press, 2011), 83–158.
² The campaign is known from Ibas of Edessa’s letter to Mari the Persian, ACO 2.1,
pp. 391–3, ET Price 2:6–10.
³ Ep. 45, ACO 1.1.6, pp. 151–7. Cyril names Diodore Nestorius’s teacher in paragraph 2,
charging him with dividing the Son of God and son of David (par. 2, p. 151.17–19). ET
Wickham 70–83.
⁴ Ep. 73, ACO 4.1, Session V. 23 (p. 89), ET FOTC 77:75–6.
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 8/5/2018, SPi

2 The Minor Prophets as Christian Scripture

Creed,⁵ followed by his 438 treatises Against Diodore and two
Against Theodore.⁶ In his appeal to Theodosius II, Cyril stated
his position concisely, naming Diodore and Theodore the “fathers
of Nestorius’s blasphemies”⁷ and charging the eastern bishops with
condemning Nestorius’s errors while reintroducing them by giving
honor to his predecessors.⁸ Theodore was ultimately condemned
at Constantinople II (553), where Cyril’s polemical works substan-
tially comprised the compiled dossier marshalled against Theodore
by the bishops gathered.⁹ John Behr has even argued for Cyril as
the author of the common florilegium of Theodore’s indicted works
used at the fourth and fifth sessions of Constantinople.¹⁰ In short,
Theodore was condemned, and Cyril, in person and in writings, was
party to his condemnation.¹¹
Though the Three Chapters Controversy centered on Christology,
Theodore’s Old Testament interpretation was also implicated in the
conciliar deliberations. The indicted fragments concern Theodore’s
dividing the homo assumptus and verbum assumens in his interpret-
ation of Psalm 8,¹² denial of Song of Songs as a christological allegory,¹³
and assertion of pagan interpolation in the book of Job.¹⁴ Regarding the
prophetic books specifically, the council noted Theodore’s refusal of
standard christological testimonia¹⁵ and introduced the excerpts from
the Commentary on the Minor Prophets as “the commentary that he
wrote on the twelve prophets, denying that the prophecies were about

⁵ Ep. 55, ACO 1.1.4, pp. 49–61, naming Theodore with Nestorius, pp. 60.41–61.2.
⁶ Extant only as citations in subsequent polemical works and the Acts of Con-
stantinople II. See chart of citations of Cyril’s Against Theodore assembled by Behr,
Case, 148–9; Contra Diodorum et Theodorum, PG 76.1437–52.
⁷ Ep. 71, ACO 1.4, p. 211.1–2. ⁸ Ep. 71, ACO 1.4, p. 211.5–8.
⁹ See ACO 4.1, Session V. 5–13 (pp. 74–82), 18–21 (pp. 86–8), 38 (p. 96), 53–5
(pp. 101–2), 66–81 (pp. 105–11); Behr, Case, 133–58, 418–29.
¹⁰ As well as in the Blasphemies of Diodore, Theodore, and the Impious Nestorius
and by Timothy Aelurus, Leontius of Byzantium, and Emperor Justinian. Behr, Case,
155–8, reconstructs the transmission.
¹¹ Though it should be noted that Cyril, in a letter to Proclus at the end of the fifth-
century controversies, advised against condemning Theodore’s person in addition to
his errors, citing fear of schism on account of the reverence with which Theodore was
held (Ep. 72, ACO 4.1, Session V. 77, pp. 109–10)—John of Antioch even preferring to
throw himself in fire than anathematize Theodore (Ep. 72.78, p. 110.20–1).
¹² ACO 4.1, Session IV. 25 (pp. 52–3), ET Price 1:245.
¹³ ACO 4.1, Session IV. 77, 78, 79, 80 (pp. 68–70), ET Price 1:264–7.
¹⁴ ACO 4.1, Session IV. 73, 74, 75, 76 (pp. 67–8), ET Price 1:262–4.
¹⁵ ACO 4.1, Session IV. 27, 28, 29, 30 (pp. 53–5), ET Price 1:246–8.
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 8/5/2018, SPi

Introduction: Theodore and Cyril in Context 3

Christ.”¹⁶ The final session of the council included in its summary of
the preceding hearing regarding Theodore that he “rejected the proph-
ecies about Christ and was eager, as far as pertained to himself, to deny
the great mystery of the dispensation of our salvation.”¹⁷ Facundus of
Hermaine’s defense of Theodore’s christological interpretation of
prophecy corroborates the Council’s charge.¹⁸
The increased attention given to the interplay between Theodore’s
Christology and his interpretation of scripture follows a broader trend
toward appreciation of the integral role of biblical exegesis in theo-
logical debate—if indeed the two can be separated at all. In an “an age
which saw theology exegetically and exegesis theologically,”¹⁹ “theology
is interpretation of the Bible.”²⁰ This appreciation has in turn encour-
aged increased scholarly attention to patristic interpretation—what
Robert Wilken in 1965 termed a “frontier” in Christian history.²¹ Both
Theodore and Cyril have benefitted from this trend to recognize the
church fathers as biblical interpreters. The consensus yields strikingly
opposite portraits of the two as Old Testament interpreters. The
minimal christological interpretation that appears in Theodore’s Old
Testament commentaries is observed as his distinctive feature.²² Cyril,
by contrast, is described as a pre-eminently “christocentric” interpreter

¹⁶ ACO 4.1, Session IV. 26 (p. 53), ET Price 1:245.

¹⁷ ACO 4.1, Session VIII. 4.9 (p. 210.20–1), ET Price 1:113.
¹⁸ Facundus of Hermaine, Pro def. 3.6, SC 478:97–129.
¹⁹ Robert Wilken, “Exegesis and the History of Theology: Reflections on the
Adam-Christ Typology in Cyril of Alexandria,” CH 35 (1966): 155.
²⁰ Robert Wilken, “Cyril of Alexandria, Biblical Exegete,” in Handbook of Patristic
Exegesis: The Bible in Ancient Christianity, vol. 2, ed. Charles Kannengiesser (Leiden:
Brill, 2004), 843, my emphasis. Cf. Frances Young, Biblical Exegesis and the Formation
of Christian Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 4, 265; Lewis
Ayres, Nicaea and Its Legacy: An Approach to Fourth-Century Trinitarian Theology
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), 31–40, “Early Christians did not distinguish
‘exegesis’ and ‘theology’ in the way that modern scholars tend to do,” 38.
²¹ Wilken, “Exegesis and the History of Theology,” 142, 156; also as “one of the step
children of Church History,” p. 139.
²² Whether celebrated as an avoidance of anachronistically importing Christ
into Israel’s scripture (so Dimitri Z. Zaharopoulos, Theodore of Mopsuestia on the
Bible: A Study of His Old Testament Exegesis [New York: Paulist Press, 1989],
passim, see especially chapter 6, “Old Testament Messianic Expectations as Inter-
preted by Theodore of Mopsuestia,” pp. 142–75, and his eighth concluding point,
p. 183) or censured as a failure to offer a reading that is Christian in any meaningful
sense (so John J. O’Keefe, “ ‘A Letter that Killeth’: Toward a Reassessment of
Antiochene Exegesis, or Diodore, Theodore, and Theodoret on the Psalms,” JECS
8:1 [2000]: 83–104).
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4 The Minor Prophets as Christian Scripture

of the Old Testament.²³ Is it any wonder that the two stood on
opposite sides of a conciliar verdict that found Theodore’s interpret-
ation of the prophets christologically inadequate?²⁴
Some important recent studies have attended to the interplay of
exegesis and Christology in Theodore’s conciliar condemnation.²⁵
The studies of John O’Keefe and John Behr especially note that
Constantinople II judged the Christological reticence of Theodore’s
Old Testament exegesis rather less favorably than the twentieth-
century scholars who celebrated Theodore as proto-historical critic.
As O’Keefe and Behr read the council’s decision, because Theodore
did not recognize Christ as the subject of the Old Testament, his
interpretation severed the story of Israel from the Christian economy.
Behr finds Theodore incapable of uniting the Testaments because he
fails to read Christ as the content of the Old Testament, instead
reading the two Testaments as “distinct historia.”²⁶ Behr goes further
to posit this hermeneutical distinction as the source of Theodore’s
failure to unite Christ’s natures adequately.²⁷ In O’Keefe’s final
assessment, Theodore’s interpretation of the Old Testament “failed

²³ Cyril’s “christocentrism” provides the organizing principle for Bertrand de

Margerie’s survey ( “Saint Cyril of Alexandria Develops a Christocentric Exegesis,”
An Introduction to the History of Exegesis, vol. 1, trans. Leonard Maluf [Petersham,
MA: Saint Bede’s Publications, 1993], 244), and Luis Armendáriz observes Cyril’s
“obsesión cristocéntrica” within his Old Testament interpretation” (El Nuevo Moisés:
Dinámica christocéntrica en la tipología de Cirilo Alejandrino [Madrid: Ediciones Fax,
1962], 104). Moreover, “De ahí [i.e., Cyril’s exegetical christocentrism] deriva cierta
monotonia,” p. 103, emphasis original. According to Wilken, “[Cyril’s] biblical writ-
ings are commentaries on Christ and only if one reads them in that spirit can one
appreciate his significance as interpreter of the Bible.” Wilken, “St. Cyril of Alexandria:
The Mystery of Christ in the Bible,” ProEccl 4 (1995): 478; cf. “Cyril of Alexandria as
Interpreter of the Old Testament,” in The Theology of St. Cyril of Alexandria: A Critical
Appreciation, ed. Thomas G. Weinandy and Daniel A. Keating (London & New York:
T&T Clark, 2003), 21; “Cyril of Alexandria, Biblical Exegete,” 865.
²⁴ I wish to challenge the accuracy of these generalizations. Nevertheless, they
point to a real and notable contrast in the degree of christological interpretation in
Theodore’s and Cyril’s Old Testament commentaries.
²⁵ Peter Bruns, “Das Offenbarungsverständnis Theodors von Mopsuestia im Zwölf-
prophetenkommentar,” StP 32 (1997): 272–7; O’Keefe, “Letter,” see especially pp. 84,
93; Behr, Case, esp. 35, 40–7, 66–82. Going back to J.-M. Vosté, “L’oeuvre exégétique de
Théodore de Mopsueste au IIe Concile de Constantinople,” RB 38 (1929): 382–95,
542–54.
²⁶ Behr, Case, 45, “The novelty of both the exegesis and Christological reflection of
Diodore and Theodore was that they treated the Old Testament as a distinct historia
from the New, and consequentially ‘the man’ as a distinct subject from the Word.” Cf.
O’Keefe, “Letter,” 85, for the same conclusion.
²⁷ Behr, Case, 45.
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 8/5/2018, SPi

Introduction: Theodore and Cyril in Context 5

precisely because it did not appreciate how central a Christ-centered
figural reading of the Old Testament was to its appropriation by the
Christian church.”²⁸ In the judgment of both Behr and O’Keefe, this
failure accounts for not only the conciliar verdict of 553 but also the
fourth-century exegetical conflict between Antioch and Alexandria,
with Cyril serving as the representative Alexandrian. In this way, the
two reframe the Antioch/Alexandrian antithesis by foregrounding
polemic against Diodore and Theodore rather than Antiochene cri-
tique of allegorical interpretation. So in O’Keefe’s assessment, “From
Cyril’s point of view, it would appear that the exegesis of Diodore
and Theodore was not methodologically flawed; it was simply not
Christian enough.”²⁹
Full commentaries on the Minor Prophets by both Theodore and
Cyril remain extant—Theodore’s only work extant in the original
Greek³⁰—and have yet to be compared in their entirety.³¹ Because the

²⁸ O’Keefe, “Letter,” 96. O’Keefe’s focus is Theodore’s (and Diodore’s) interpret-

ation of the Psalms, from which he draws generalizations about Antiochene exegesis
more broadly. Though with modifications, both Lewis Ayres and John Behr cite
O’Keefe’s article approvingly and build upon it, Ayres, Nicaea, 31–40 (mentioned
explicitly in 31, n. 67); Behr, Case, 37–42.
²⁹ John O’Keefe, “Christianizing Malachi: Fifth-Century Insights from Cyril of
Alexandria,” VC 50:2 (1996): 141. Cf. “Letter,” 93, “The difference between, say,
Theodore and Cyril was not so much that the former set the Psalms within the historical
context of Kings while the latter did not. The difference was, rather, that Theodore
limited the ‘skopos’ of the Psalms to the context of the Book of Kings while Cyril
extended it to include Christ, the Church, and the entire Christian life.”
³⁰ Commentaries on the Major Prophets are mentioned in the Syriac chronicles
but are not available in fragments, nor are they mentioned in the Greek histories,
Council Acts, or by Theodore himself.
³¹ The only full comparative study, though limited to their commentaries on
Habakkuk, comes from Timothy Edward Saleska, “Cyril of Alexandria and the Literal
Interpretation of Scripture: An Analysis of Cyril’s Commentarius in Habacuc,” (PhD
diss., Hebrew Union College—Jewish Institute of Religion, 1999). Saleska offers a
verse-by-verse comparison of Cyril’s Commentary on Habakkuk with those of Theo-
dore, Theodoret, and Jerome in order to establish Cyril’s direct dependences and
describe the methodology of his literal interpretation. A number of articles consider
more isolated cases. The best and most comprehensive study is still Manlio Simonetti,
“Note sull’esegesi veterotestamentaria di Teodoro di Mopsuestia,” VetC 14 (1977):
69–102; “Note sul commento di Cirillo ai profeti minori,” VetC 14 (1977): 303–30. Cf.
Robert C. Hill, “Zechariah in Alexandria and Antioch,” Augustinianum-Roma 48:2
(2008): 323–44; Al Wolters, “Zechariah 14 and Biblical Theology: Patristic and
Contemporary Case Studies,” in Out of Egypt: Biblical Theology and Biblical Inter-
pretation, ed. Craig Bartholomew et al., Scripture and Hermeneutics Series 5 (Grand
Rapids: Zondervan, 2004), 261–85; Wolters, “Zechariah 14: A Dialogue with the
History of Interpretation,” Mid-America Journal of Theology 13 (2002): 39–56.
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 8/5/2018, SPi

6 The Minor Prophets as Christian Scripture

prophets serve as hinge figures, anticipating the second stage of the
divine economy from their position within the first, Theodore’s and
Cyril’s commentaries on the Minor Prophets provide an especially
useful point of entry into how each relates the two Testaments,
historically and scripturally. Their interpretation of Old Testament
prophecy offers a privileged window into how they conceive of sacred
history as a whole as well as the epistemic dimension of the two stages
of that history, to which both have been shown to be particularly
attentive.³² The commentaries offer further an extended testing
ground for how this conception impacts their Old Testament inter-
pretation practically—not simply in programmatic statements but
over the course of full, extensive commentary.

THE TWELVE BETWEEN TWO TESTAMENTS

Both Theodore and Cyril view the books of the Twelve as texts that
record and bear witness to sacred history and therefore should be
interpreted according to this overarching narrative. For both inter-
preters the Minor Prophets are also texts having present value for the
Christian community. My study considers in turn how Theodore and
Cyril see the Twelve functioning in these two capacities: (1) in their
ministry to Old Testament Israel and (2) in their ministry to the
fourth- and fifth-century church as Christian scripture.
Attempting to isolate Theodore’s and Cyril’s views of the pros-
pective (historical) and retrospective (scriptural) role of the Minor
Prophets in this way is admittedly somewhat artificial, particularly
in the case of Cyril. Nevertheless, I judge the clarification gained
in isolating their thought in this way warrants what it potentially

³² On the central themes of transformation and newness in Christ within Cyril’s

corpus, see especially Robert Wilken, Judaism and the Early Christian Mind: A Study
of Cyril of Alexandria’s Exegesis and Theology (New Haven: Yale University Press,
1971), reference to the Minor Prophets commentary at p. 86, n. 50. For extended
discussion of Theodore’s Doctrine of the Two Ages, its theological implications,
and key texts from his commentaries on Paul (minor Pauline epistles and catena
fragments on Romans and Hebrews), see Richard A. Norris, Manhood and Christ:
A Study in the Christology of Theodore of Mopsuestia (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1963),
160–72; Rowan A. Greer, The Captain of Our Salvation: A Study in the Patristic
Exegesis of Hebrews (Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 1973), 178–223; Simonetti, “Note . . .
Teodoro,” 93–102.
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 8/5/2018, SPi

Introduction: Theodore and Cyril in Context 7

obscures. Theodore’s and Cyril’s styles of commentary obscure pre-
cisely this distinction in opposite ways, leading to mischaracteriza-
tions of the relationship each sees between Old Testament prophecy
and Christ, ascribing too little christological content to Theodore’s
interpretation of Old Testament prophecy and too much to Cyril’s.
Theodore’s interpretation of the prophets rarely makes explicit
mention of Christ. This has led to the inaccurate conclusion that
he disallows messianic prophecy entirely. Many studies subsume Theo-
dore’s christological interpretation under retrospective accommodation
or typology,³³ enabling the erroneous verdict that, “Strictly speaking . . .
Old Testament prophecy in Theodore’s judgment is not predictive
of Christ.”³⁴ A related charge is that Theodore’s Old Testament com-
mentaries offer no explicitly Christian meaning from the prophetic
texts and evidence his lack of interest in doing so. In Simonetti’s view,
for Theodore the prophets are confined to the First Age and therefore
“have no real meaning and value with respect to the new phase of
the present age which began with the Incarnation.”³⁵ O’Keefe concludes
that Theodore’s reader is “hard pressed to find anything particularly
Christian” in his biblical commentary.³⁶ A closer reading shows that (1)
Theodore does affirm messianic prophecy and (2) a much fuller account
can be offered of the Christian value he finds in the prophetic texts.
Cyril’s interpretation, by contrast, ranges easily and unannounced
from the time of the prophets, to Christ, to fifth-century Alexandria.

³³ E.g., Rowan Greer, Theodore of Mopsuestia: Exegete and Theologian (Westminster:

The Faith Press, 1961), 109–10; John Breck, The Power of the Word in the Worshiping
Church (Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, 1986), 83; Frederick G. McLeod,
The Roles of Christ’s Humanity in Salvation: Insights from Theodore of Mopsuestia
(Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 2005), 20–57, esp. 47–57.
Behr, Case, 75, seems to assume the same collapse in treating Abraham and David as
types rather than distinguishing God’s promises to them as prophecy. Saying here too
that the types “intimate the reality to come,” and summarizing, “For Theodore, then,
figure and events both lead through the Old Covenant to Christ and can be placed in
typological relationship to him,” p. 75.
³⁴ Zaharopoulos, Theodore, 183.
³⁵ Simonetti, “Note . . . Teodoro,” 99, my translation; cf. Simonetti, “Theodore of
Mopsuestia (ca. 350–428),” pp. 799–828 in Handbook of Patristic Exegesis, vol. 2, ed.
Charles Kannengiesser (Leiden: Brill, 2004), 824, n. 134.
³⁶ O’Keefe, “Letter,” 96—even that Theodore does “a kind of violence to Christian
reading” (“Letter,” 84), here summarizing supportively the ancient verdict, repre-
sented by Leontius. Cf. Robert C. Hill, “Theodore of Mopsuestia, Interpreter of the
Prophets,” SE 40 (2001): 121; “Introduction,” Theodore of Mopsuestia, Commentary
on the Twelve Prophets, 22.
Another Random Scribd Document
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 Criminology - Case Study
Winter 2024 - Division

Prepared by: Instructor Brown

Date: August 12, 2025

Exercise 1: Learning outcomes and objectives

Learning Objective 1: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Key terms and definitions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 4: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 5: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 5: Best practices and recommendations
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 8: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 8: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Discussion 2: Historical development and evolution
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 12: Current trends and future directions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Review 3: Current trends and future directions
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 24: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 25: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 27: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Results 4: Literature review and discussion
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 34: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 37: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 39: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Discussion 5: Learning outcomes and objectives
Example 40: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 43: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 44: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 44: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 45: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 46: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 47: Ethical considerations and implications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Module 6: Key terms and definitions
Practice Problem 50: Case studies and real-world applications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 56: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 7: Case studies and real-world applications
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 61: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 66: Key terms and definitions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 68: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 69: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 69: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Chapter 8: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Example 70: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 73: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 74: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 77: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 77: Key terms and definitions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Unit 9: Fundamental concepts and principles
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 81: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 84: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 85: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 86: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 90: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Section 10: Historical development and evolution
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 92: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 93: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 96: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 97: Literature review and discussion
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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