CRIME DETECTION and INVESTIGATION (20%)

By: JOHN MICHAEL PONTIVEROS

FINAL BRIEFING/HULING TALSIK/HULING BULONG/LAST MINUTE TIPS

I. Fundamentals of Criminal Investigation

1. Which of the following is the main reason why value of evidence diminished?
→ HUMAN FAILURE TO FIND IT
Reasons why value of physical evidence is diminished:
1. Human failure to find it
2. Human failure to understand it
3. Human failure to study it

***Which of the following does not contribute to the reason why value of physical evidence is
diminished? → HUMAN FAILURE TO APPRECIATE IT

2. Spiral, Strip/Line Grid, one/Quadrant, Pie/Wheel are varieties of crime scene?

• CRIME SCENE SEARCH (systematic)
o Strip or line search – searcher/s will proceed slowly along paths parallel to one side
of rectangle. One (1) searcher involved.
o Double strip or grid search – modification of strip search; reverse strip.
o Spiral or circular search – commonly used to search small areas.
o Wheel/Pie/Radial/Spoke search – commonly used to search circular or oval areas.
o Zone/Quadrant/Sector search – commonly used to search large areas; areas is
subdivided into a quadrant.

***What type of search method wherein the searchers start at the central point?
➔ CONCENTRIC SEARCH

3. Purpose of search in the crime scene is?

➔ To determine presence of physical evidence.
o Corpus delicti – proof of occurrence of certain event.
o Associative evidence – evidence that link the suspect to the crime scene.
o Tracing evidence – evidence that helps to locate the perpetrator.
Physical evidence – evidence that has mass & occupies a space; evidence that is directly addressed
to the senses of the court.

***What must be observed in physical evidence?

➔ P – preservation
➔ I – identification
➔ C – collection
➔ E – evaluation
➔ R - recognition

4. Means of recording the crime scene.

• Photographing – best means of documentation of the crime scene; visual representation of
the crime scene.
o General or long-range view – it shows the direction & location of crime scene (FACTS).
o Medium or mid-range view – it shows the nature of the crime scene. (FACTS)
o Closed-up view – it shows the details of the crime scene. (FACTS)
• Note-taking – constant activity throughout crime scene investigation.
• Sketching – graphical representation of the crime scene with actual measurement.
o Measurement – accurate spaces & distances of object.
 o Compass direction – north direction with an arrow.
o Essential elements – all items must be included.
o Legend – symbol of places (ALPHABET) & evidence (NUMBERS) in the crime scene.
o Title – location, time and date.
o Scale & proportion – sizes of objects & lines in the sketch.

5. The measurement method that establishes a straight line from one fixed point to another, from
which measurements are taken at a right angle is _____. → BASELINE or COORDINATE METHOD
• Triangulation method – it uses two (2) fixed corner or objects as fixed point.
• Rectangular method – it uses two (2) walls as fixed point; best suited in indoor crime scene.
• Baseline or coordinate method – it makes a measurement from single reference called
baseline; best suited in outdoor crime.
• Compass point method – it uses a protractor to measure angle formed by two (2) lines.
• Azimuth or Polar coordinates – it uses a global positioning system (GPS); most advanced
method.

6. What is this process by which observation of a person, place, or things by human or technical
means to acquire information is being conducted? → SURVEILLANCE
According to subject:
• Tailing or shadowing – observation of person.
• Casing or reconnaissance – observation of place.
• Undercover or roping – observation of activities.
According to method of operations:
• Moving surveillance – tailing or shadowing
• Stationary/Stakeout/Fixed surveillance – agent is stationed at a fixed point or place.
• Technical surveillance – utilization of electronic gadgets or tools.

7. Processing of Intelligence
• Intelligence cycle – process through which intelligence is produced, obtained & made
available to users.
o Planning – determination of requirements & essential elements of information.
o Collection – overt or covert operation.
o Processing – evaluation, analysis, integration & interpretation.
▪ Collation – organization of raw data into usable forms.
▪ Recording – reduction of information into writing.
▪ Evaluation – determination of pertinence of information, reliability of the source
& credibility of the information.
• PERTINENCE – value
• RELIABILITY – source
• CREDIBILITY – truth
▪ Interpretation – determination of the meaning & significance of information.
o Dissemination (last phase) – act of transferring intelligence.
 EVALUATION RATING
Reliability of Information Accuracy of Information Sources of Information

A – Completely Reliable 1 – Confirmed By Other T-Direct observation by a commander of a unit

Sources
B – Usually Reliable 2 – Probably True U-Report by a penetration or resident agent
C - Fairly Reliable 3 – Possibly True V-Report by an AFP trooper or PNP personnel in encounter or
operation
D – Not Usually Reliable 4 – Doubtfully True W-Interrogation of a captured enemy agent or foreigner
E – Unreliable 5 – Improbable X-Observation by a government or civilian employee or official
F – Reliability Cannot Be 6 – Truth Cannot Be Judged Y-Observation by a member of populace
Judged Z-Documentary
B-3U – Usually reliable, possibly true information & reported by a penetration or resident agent.

8. Principle of Intelligence
• Selection – intelligence must be essential & pertinent.
• Communication – intelligence must reach authorized individual only.
• Objectivity – intelligence must be aligned to established objectives.
• Usefulness – importance & relevance of intelligence.
• Timeliness – intelligence must reach the user on time.
o Greatest problems in intelligence records – they are not given to investigator on time.
• Interdependence – intelligence should interact to each other.
• Continuity – continuous application of intelligence operation.
• Security – protection & preservation of intelligence.

***INFORMATION – data or knowledge gathered by criminal investigator from public & private
records.

9. The serious crime that does not leave a high probability of generating physical evidence
are _______.
A. Murder, Homicide Assault
B. Robbery, Carnapping and Arson
C. Sexual Assault and Rape
D. Treason, Insurrection and Piracy
• Physical evidence/Real/Object/Material – evidence that directly addressed to the senses of
the court; evidence that has mass & occupies a space.

10. Except in instances where the law allows warrantless arrests, all arrests should be made
ONLY____
A. On the basis of warrant of arrest signed either by the judge or designated clerk of court
B. On the basis of a valid warrant of arrest
C. On the basis of a warrant of arrest
D. On the basis of the authority of the courts or any competent authority

• ARREST
o Cause its execution → within 10 days
o Failure to execute → the law enforcement officer should report to the judge who issued
warrant of arrest within 10 days.
o Time → at any day & any time of the day or night.
o The law enforcement officer need not have the copy of the warrant during arrest but
AFTER ARREST.
o The law enforcement officer can verbally summon as many person needed to execute
the arrest.

II. Specialized Crime Investigation 1 with Legal Medicine

 1. Steps in Homicide Investigation
a. Establishing facts of death/Verification of death – first essential step is to
determine if the victim is indeed, DEAD.
b. Identifying cadaver – it provides tracing clues to the motive & identity of the
perpetrator.
c. Determination of the time of death – victim’s movement prior to death;
corroborating & disputing alibis.
d. Examination of the cadaver at the crime scene – type of wound & nature of murder
weapon.

2. Broken glass was scattered and his face was injured. What type of wound did the person
suffered? → INCISED WOUND
• Wound – break or solution in the continuity of skin.
o Laceration → tearing of the tissue/skin caused by blunt instrument.
▪ BASEBALL BAT
o Abrasion → removal of the outer layer of skin caused by friction against hard rough
surface.
▪ ASPLATO
o Punctured → deep & narrow wound caused by sharp-pointed instrument.
▪ ICE PICK
o Incised → caused by sharp-edge instrument.
▪ BLADE
o Stab → caused by sharp-pointed & edge instrument.
▪ BOLO & KNIFE
*** Which of the following causes small amount of blood?
• ICE PICK

• Special type of wound

o Defense wound → wound resulting from instinctive reaction of self-protection. (arms &
hands)
o Self-inflicted wound → wound produced in oneself.
o Patterned wound → wound caused by distinctive pattern of an instrument.
o Gunshot wound → open wound caused by the penetration (pagpasok) & perforation
(pagtagos) of a projectile/bullet/slug.

3. Post-mortem changes in the body

• Algor mortis → cooling of the body after death & conduction to surrounding atmosphere.
o Post-mortem caloricity → increase of temperature due to fast & early putrefaction.
• Livor mortis → discoloration of the body after death. (violet)
o Hypostatic lividity → blood is in fluid form; last from 6 to 8 hours after death.
o Diffusion lividity → blood is in solid form; start from 8 to 12 hours after death.
*** How many does the coagulation of blood occurs?
➔ 8 hours
• Rigor mortis → stiffening of the whole muscles in the body due to chemical change.
o Cadaveric Spasm → stiffening of the certain group of muscle due to injury to central
nervous system.
o Heat Stiffening → coagulation of muscle protein when the body is exposed to 75C &
above temperature.
o Cold Stiffening → solidification of fats when the body is exposed to severe cold
temperature.
• Primary Flaccidity → muscles are relaxed & capable of contraction.
• Secondary Flaccidity → softening of the muscles; dissolution of the muscle protein; onset
putrefaction.
• Putrefaction – breaking down of complex protein into simpler components; evolution of foul-
smelling gas; greenish discoloration in the body.
 • Pallor mortis – paleness of the body after death.

*** Which statement is TRUE when an investigators looks for signs of death by LIVOR MORTIS?
➔ The skin no longer under muscular control, succumbs to gravity and forming new
shapes among others.

*** The first sign is a greenish skin discoloration appearing on the right lower abdomen about the
second or third day after death.
➔ PUTREFACTION

4. Which of the following is the disinterment of a body for examination to clarify any suspicious
surrounding death? → EXHUMATION

*** AUTOPSY – comprehensive examination of the dead body to determine exact cause of death.
➔ FORENSIC PATHOLOGIST/MEDICO-LEGAL OFFICER

5. In identification of the victim, dental comparison may be resorted to. Generally, two of
the following must be present in order to make a successful dental comparison.
1. The victim’s dental work is present and charted.
2. The dentist who accomplished the work is located
3. The dental structure are well preserved.
A. 1 and 2 B. 1, 2 and 3 C. 2 and 3 D. 1 and 3
• Forensic Odontology/Forensic Dentistry/Dental Medicine
o Personal identification by means of dental characteristics or teeth.
o Decomposed or Burned/Charred Cadaver
• P.D. 1575
o Law which requires dental practitioner to keep records of their patient & to submit it
to NBI.

6. Considering the highly technical knowledge of forensic science, it is also the duty of forensic
scientist to provide _______. EXPERT TESTIMONIES IN COURT

*** Forensic specialist should TRAIN investigator & searchers in the crime scene → IN
RECOGNITION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

***FORENSIC GROUP/CRIME LABORATORY responsible for examination of the unknown

substances.

7. What kind of solution is commonly used in restoration of serial numbers?

→ MACRO ETHCHING SOLUTION

8. The following are possibilities on what can happen to the bullet upon entry into the body?
➔ Bullet can either shatter or fragment.
➔ Ricochet off bones.
➔ Shift the exit path of the bullet
9. If the child has an unstoppable bleeding in her private parts, what is your conclusion?
→ There is NO doubt that the child is sexually abused.

10. Cracks in glass

➔ Radial fracture – cracks extending outward; opposite side where bullet entered (EXIT)
➔ Concentric fracture – cracks forming circular pattern; side where bullet entered.
➔ Crazing – cracks in glass due to rapid & intense heat.

11. What does DNA stands for? → DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

12. PEMS Rommel compares the caliber of a bullet with that of the bore of the gun from which it
will be fired. In doing so the police officer should find that typically the bullet’s caliber is –
→ IT IS SLIGHTLY LARGER THAN THE BORE OF THE GUN.

III. Specialized Crime Investigation 2 with simulation of Interrogation & Interview

1. What are the legal matters that you should inform the suspect before interrogation?
• Right to remain silent
• Right to have a competent & independent counsel
• If cannot afford services one must be provided free of charge
• Right to be visited by (1) members of immediate family, (2) any medical doctor, (3) any
priest or religious minister, (4) representative from local NGO accredited by CHR & (5)
representative from international NGO accredited by Office of the President.
Members of immediate family:
1. Parents
2. Grandparents
3. Guardian or ward
4. Uncle or Auntie
5. Siblings
6. Niece or Nephew
7. Spouse
8. Child
9. Grandchild
10. Fiancé/Fiancée

2. Similarities of Interview & Interrogation? → PURPOSE OF QUESTIONING

• Interview – simple/casual/conversation type of questioning (victim, complainant & willing
witness).
• Interrogation – skillful/systematic/vigorous type of questioning (suspect & hostile witness)

***Kind of questioning which test information already obtained? → INTERROGATION

3. Suspect manifest sweating, color changes, dry mouth, pulse and breathing is a physiological
changes in the body which means that the suspect is ____________.
→ PSYCHOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF GUILT
4. RA 9745 – Anti torture law
• Physical torture – act that causes severe pain, exhaustion, dysfunction & disability of the
body parts.
o Systematic beating
o Deprivation of food
o Tooth extraction
o Pulling of fingernails
o Administration of drugs to induce confession
• Mental/Psychological torture – acts that confuses the mind & undermine morality &
dignity.
o Blindfolding
o Threatening the suspect or family members
o Deprivation of sleep or rest
o Prolonged interrogation

5. The principal psychological factor contributing to a successful interrogation is –

A. privacy C. threat
B. respect D. rapport

*** Where is the interrogation should be conducted? → INSIDE POLICE HEADQUARTERS

RAPPORT – development of intimacy between interviewee & interviewer; development of positive &
friendly relationship.

***What must be established first during or before the conduct of interview/interrogation → RAPPORT

6. Format of Interview → Identity, Rapport, Opening Statement, Narration, Inquiry and

Conclusion.
• I – Identity
• R - Rapport
• O – Opening Statement
• N - Narration
• I - Inquiry
• C - Conclusion

7. What is the purpose of placing intentional harmless error in written confession of the suspect?
→ To induced the suspect to correct it & to help rebut any allegation in trial that the
suspect a signed a blank sheet or he/she signed the confession without reading it.

8. In interrogating hostile witness, it is necessary to choose place___. → INSIDE POLICE

HEADQUARTERS
9. An ideal written statement because it provides details of acts. → QUESTION & ANSWER

*** Question and answer is preferrable written statement because → IT IS EASIER TO PROVE
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS OF CRIME.

10. A method of interrogation that the first investigator appears to be rough, mean and dangerous
while the second intervene by stopping the former is known as → MUTT AND JEFF
A. Mut and Jepoy C. Sweet and Sour
B. Trick and Buffs D. Reverse line up

11. Stages of Money Laundering → practice of disguising illegally obtained funds so that they may
seem legal.
• Placement – physical disposal of illegally obtained funds to financial institution.
• Layering – carrying out a complex transaction to camouflage source of funds.
• Integration – acquiring money from legitimate transaction; disbursement of money from
financial institution.

***Which of the following is NOT stage of money laundering?

➔ ACCUMULATION or CONVERTING

12. Characteristics of Organized Crime.

1. Non-ideological → it has no political goals. (profit)
2. Hierarchical → it has a vertical power structure with 3 permanent ranks.
3. Limited or Exclusive membership → qualifications maybe based on ethnic background or
races. (LIFETIME COMMITMENT)
4. Willing to used violence & bribery
5. It constitutes a unique subculture
6. Specific Division of Labor → enforcer (killing), corrupter (bribery) & corruptee (public
official).
7. Monopolistic → OCG strives hegemony over a particular geographical area.

13. Human Trafficking → TRAFFICKING IN PERSON

• Modern day slavery

Elements of Human Trafficking

• ACTS – recruitment, transportation, harboring & receipt.
• MEANS - fraud, force, intimidation, threat & violence.
• PURPOSE – exploitation

Prescription of Human trafficking committed in a large-scale or syndicate/Child → 20 years

14. RA 11313 → SAFE SPACE ACT
• Sexual Harassment can be committed:
o P – Public places
o O - Online
o W - Work
o E - Education
o T – Training Institution

15. This approach involves making a source believe that the interrogator already knows
everything about the source. → WE KNOW ALL

UNITED NATIONS approved interrogation techniques

1. Direct - This approach involves the straightforward questioning of the detainee without
the interrogator adopting any of the tactics described below.
2. Incentive/Incentive Removal - The incentive approach rewards the source for his
cooperation. The approach is based on “the application of inferred discomfort upon [a
detainee who lacks willpower.”
3. Emotional Love / Hate - Using the emotional approach, an interrogator seeks to exploit
the source’s emotions in order to override his rationale for resisting
4. Fear Up Harsh / Mild - The aim of the “increased fear up harsh” technique is to convince
the source who appears to be hiding something that he does indeed have something to
fear (not necessarily from the interrogator) and that he has no option but to cooperate.
5. Reduced Fear - The “decreased fear down” approach is to be used primarily on a source
who is already in a state of fear. The technique involves calming the source and
convincing him that he will be properly and humanely treated, or that he is safer in
captivity than in combat, for example.
6. Pride & Ego Up / Down - The “pride and ego” approach concentrates on tricking the
source into revealing pertinent information through the use of flattery or abuse. The pride
and ego up variation is used on sources who feel inferior, especially low-ranking enlisted
personnel or junior grade officers, who might respond to the opportunity to demonstrate
their intellect or importance.
7. Futility - The “futility” approach is used to exploit the doubts and misgivings already in
the source’s mind to make him believe that it is useless to resist the interrogation efforts.
8. We Know All - The “we know all” approach involves making a source believe that the
interrogator already knows everything about the source.
9. Establish Your Identity - In the “establish your identity approach,” the interrogator
insists that the source has been identified as an infamous criminal who is merely posing
as someone else to avoid punishment.
10. Repetition - The interrogator may repeat the same question many times in order
to get a hostile source to cooperate. The source becomes bored with the procedure and
may give more complete and candid answers simply in order to gain relief from the
monotony.
11. File & Dossier - The “file and dossier” approach is a variation of the “we know all
approach,” but uses a prop. Prior to the session, the interrogator prepares a dossier
containing all available information obtained from records and documents concerning
 the source or his organization, possibly padding it with extra paper to create the illusion
that it contains much more information
12. Rapid Fire - describes the “rapid fire” approach as a “psychological ploy based
upon the principles that everyone likes to be heard when he speaks, and it is confusing
to be interrupted in midsentence with an unrelated question.”
13. Silence - The silence approach involves an interrogator who says nothing to the
source, but “looks him squarely in the eye, preferably with a slight smile on his face,” in
an effort to make the subject nervous and force him to break eye contact first.

IV. Traffic Management & Accident Investigation

1. Pillars of Traffic Management

General Pillars of Traffic Management
• Traffic Engineering → Science of measuring traffic & travels; maintenance & construction of
roadway.
• Traffic Education → process of giving training & practice to traffic users.
• Traffic Enforcement → implementation of traffic rules & regulation.
Subsidiary Pillars of Traffic management
• Traffic Economy → it deals with the benefits & adverse effect of traffic to our economy.
o Best reason – Traffic Economy directly & indirectly affect the national economy.
• Traffic Ecology → study of potentially disastrous population & changes in the urban
environment.

*** PRIMARY PURPOSE OF DPWH – planning, maintenance & construction of roadway.

2. Chain of Events in Traffic Accident

→ Perception of Hazard, Start of Evasive Action, Initial Contact, Maximum
Engagement, Disengagement, Stopping and Injury.

• Perception of hazard – sensing or feeling that accident might happen.

• Start of evasive action – first action taken by traffic units to avoid collision.
• Initial contact – first accidental touching between traffic units.
• Maximum engagement – greatest collapsed.
• Disengagement – separation of traffic units.
• Stopping – vehicles come to rest.
• Injury – receiving of bodily harm

3. Kinds of Traffic Accident

• Motor vehicle traffic accident → any accident involving motor vehicle that occur in a traffic
way.
o Motorcycle & Car + Intersection
• Motor vehicle non-traffic accident → any accident involving motor vehicle that occur in a
place other than the traffic way.
o Motorcycle & Car + Private Driveway.
• Non-motor vehicle traffic accident → any accident not involving motor vehicle that occur
in a traffic way.
o Pedestrian & Cyclist + Intersection
5. Kinds of Collision
• Head-on collision – frontal collision; most dangerous type of collision.
• Rear-end collision – front collided to rear of another vehicle.
• Side-impact collision – front collided to side of another vehicle. “T”
• Sideswipe collision – side to side collision.
• Rollover – flipping of vehicle.

6. Traffic Sign & Traffic Light

• Traffic sign – device that conveyed message by means of words & symbols.
o Danger warning sign – sign intended to warn road user of danger ahead of its nature.
o Regulatory sign – sign intended to warn road user of special obligation & restriction.
o Informative sign – sign intended to guide road user.
• Traffic light – device that direct traffic by means of colored light.
o Red – stop; yield right of way to yellow & green.
o Yellow – proceed with caution; prepare to stop; yield right of way over green & right of
way over red.
o Green – go ; right of way over yellow and red.

7. What must be observe by traffic officer in requesting license & certificate of registration?
→ NEVER ACCEPT ANYTHING OTHER THAN THE DOCUMENT ASKED.

8. In the enforcement of traffic laws, the traffic enforcer may conduct pursuit operation against the
motorist when _______.
A. The motorist is unaware that he violated the traffic law
B. The motorist committed a serious traffic violation
C. The motorist sideswiped a pedestrian and killed the latter
D. Not aware that he violated traffic law and failed to stop when instructed by the
traffic enforcer

9. Pavement markings → painted markings left on the roadway.

• Double yellow line with dotted line in between → Separates traffic direction & it does not
allow overtaking under any circumstances.
• Broken line → allows overtaking
• Solid line → it does not allow overtaking

Four-lane two-way road

• Inner lane – fast moving vehicles
• Outer lane – slow moving vehicles

10. Which of the following should NOT be considered in the examination of the body of the victim in
a hit-and-run case?
A. Other parts of the victim’s body
B. Tire marks, grease or paint chips
C. The victim’s clothing
D. Victim’s internal organs or cause of death
11. Which of the following is the BEST reason why biorhythm is an important aspect of traffic
safety so that the person can avoid accidents. → IT GIVES HINTS ON HOW HE TENDS TO FEEL
IN CERTAIN
• Biorhythm – cyclic pattern that occurs in the life of a person.
o Physical
o Emotional
o Intellectual

12. Every motor vehicle shall have tail lights which should be lighted and visible at least-
→ 100 meters from the rear of another vehicle

13. The FIRST and MOST important step in enforcing traffic rules is ______.
• PLANNING – act in determination in advance on how objectives will be meet.

14. What is this method of traffic education that from the start already involves the student in
a real-life driving situations? → COMPREHENSIVE METHOD
• Traditional instruction – student to instructor communication.
• Commentary driving method – student is accompanied by instructor while giving comment.
• Simulated condition – on and off training

15. The privilege of immediate use of roadway in preference to another vehicle or pedestrian is?
→ RIGHT OF WAY

16. Child restraint system (CRS)/Child device – device that will secure the safety of a child 12
years old and below. (RA 11229)

17. RA 10586 – anti drunk & drugged driving act of 2013

Failure to pass field sobriety test (FST)
• Subject the driver to mandatory blood alcohol concentration (BAC) thru ABA.
o 0.5% or above → DUIA
o 0.01% or above → DUIA (trucks, bus, motorcycles & PUV)

V. Fire Protection & Arson Investigation

1. Fire Triangle & Fire Tetrahedron theory

• Fuel/Reducing agent – anything that will burn when heated with sufficient oxygen.
• Oxygen/Oxidizing agent – colorless & odorless gas that supports combustion. (nitrates)
• Heat/Temperature – energy generated by fire; source of ignition; product of combustion that
causes spread of fire.
• Chemical reaction – process needed to sustain continuous combustion.
2. Product of Combustion/Manifestation of fires
• Flames – visible part of fire; glowing body of gases.
• Light – illumination made by the flame.
• Heat – energy generated by fire.
• Fire gases – free radicals
• Smoke – visible product of incomplete combustion & combination of oxygen, nitrogen, CO &
CO2.

3. Class of Fire
a. According to its cause
• Natural fire – fire involves without human intervention.
• Accidental fire – caused of fire is human error or negligence.
• Incendiary – deliberate & intentional setting of fire.
• Undetermined – caused of fire cannot be determined.
b. According to fuel burning
• Class A – combustible solid materials
• Class B – combustible/flammable/inflammable liquid & gas
• Class C – electrical materials
• Class D – metal substance
• Class K – kitchen materials

4. Appropriate Extinguishing agent

• Class A – water
• Class B – Foam (AFFF)/ CO2/ HALONS
• Class C – dry chemical
• Class D – dry powder
• Class K – wet chemical

5. The fire suppression activity that is meant to mitigate or reduce the impact of fires by means of
research and development, production and testing of mitigating system is fire ______.
→ FIRE EDUCATION

6. What is this kind of fire suppression activity manifested by the readiness of the people by means
of fire drills especially in schools, hospitals and tall buildings?
→ FIRE SAFETY

*** FIRE PREVENTION – acts or means to avoid or prevent occurrence of fire.

*** FIRE CONTROL – acts or means to keep the fire to a minimum & manageable level.
*** FIRE SUPPRESSION – acts or means to pacify the fire.

7. Motives of Arsonist
• Profit – most common motive of arsonist.
• Concealment of crime – motivation is to hide the primary criminal activity.
• Vandalism – malicious & mischievous act of fire setting; motivation of juvenile offender.
• Excitement – motivation of a person who enjoys actual fire setting.
• Revenge – motivation in retaliation to a real or perceived injustice.
• Extremism – motivation to further social, political & religious belief.
8. Tools used by Arsonist
• Plant – physical arrangement of arsonist to START FIRE.
• Trailer – tool used by arsonist to SPREAD FIRE.
• Accelerants – tool used by arsonist for FLAME PROPAGATION.
• Timing device – tool used by arsonist to DELAY START OF FIRE.

8. Burning patterns
• Spalling – break in a concrete brick due to intense heat.
• Charring – blackening of the surface.
• Alligatoring – burnt patterns in wood.

FIRE – V pattern

9. Basis in the liability of the crime of arson.

• K – kind & character of building
• L – location of building
• E – extent of burning
• S – state of being inhabited or not

10. Factors that affects extent of burning.

• W – wind velocity & direction
• R – relative humidity
• A – air temperature
• N – nature of vegetation of surroundings
• N – nature of building construction

11. Kinds of Arson

• Destructive Arson → RA 7659 (church, hotel, bus, airplane)
• Other cases of Arson → PD 1613 (offices of the government)
• Simple Arson → PD 1613 (not habited dwelling not situated in populated area & personal
property)

12. Why personnel do not talk to fire officer driving the apparatus?
→ ensure that the driver is able to concentrate and safely get the apparatus to the
fire.

13. Active (extinguishment) & Passive (prevent extension) Fire Suppression System
• Fire extinguisher – portable metal device that is used to put out small fires
• Fire wall – exterior wall that is used to prevent spread of fire.

14. Metallurgy → science of metals

VI. Vice, Drug Education & Control

1. Types of prostitutes:
a. Call girls – part time prostitute
b. Hustler – professional type of prostitute
c. Door knocker – occasional & selective type of prostitute.
 d. Factory girls – real professional type of prostitute.

2. Pharmacological classification of drugs (effect)

a. Depressant – drugs that induced calm & relaxation leading to drowsiness & sleep.
b. Stimulant – drugs that induced alertness & wakefulness.
c. Hallucinogens – drugs that affects sensation, thinking, self-awareness & emotion of
person.

*** What is the short-term effect of marijuana? → INCREASE BLOOD PRESSURE & HEART RATE

3. Drug Dependence
a. Physical dependence
i. Tolerance – increasing dosage of drugs; body needs a more & more drugs.
ii. Addiction – severe craving or overpowering compulsion to take drugs.
b. Psychological dependence
i. Habituation – characterized by continuous desire for drugs.

***Cessation of using drugs → ABSTINENCE

4. Withdrawal symptoms → painful physical & mental distress; OPPOSITE TO THE EFFECTS
OF DRUG ITSELF.

• EUPHORIA – state of well-being or positive emotion.

5. What is the appropriate term in determining the drugs and crime relationship especially when
drug use and crimes are common aspects of deviant behavior and lifestyle or increases exposure to
situations that encourage crime? → DRUG RELATED OFFENSES

6. The following are statements about drug addiction, which one is TRUE among the following?
A. Drug tolerance involves greater drug response.
B. Nicotine is an addictive drug.
C. Withdrawal symptoms means cessation from drug use.
D. Psychological dependence is not drug addiction

7. The placing of any dangerous substances in the person, house effects, or in the immediate
vicinity of innocent individual for the purpose of implicating, incriminating or imputing the
commission of any violation of Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 is ________.
➔ PLANTING OF EVIDENCE

8. Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency

➔ Implementing arm of DDB
➔ Primary LEA that implement provision of RA 9165
➔ Director General (position) or Undersecretary (rank) is responsible for the general
administration of PDEA.

9. Procedures in Drug Cases

• 24 hours → delivery to proper judicial authority
 • 30 days → Preliminary investigation
• 24 hours → filing of information
• 72 hours → ocular inspection
• 60 days → trial period
• 15 days → promulgation of judgement.
• 15 days → judgment becomes final & executory
• 24 hours → order of destruction

11. Jurisdiction of Drug Cases

➔ Supreme Court shall designate SPECIAL COURT among existing RTC in each
judicial region to exclusively try & hear drug cases.
➔ DOJ shall designate SPECIAL PROSECUTOR to handle prosecution of drug cases.

12. Which of the following is NOT correct regarding of the treatment and rehabilitation of drug
dependents?
A. Charge can be filed against drug dependents who is not rehabilitated under the voluntary
submission program
B. The Dangerous Drug Board shall be order the confinement of drug dependent who
refuses to apply under the voluntary submission program
C. A drug dependent discharge as rehabilitated but does not qualify for exemption from
criminal liability shall be placed on probation
D. Temporary release of drug dependent subject to after-care and follow-up treatment from DOH
shall be for a period of not exceeding 18 months

13. Which of the following is NOT a condition precedent before an arrest person may be required
undergo a laboratory examination within 24 hours. → PSYCHOLOGICAL SIGN OF DRUG ABUSE.

Basis to subject arrested person to laboratory examination

1. Physical signs of drug abuse
2. Symptoms of drug abuse
3. Visible or outward manifestation

14. What will be the disposition in a case where minor is convicted for the possession of dangerous
drugs? → Section 66 of RA 9165 – SUSPENSION OF SENTENCE

15. Which are the five stages in the conduct of OPLAN KATOK SA DROGA?
1. Coordination
2. House visitation
3. Collection and validation of information
4. Monitoring and evaluation
5. Arrest and seizure
A. 1, 2, 3, 4 and C. 1, 2, 4 and 3
B. 2, 1, 4, 3 and 5 D. 3, 1, 2, 4 and 5

16. If the confiscating law enforcement officers fails to physically inventory and photograph the
confiscated illegal drugs or controlled precursors and essential chemicals (CPECS), does it
necessarily follow that the confiscation and custody of said items will render it void and invalid?
➔ WITH WARRANT – at the place of confiscation
➔ WITHOUT WARRANT – at the nearest police station
Answer: NO, as long as there is a justifiable ground and the integrity & evidentiary value of
evidence is preserved.

***Who must be present during physical inventory?

➔ Accused or counsel
➔ Media or DOJ
➔ Any elected official

VII. Technical English 1 and 2

1. Types of affidavits
a. Judicial affidavit (6 years or less) → sworn statement of facts prepared by witness which
contains answer to question related to criminal cases.
b. Complaint affidavit → sworn statement of fact filing a criminal complaint against another
person.
c. Affidavit of loss → crucial document that is required when an important document is lost.
d. Affidavit of desistance → statement under oath when a person is no longer interested in
pursuing a criminal case against another.

2. Types of Police Report

• Formal or Investigation Report – report which contains all the exact & exhaustive
narration of facts.
o Advance Report
o Progress Report
o Final Report
• Informal or Basic Report – report which contains the ordinary & miscellaneous activities.
o Memorandum Circular
o Letter Request from
o Indorsement form

3. Types of Investigation Report

• Advance report – advance information to a new or fresh case.
• Progress report – written narration of facts developed on the course of follow-up investigation.
• Final report – complete narration of facts based on thorough investigaiton
4. Parts of Investigation Report
• Authority → cite the authority in making report.
• Matters investigated → purpose of the report.
• Facts of the case → coherent presentation of all facts supported by evidence.
• Discussion → circumstances in crime
• Conclusion → summary of the investigation
• Recommendation → practical suggestion of investigator.

5. Basic units of written matters

• Words → single & distinct meaningful part of speech or writing.
• Clauses → group of words that contains subject & verb to complete a sentence.
• Sentence → set of words that is complete in itself.
• Paragraph → series of sentences.

6. Diction → correct choice & use of words in speech or writing.

7. The 5W’s & 1H in Police Report Writing

• ACTION – what, why & how
• SETTING – where & when
• CHARACTERS - who

8. It determine whether a sentence is clear or has a doubtful meaning, hence, used to clarify the
structure and meaning of sentences.
→ PUNCTUATION MARKS
• Declarative sentence – sentence that makes a statement.
• Interrogative sentence – sentence that ask a question.
• Imperative sentence – sentence that makes a request or instruction.
• Exclamatory sentence – sentence that contains exclamation & strong emphasis.

9. What part of affidavit that the notarial officer indicates that the affiant has subscribed and sworn
to in his presence and that the latter has shown a proof of his/her identity?
A. Verification C. Certificate of Non-Forum Shopping
B. Attestation D. Jurat

10. Synonyms → words that has the same meaning with different spelling.
Antonyms → words that has the opposite meaning.
& Homonyms → words that has similar sound but with different spelling.

• Apostrophe → show possession

 • Irrefutable → undeniable
• Chastisement → punishment
• Expedite → accelerate
• Reprisal → revenge
• Extenuating → excuse/exempt
• Collusion → connivance
• Arbitrary → despotic
• Appraise → judge
• Denote → indicate
• Cognizant → aware
• Probity → tried integrity
• Potent → highly effective
• Et al. → and others
• In toto → completely
• i.e. → that is
• e.g. → for example
• Ph.D. → Doctor of Philosophy

VIII. Cybercrime & Environmental Laws

1. The commission of a criminal acts using the instruments of modern technology such as
computers and the internet. What is being referred? → CYBERCRIME or COMPUTER CRIMES

2. Cybercrime investigation refers to the process of investigating, analyzing, and recovering

_________ for digital evidence of a crime. → FORENSIC DIGITAL DATA

3. Cyber warrant

1. Warrant to Disclose Computer Data (WDCD) → 72 hours

An order to disclose and accordingly, require any person or service provider to disclose or submit
subscriber’s information, traffic data, or relevant data in his/her controversial or is possession or
control

2. Warrant to Intercept Computer Data (WICD)

An order authorizing law enforcement authorities to carry out any or all of the following activities: (a)
listening to, (b) recording, (c) monitoring, or (d) surveillance of the content of communications,
including procuring of the content of computer data, either directly, through access and use of a
computer system or indirectly, through the use of electronic eavesdropping or tapping devices, at the
same time that the communication is occurring

3. Warrant to Search, Seize and Examine Computer Data (WSSECD)

An order authorizing law enforcement authorities to search a particular place for items to be seized
and/or examined

4. Warrant to Examine Computer Data (WECD)

Upon acquiring possession of a computer divide or computer system via a lawful warrantless arrest,
or by any other lawful method, law enforcement authorities shall first apply for a WECD before
searching the said computer device or computer system for the purpose of obtaining forensic
examination the computer data contained therein
4. Application of technologies, processes, and controls to protect systems, networks, programs,
devices and data from cyber-attacks is known as – → CYBER SECURITY

Cybercrime Investigation & Coordinating Center

• Executive Director of ICT-DOST
• NBI Director
o Head of the Office of the Cybercrime of DOJ
o CHIEF PNP
o Representative from the academe and private sector

5. Content-related offenses such as cybersex, child pornography, unsolicited commercial

communications, and libel are triable in which court? → REGIONAL TRIAL COURT

6. Stages of cyber intelligence cycle

• Planning – organization determine the requirements.
• Collection – organization determine the scope of sources.
• Analysis – contextualizing the information thru enrichment.
• Production – producing the intelligence into easy-to-digest information.
• Dissemination – sharing the intelligence to stakeholders.
• Feedback – evaluation of cyber intelligence.

7. Service providers are required to preserve the integrity of traffic data and subscriber information
for a minimum period of six (6) months from the date of the transaction.

8. To ensure that the technical nature of cybercrime is given focus, the NBI and the PNP are
required to submit timely and regular reports including pre-operation, post-operation and
investigation results to the __________________ for review and monitoring.
→ Office of the Cybercrime of the DOJ

9. Which act is NOT punishable under the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000?
A. Dumping of biodegradable materials in flood prone areas
B. Removal of recyclable material intended for collection
C. Mixing of source-separated recyclable material with other solid waste
D. Construction of establishment within two 200 meters from open dumps

10. What group of laws that regulate the impact of human activities on the environment, covering
broad range of activities that affect air, water, land, flora or fauna, and the protection of animals
and plants? → ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS

11. Type of Species

• Endemic species – species that are only found in a specific geographic area. (native)
• Exotic species – species that has been introduced to an area where it is not native.
• Endangered species – species that is risked of being extinct

12. The collection of all plants and animals living in a particular region or environmental situation.
→ FLORA and FAUNA
13. The natural environment where organism lives is?
→ HABITAT

14. Categories of Environmental Crimes

A. Green→ violations of environmental laws that harm natural resources, ecosystem and
human well-being.
B. Blue → crimes that takes place at sea and harm the marine environment.
C. Brown → environmental harms that occur in urban areas (waste)

• Environmental Protection Order → order issued by the court directing or enjoining any person or
government agency too perform or desist from performing an act in order to protect, preserve or
rehabilitate the environment.

• Writ of Continuing Mandamus - It is a legal remedy primarily used in environmental cases,

directing a government agency or officer to perform specific actions or a series of actions outlined
in a final judgment.

• It is the first internationally binding instrument specifically designed to prevent, deter and eliminate
Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing (IUU). → Agreement on Port State Measures (PSMA)

• Purpose of RA 8749 or Clean Air Act - Establish a comprehensive air pollution control

• Purpose of RA 9275 or Clean Water Act - provides for the abatement and control of
pollution from land based sources, and lays down water quality standards and
regulations.

• Purpose of RA 9003 or Ecological Solid Waste Management Act - aims to establish a

comprehensive and systematic approach to solid waste management in the Philippines