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Preface
Designed specifically to be used with all versions of Ways of the
World, Fourth Edition, this collection of sources—both primary
and secondary—complements and extends each chapter of the
parent textbook. As the title of the collection suggests, these
source projects enable students to “think through sources”
and, in turn, begin to understand the craft of historians as well
as their conclusions. Readers explore in greater depth a central
theme from each chapter, using both documentary and visual
sources as well as brief extracts from works by recent historians
and other scholars. Each Historians’ Voices feature and every
primary source includes a brief headnote that provides context
for the source and several questions to consider. The primary
source projects include a series of integrative and probing essay
questions appropriate for in-class discussion and writing
assignments.
In addition to this print volume, we are delighted to offer
Thinking through Sources in LaunchPad, Bedford’s online
learning platform. In LaunchPad, these features are
surrounded by a distinctive and sophisticated pedagogy of auto-
graded exercises. Offering immediate substantive feedback for
each rejoinder, these exercises help students learn even when
they select the wrong answer. These unique exercises guide
students both in assessing their understanding of the sources
and in drawing useful conclusions from them. In this
interactive learning environment, students will enhance their
8
ability to build arguments and to practice historical reasoning.
More specifically, a short quiz after each primary source
and Historians’ Voices feature offers students the opportunity
to check their understanding of materials that often derive from
quite distant times and places. Some questions focus on
audience, purpose, point of view, limitations, or context, while
others challenge students to draw conclusions about the source
or to compare one source with another. Immediate substantive
feedback for each rejoinder creates an active learning
environment in which students are rewarded for reaching the
correct answer through their own process of exploration.
At the end of each Thinking through Sources exercise, a
Draw Conclusions from the Evidence activity asks students to
assess whether a specific piece of evidence drawn from the
sources supports or challenges a conclusion related to a
Guiding Question. Collectively, these assignments create an
active learning environment in which reading with a purpose is
reinforced by immediate feedback and support. The guiding
question provides a foundation for in-class activities or a
summative writing assignment.
To learn more about the benefits of LaunchPad and the
different versions of Ways of the World to package with
LaunchPad, visit macmillanlearning.com/catalog.
New in This Edition
The major new element in this edition of Thinking through
9
Sources is a feature we call Historians’ Voices. At the end of
each chapter, two brief statements from contemporary scholars
present varying viewpoints on the larger theme addressed by
the primary sources. An explicitly integrative question invites
students to make use of both primary and secondary sources. In
Chapter 4, for example, two religious scholars express their
varying understandings of the historical Jesus. In Chapter 19,
two historians of Japan focus on different factors that help to
explain Japan’s modern transformation during the later
nineteenth century.
Beyond these Historians’ Voices extracts, some entire
primary source projects are new in this edition. Chapter 22, for
example, now provides a range of commentary on the
astonishing technological innovations of the past century, while
Chapter 23 explores the experience of migration during the
same century.
Acknowledgments
We extend our thanks to Senior Program Manager William
Lombardo, Senior Development Editor Heidi Hood, Media
Editor Tess Fletcher, Developmental Editor Stephanie Sosa, and
Content Project Manager Lidia MacDonald-Carr of Bedford/St.
Martin’s.
Robert Strayer, La Selva Beach, California
Eric Nelson, Springfield, Missouri
10
Contents
Preface
1 History before Writing: How Do We Know?
Source 1.1 A Gathering and Hunting Woman in the
Twentieth century:
Nisa:The Life and Words of a !Kung Woman: Life
in the Bush, 1971
Source 1.2 Paleolithic Rock Art: A Hunting Scene:
Lascaux Rock Art, ca. 17,000 B.C.E.
Source 1.3 Neolithic Art: A Goddess Figure?
Female Figurine from Çatalhüyük, ca. 5000 B.C.E.
Source 1.4 Otzi the Ice Man:
Artist’s Reconstruction of Otzi
Otzi the Ice Man’s Preserved Body
Source 1.5 Monumental Stone Construction in the
Neolithic Era:
Stonehenge, ca. 1600 B.C.E.
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: The Transition to Agriculture
Voice 1.1 Jared Diamond on the Decision to Farm,
1997
Voice 1.2 Yuval Noah Harari on the Myth of
Progress through Agriculture, 2015
2 Social Life in the First Civilizations
Source 2.1 Law and Life in Ancient Mesopotamia:
11
The Law Code of Hammurabi, ca. 1750 B.C.E.
Source 2.2 The Standard of Ur:
Peace Panel, ca. 2500 B.C.E.
War Panel, ca. 2500 B.C.E.
Source 2.3 The Occupations of Old Egypt:
Be a Scribe, ca. 2066–1650 B.C.E.
Source 2.4 The Social Relationships of Egyptian
Agriculture:
Agricultural Scenes from the Tomb of Menna,
Fourteenth century B.C.E.
Source 2.5 Social Life in Ancient China:
The Book of Songs, ca. 1046–771 B.C.E.
Source 2.6 Socializing with Ancestors:
A Ritual Food Container, ca. 1050 B.C.E.
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Sumerian Society
Voice 2.1 Lauren Ristvet on Sumerian
Specialization, 2007
Voice 2.2 Samuel Kramer on Scribes and Schools,
1956
3 Political Authority in Second-Wave Civilizations
Source 3.1 The Triumphs of the Persian Emperor
Darius:
Behistun Monument: The Sculpture, ca. 500 B.C.E.
Behistun Monument: The Inscription, ca. 500 B.C.E.
Source 3.2 In Praise of Athenian Democracy:
12
Pericles: Funeral Oration, 431–430 B.C.E.
Source 3.3 Depicting the First Roman Emperor:
Augustus Statue, First century B.C.E.
Augustus Statue: The Breastplate, First century
B.C.E.
Source 3.4 Governing a Chinese Empire:
The Writings of Master Han Fei, Third century
B.C.E.
Source 3.5 A Chinese Emperor Prepares for His
Death:
Qin Shihuangdi Funerary Complex
Archer
Bronze Horse-Drawn Cart
Source 3.6 Governing an Indian Empire:
Ashoka: The Rock Edicts, ca. 268–232 B.C.E.
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Emperors in the Second-
Wave Era
Voice 3.1 Yuri Pines on the Authority and Power of
a Chinese Emperor, 2012
Voice 3.2 Kevin McGeough on the First Roman
Emperor, 2004
4 The “Good Life” in Asian Cultural Traditions
Source 4.1 Reflections from Confucius:
Confucius:The Analects, ca. 479–221 B.C.E.
Source 4.2 Filial Piety Illustrated:
13
Children Honoring Parents, ca. 200 B.C.E.
Source 4.3 A Daoist Perspective on the Good Life:
Laozi:Daodejing, ca. 500 B.C.E.
Source 4.4 Reflections from the Hindu Scriptures:
Bhagavad Gita, ca. Fifth to second century B.C.E.
Source 4.5 Reflections from Jesus:
The Gospel of Matthew, ca. 70–100 C.E.
Source 4.6 Toward “Mature Manhood”:
Ladder of Divine Ascent, Twelfth century
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: The Historical Jesus
Voice 4.1 Reza Aslan on Jesus as Zealot, 2013
Voice 4.2 Marcus Borg on Jesus as Spirit Person,
1995
5 Patriarchy and Women’s Voices
Source 5.1 A Greek Expression of Patriarchy:
Aristotle: “On a Good Wife,” ca. 330 B.C.E.
Source 5.2 Gravestone Image of a Greek Husband and
Wife:
A Greek Cemetery Sculpture, ca. 400 B.C.E.
Source 5.3 An Indian Expression of Patriarchy:
The Laws of Manu, 200–400 C.E.
Source 5.4 A Chinese Woman’s Instructions to Her
Daughters:
Ban Zhao: Lessons for Women, Late first century
C.E.
14
Source 5.5 An Alternative to Patriarchy in India:
Psalms of the Sisters, First century B.C.E.
Source 5.6 Roman Women in Protest:
Livy: History of Rome, Early first century C.E.
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Elite Greek Women and the
Public Sphere
Voice 5.1 Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones on the Veil in
Ancient Greece, 2003
Voice 5.2 Joan Breton Connelly on Priestesses and
Public Life in Ancient Greece, 2007
6 Art and the Maya Elite
Source 6.1 A Royal Couple from Yaxchilan:
Stone Carving of Shield Jaguar and Lady Xok, 724
C.E.
Source 6.2 Mayan Prisoners of War and Their Captors:
Mural Depicting the Presentation of Captives, 792
C.E.
Source 6.3 Nourishing the Gods:
Stone Carving of a Bloodletting Ritual, 709 C.E.
Source 6.4 Sport as Recreation and Ritual:
Vase Painting of a Ball Game, Seventh or eighth
century C.E.
Source 6.5 A Maya Ruler Relaxing:
Image of a Maya King at Leisure, Seventh or eighth
century C.E.
15
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Comparing the Maya with
Other Civilizations
Voice 6.1 Charles C. Mann on Mayan Political
Culture, 2011
Voice 6.2 J. R. McNeill and William H. McNeill on
Mayan Agriculture, 2003
7 Life and Travel on the Silk Roads
Source 7.1 Dangers and Assistance on the Silk Roads:
Cave Painting of Silk Road Merchants
Encountering Bandits, Eighth century C.E.
Source 7.2 Travel on the Silk Roads:
Francesco Pegolotti:Advice for European
Merchants Traveling to China, ca. 1340
Source 7.3 Stopping at a Caravanserai:
Mural Depicting a Caravanserai Site, Sixth century
C.E.
Source 7.4 Buddhism on the Silk Roads:
Regulations for a Community of Monks, Third
century C.E.
Faxian: A Record of the Buddhist Kingdoms, ca.
416 C.E.
Source 7.5 Christianity on the Silk Roads:
The Jesus Sutras, 635–1005 C.E.
Source 7.6 Letters from the Silk Roads:
From a Soldier on Guard Duty, 103 B.C.E–40 C.E.
16
From an Abandoned Wife, Early fourth century
C.E.
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Assessing the Importance of
the Silk Roads
Voice 7.1 Valerie Hansen on the Least Traveled
Route, 2012
Voice 7.2 Zinru Liu on the Importance of the Silk
Roads, 2012
8 The Making of Japanese Civilization
Source 8.1 Japanese Political Thinking:
Shotoku: The Seventeen Article Constitution, 604
C.E.
Source 8.2 The Uniqueness of Japan:
Kitabatake Chikafusa: The Chronicle of the Direct
Descent of Gods and Sovereigns, 1339
Source 8.3 Social Life at Court:
Sei Shonagon: Pillow Book, ca. 1000
Source 8.4 Japanese Zen Buddhism:
Su Dongpo in Straw Hat and Wooden Shoes,
Fifteenth century
Source 8.5 The Way of the Warrior:
Shiba Yoshimasa: Advice to Young Samurai, ca.
1400
Imagawa Ryoshun: The Imagawa Letter, 1412
Source 8.6 Samurai and the “Arts of Peace”:
17
Kojima Takanori Writing a Poem on a Cherry Tree,
Fourteenth century
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: China’s Influence in the
Making of Japanese Civilization
Voice 8.1 Milton Walter Meyer on China’s
Influence on Japan’s First Imperial State, 2009
Voice 8.2 Matthew Stavros on China’s Influence on
the Capital City of Kyoto, 2014
9 Voices of Islam
Source 9.1 The Voice of Allah:
The Quran, Seventh century C.E.
Source 9.2 The Voice of the Prophet Muhammad:
The Hadiths, Eighth and ninth centuries
Source 9.3 The Voice of the Law:
The Sharia, Ninth century
Source 9.4 The Voice of the Sufis:
Inscription in Rumi’s Tomb, Thirteenth century
Rumi: Divani Shamsi Tabriz, Thirteenth century
Rumi: Mathnawi, Thirteenth century
Source 9.5 Islamic Practice in West Africa:
Ibn Battuta: Travels in Asia and Africa, 1354
Source 9.6 Men and Women at Worship:
A Painting of a Muslim Congregation in a Mosque,
Thirteenth century
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: The Significance of Sufism
18
Voice 9.1 John Esposito on Sufi Spirituality, 1992
Voice 9.2 Nile Green on Sufi Power, 2012
10 The Crusades as Cultural Encounter
Source 10.1 A Western Christian Perspective:
Pope Urban II: Speech at Clermont, 1095
Source 10.2 Jewish Experience of the Crusades:
Albert of Aix-la-Chapelle: An Account of Attacks on
Jews during the First Crusade, Early to mid-twelfth
century
Source 10.3 Muslim Perspectives on the Crusades:
Ibn al-Athir: The Complete History, ca. 1231
Source 10.4 Jerusalem and the Crusades in European
Art:
The Looting of Jerusalem, 1099
How Jerusalem Was Captured by Saladin, 1187
Source 10.5 A Byzantine Perspective on the Crusades:
Nicetas Choniates: The Sack of Constantinople,
1204
Source 10.6 Admiration and Accommodation across
the Religious Divide:
Usmah Ibn Munqidh: Christian Piety and Muslim
Piety, Mid-twelfth century
Fulcher of Chartres: The Latins in the East, Early
twelfth century
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: The Pope’s Agenda for the
19
First Crusade
Voice 10.1 David Levine on Success in Reining in
Noble Violence, 2001
Voice 10.2 Malcolm Barber on Religious
Reconciliation and the First Crusade, 1992
11 Living and Dying during the Black Death
Source 11.1 The Black Death in the Islamic World:
Ibn al-Wardi: Report of the Pestilence, 1348
Source 11.2 The Black Death in Western Europe:
Giovanni Boccaccio: The Decameron, Mid-
fourteenth century
Source 11.3 The Black Death in Byzantium:
Emperor John VI of Byzantium: Historiarum, Mid-
to late fourteenth century
Source 11.4 Religious Responses in the Islamic World:
Ibn Kathir: The Beginning and the End: On
History, ca. 1350–1351
Source 11.5 Picturing Religious Responses in the
Christian World:
The Flagellants, 1349
A Culture of Death, 1463
Source 11.6 The Black Death and European Jews:
Jacob Von Königshofen: About the Great Plague
and the Burning of the Jews, ca. Early fifteenth
century
20
Source 11.7 A Government’s Response to the Plague:
Ordinances against the Spread of Plague, Pistoia,
1348
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Winners and Losers in
Europe after the Plague
Voice 11.1 Harry Miskimin on the Rural Economy
after the Plague, 1975
Voice 11.2 Mavis Mate on the Effects of the Black
Death on Women, 1998
12 Early Encounters, First Impressions
Source 12.1 Cadamosto in a West African Chiefdom:
Alvise da Cadamosto: On Meeting with Budomel,
1455
Source 12.2 Vasco da Gama at Calicut, India:
A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama,
1498
Source 12.3 Celebrating da Gama’s Arrival in Calicut,
Tapestry Depicting the Arrival of da Gama at
Calicut, Early sixteenth century
Source 12.4 Columbus in the Caribbean:
Christopher Columbus: Letter to Ferdinand and
Isabella, 1493
Source 12.5 Columbus Engraved:
Columbus Arriving on Hispaniola, 1594
HISTORIANS’ VOICES: Assessing Christopher
Columbus and His Legacy
21
Voice 12.1 Zvi Dor-Ner on Christopher Columbus’s
Legacy, 1991
Voice 12.2 Charles Mann on Remembering
Columbus, 2012
Acknowledgments
22
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