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كيمياء عامه 2 - م2

Chemical equilibrium describes the balance between forward and reverse reactions, where rates are equal and concentrations remain constant. The reaction quotient (Q) and equilibrium constant (K) are used to predict the direction of reactions based on their concentrations. Types of equilibria include homogeneous, where all reactants and products are in the same phase, and heterogeneous, where they are in different phases.

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11 views9 pages

كيمياء عامه 2 - م2

Chemical equilibrium describes the balance between forward and reverse reactions, where rates are equal and concentrations remain constant. The reaction quotient (Q) and equilibrium constant (K) are used to predict the direction of reactions based on their concentrations. Types of equilibria include homogeneous, where all reactants and products are in the same phase, and heterogeneous, where they are in different phases.

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fatmaabuhaya
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chemistry 2

Chemical Equilibria
 Chemical equilibrium is a central concept in chemistry that explains how
reactions proceed in both forward and reverse directions.
 At equilibrium, the forward and reverse reaction rates are equal, and
concentrations of reactants and products remain constant.
 Important in biological systems, industry, and environmental processes
(e.g., transport of CO₂ in the body, Haber process for ammonia).

Fundamental Concepts of Equilibrium


- Nature of Equilibrium
 Reversible reactions can proceed both forward and backward.
 At equilibrium:
o Forward rate = Reverse rate.
o Concentrations remain constant, not necessarily equal.
 Example:

N2O4(g) ⇋ 2NO2(g)

o Color change illustrates equilibrium (colorless → brown).

- Dynamic Equilibrium

 The system is not static; molecules continuously react in both


directions.
 Analogy: A juggling act (constant number of clubs but
continuous movement).
 Physical equilibria also exist (e.g., liquid ⇌ vapor in bromine).

Ms . Eman Hosny 1
Chemistry 2

Reaction Quotient (Q) and Equilibrium Constant (K)


- Reaction Quotient

 General form:

Qc = [products] \ [reactants]

 Derived from stoichiometry, based on concentrations or partial


pressures.

- Equilibrium Constant (K)

 At equilibrium, Q = K
 Large K: reaction favors products.
 Small K: reaction favors reactants.
 Independent of concentration but dependent on temperature.

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Chemistry 2

Example :

 Before reaction begins: Q = 0 (if only reactants).


 If only products present: Q = ∞.
 As system proceeds, Q changes until it equals K.

Example:
Changes in concentrations and Qc for a chemical equilibrium achieved
beginning with (a) a mixture of reactants only and (b) products only

(a) a mixture of reactants only

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Chemistry 2

(b) products only

Example:

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Chemistry 2

Exercise:

For the reaction the concentrations at equilibrium are [SO2] = 0.90M,


[O2] = 0.35
M, and [SO3] = 1.1M. What is the value of the equilibrium constant,
Kc?

Predicting Reaction Direction


 Compare Q vs K:
o If Q < K: forward reaction dominates.
o If Q > K: reverse reaction dominates.
o If Q = K: system is at equilibrium.

Example:

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Chemistry 2

EXERCISE :

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Chemistry 2
Types of Equilibria:
1- Homogeneous Equilibria
2- Heterogeneous Equilibria
Homogeneous Equilibria
A homogeneous equilibrium is one in which all reactants and
products are present in the same phase .
The equilibria below all involve gas-phase solutions:

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Chemistry 2

Example:

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Chemistry 2

EXERCISE :

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