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Islam and Politics
in Bangladesh
The Followers of Ummah

Mubashar Hasan
Islam and Politics in Bangladesh
 Mubashar Hasan

Islam and Politics in

Bangladesh
The Followers of Ummah
Mubashar Hasan
University of Oslo
Oslo, Oslo, Norway

ISBN 978-981-15-1115-8    ISBN 978-981-15-1116-5 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1116-5

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer
Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020
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This book is dedicated to the all organizations and individuals defending
academic freedom, freedom of speech, and human rights in the world.
 Acknowledgements

This is a very personal book. I like to think that I am writing this book after
having the chance to live a second life. On November 7, 2017, following a
meeting at the United Nations Headquarter in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and
before being connected to a scheduled teleconference with a colleague
working at the United States Institute of Peace, Washington, DC, I was
kidnapped by a group of gunmen in open day light from a main street in
Dhaka. They confined me for 44 days and neither my family nor my friends
knew whether I was alive or dead. When I was allowed to walk free after 44
days, I came to know that countless ordinary people in Bangladesh and
outside in countries like the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom,
India, and Norway joined my family in protesting my disappearance and
praying for my safe return. So, I would like to acknowledge all my known
and unknown well-wishers across the globe who wanted me to see alive,
free of persecution, and able to continue doing what I love—writing and
pursuing academic inquiry to understand society. However, it would be
unjust not to acknowledge few people specially. I shall start by thanking my
PhD supervisors: Professor Andrew O’ Neil and Associate Professor Halim
Rane at Griffith University, as well as Dr. Martin Griffiths in Brisbane.
Professor Arild Engelsen Rudd at Oslo University, Bethany Mcgann at the
United States Institute of Peace, Professor Andrew Blum at the Kroc
Institute for Peace at the University of San Diego, Professor Ali Riaz at
Illinois State University, Associate Professor Christine C Fair at Georgetown
University in Washington, DC, and Associate Professor Matthew Nelson at
the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, are
warmly ­acknowledged for their various roles in supporting my safety and

vii
viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

advancing my academic career. I am also indebted to the Freedom House,

Scholars at Risk (SAR), University of Oslo, San Diego University, Centre
on International Cooperation in New York University, PEN America,
Amnesty International, Front Line Defenders, Freedom House, and Scholar
Rescue Fund (SRF) for helping me in various capacities to make this book
possible. I must also acknowledge Robert Quinn, the founding Executive
Director of SAR and Sarina Simon Rosenthal of SAR, Olga Palinkasev
Gregorian, Laura Ormsby and Emily Elliot-Meisel and Emily Eckardt at the
SRF; Karin Karlekar at PEN America, Nobel laureate Dr. Martin Chalfie at
the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine in the
United States (who turned out to be a strong supporter of my pursuit of
academic inquiry); Marit Egner at the Norwegian chapter of SAR; Sameer
Yasir and Professor Kenji Isezaki at the Tokyo University of Foreign Studies,
Edward Rees at the United Nations; Jack Mccarthy, Jim Della-Giacoma,
Ashif Entaz Rabi, Shahed Alam, Mubin S Khan, Shariful Hasan, Zahid
Newaz Khan, Zayadul Ahsan Pintu, Shafiqul Alam, Tasneem Khalil, Thomas
Pope, Rokibul Shipon, Giti Ara Nasreen, Shabnam Azim, Kajalie Shehreen
Islam, Robaet Ferdaous and Fahmidul Huq. I am also indebted to my
friend Dr. Simon Leitch from Brisbane, who has been a critic, supporter,
and reader of my work from day 1 of my PhD studies at Griffith University
and to Dr. Lucy West, Dr. Lee Morgenbesser, Dr. Sharron Brincatt in
Australia. I thank Pamela Gwynne Price, Maren Ase, Kristin Skare
Orgeret, Vera Lazzaretti and kathinka frøystad for making Oslo experience
memorable. I further warmly acknowledge Dr. Barbara Jasny who was a
Deputy Editor of America’s prestigious Science magazine before retiring
after 30 years and was kind enough to lend her expert hands for editing and
proofreading support for this book voluntarily. I acknowledge my imme-
diate family members including my parents, sister, daughter, and uncle
who have gone through trauma due to my abduction and predicaments.
Finally, it should be mentioned that the book incorporates significant parts
of two of my previously published articles and a book chapter. These arti-
cles and the book chapter are being reprinted with the permission of
appropiate copyright holders. The articles are: (1) Hasan, Mubashar
(2011) ‘Historical Development of Political Islam with Reference to
Bangladesh’, Journal of Asian and African Studies, 47(2): 155–167
(Reprinted by Permission of Sage Publications Ltd.) and (2) Hasan,
Mubashar (2011) ‘The Concept of Globalization and How This Has
Impacted on Contemporary Muslim Understanding of Ummah’, Journal
of Globalization Studies 2(2): 145–159 (Reprinted by Permission of
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix

Uchitel Publishing House). The bibliographic detail of the book chapter

is: Hasan, Mubashar (2014) ‘Islamic Concept of Ummah, Transnational
Network and Political Islam in Bangladesh’, in Being Muslim in South
Asia. Eds. Jeffrey, Robin and Sen, Ronojoy. New Delhi: Oxford University
Press, pp. 224–248 (Reproduced with permission of Oxford University
Press India). I thank Sage Publications Ltd., Uchitel Publishing House,
and Oxford University Press India for allowing me to incorporate these
articles and chapter in this book.
 Contents

1 Introduction  1
1.1 A Case Study of the Evolution of Religious Politics in
Bangladesh  2
1.2 Why Is Bangladesh Important?  6
1.3 A Brief Introduction to Bangladeshi Politics 10
1.4 Academic Literatures on Islam and Politics of Bangladesh:
A Case for Ummah 12
1.5 From Ummah to Ummahs 19
1.6 My Background and Methods 20
1.7 Limitations 22
References 23

2 Beyond Clash of Civilizations and Post-­Islamism:

Ummah(s) and the Muslim World 29
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 The Debate: From the Clash of Civilizations to Post-­
Islamism 32
2.3 Ummah, Identity, and Muslim Politics 39
2.4 Ummah: From Theology to Political Consciousness 39
2.4.1 Modernity, Ummah Consciousness, and Trends in
Muslim Politics 41
2.4.2 The First Phase: Ummah as a Critique of
Colonization and Modernity 43

xi
xii Contents

2.4.3 The Second Phase: Construction and Expansion of

Islamic Modernity 48
2.5 Conclusion 52
References 52

3 Geopolitics of Ummah(s) in Bangladesh: A Historic

Narrative 57
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 The Expansion of the Islamic Civilization to Ancient India:
The Root of a Divided Ummah 58
3.3 European Colonization and the Formation of Ummahs in
Bengal 61
3.4 Formation of Ummahs in the Colonial Period 62
3.4.1 The Faraizi Movement 63
3.4.2 Wahabi Movement 64
3.4.3 Institutional Establishment of Political Islam: The
Deoband Madrasah 66
3.4.4 The Khilafat (Caliphate) Movement 66
3.4.5 The Taiyuni Movement 67
3.4.6 Muslim League and the Creation of Pakistan 68
3.5 The Socio-Political Reasons for the Rise of Ummah 69
3.6 The Creation of Bangladesh: A Tale of Divided Ummah 71
3.7 The Cold War, Oil Crisis, Arab-Israel War, and Formation
of the Liberal Ummah in Bangladesh 74
3.8 Globalization of the War on Terror and Radical and
Extreme Ummahs 78
3.9 Conclusion 79
References 80

4 Awami League, Ummah, and Political Islam 83

4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 A Historical Synopsis of the Awami League 87
4.3 Organizational Structure 89
4.4 Aims and Key Principles 89
4.5 Discrepancies between Rhetoric, Reality, and Practice 92
4.6 Ummah, Islamic Identity in the AL Leadership and Politics 95
4.7 Alliance and Divergence with Islamist Parties104
4.8 Conclusion108
References108
 Contents  xiii

5 The BNP, Ummah, and Politics in Bangladesh115

5.1 Introduction115
5.2 The Rise of Zia and BNP in Bangladesh Politics117
5.3 The BNP, Bangladeshi Nationalism, and the Search for an
‘Islamic’ State122
5.4 Party Structure127
5.5 Party Principles127
5.6 Thwarting Freedom of Speech: The Case of Taslima Nasrin
and the Citizenship of Ghulam Azam128
5.7 Thwarting Equality and Liberty: BNP’s Moral Support to
Hefazat-e-Islam (HI)131
5.8 Alliances with Conventional Islamist Parties134
5.9 Ummah, the BNP, and Politics135
5.10 Conclusion139
References140

6 Islamization, Ummah Consciousness and Mass Support for

Political Islam145
6.1 Introduction145
6.2 The Five-Year Plans: The Policy Framework to Construct an
‘Islamic Society’146
6.3 Religious Schools—Madrasah(s): The ‘Castles of Islam’148
6.4 State-Funded Islamic Missionary Activities154
6.4.1 The Islamic Mission Targeting the Poor and
Disadvantaged155
6.4.2 Department of Deeni Dawah and Culture155
6.4.3 Imam Training Academy—Targeting the Islamic
Opinion Makers156
6.4.4 Publications Promoting Political Islamist Thinkers157
6.4.5 Mosque-Based Child and Mass Literacy
Programme—Targeting the Poor159
6.5 Private Missionary Activities: The Tabligh Jamaat160
6.6 Islamization of the Public Sphere162
6.6.1 Mosques163
6.6.2 Public Islamic Preaching Sessions (Waj Mahfils)163
6.6.3 Shrines (Mazars)163
6.6.4 Removal of ‘Un-Islamic Sculptures’ from the Public
Sphere164
xiv Contents

6.7 An Illiberal and Unsafe Society for Minorities165

6.8 Conclusion171
References171

7 Globalization and Transnational Ummah(s) in

Contemporary Bangladesh177
7.1 Introduction177
7.2 Transnationalism and Ummah180
7.3 Transnational Ummahs in Bangladesh: The Typology183
7.3.1 Transnational Islamist Parties183
7.3.2 Islamic NGOs185
7.3.3 Cross-Border Movement of People186
7.3.4 Scholarly Networks188
7.3.5 The Internet191
7.4 Three Implications195
7.5 Conclusion197
References198

8 Conclusion203
References209

Index211
 Abbreviations

ABT Ansarullah Bangla Team

AL Awami League
BGB Border Guards of Bangladesh
BJI Bangladesh Jamaat e Islami
BJP Bharatiya Janata Party
BNP Bangladesh Nationalist Party
CPI Corruption Perception Index
DDC Deeni Dawah & Culture
EC Election Commission
EIA Energy Information Administration
FYPs Five Year Plans
HDI Human Development Index
HI Hefazat e Islam
HuJI-B Harkat ul Jihad al Islami Bangladesh
ICS Islamic Chatro Shibir
ICT International Crimes Tribunal
IF Islamic Foundation
IFC The International Finance Corporation
ILO International Labour Organization
IMF International Monetary Fund
IoJ Islami Oikyo Jot
ISIL Islamic State of Iraq and Levant
JMB Jamaatul Mujahedeen Bangladesh
MEO Madrasah Education Ordinance
NEC National Executive Committee
NGO Non-Government Organization
NMSC National Moon Sighting Committee

xv
xvi ABBREVIATIONS

OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

OIC Organization for Islamic Conference
RAB Rapid Action Battalion
RAS Religion and state dataset
SC Standing Committee
TJ Tabligh Jamaat
UAC United Actions Council
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UNFP United Nations Population Fund
UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
UNICEF United Nations Children Fund
UNWOMEN United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the
Empowerment of Women
USAID United States Agency for International Development
USIP United States Institutes of Peace
WB The World Bank
WVS World Value Survey
 CHAPTER 1

Introduction

In the post-9/11 world, discussions about the clash of civilizations

between Islam and the West, Muslim identity,1 jihadism, multiculturalism,
Islamophobia, and terrorism are highly publicized and reproduced in vari-
ous popular media outlets as well as in academia. For an ordinary person,
it has become difficult to weave through the many narratives to reach a
conclusion about the relationship between Islam—a religion with 1.8 bil-
lion followers—and politics. Some narratives claim that Islam is a religion
of peace, whereas others argue that Islam is a fascist religion that supports
terrorism and sharia law, inhibits women rights and democracy, and per-
secutes homosexuals. In short, the existing debate on Islam and politics
divides scholarship and popular opinion, but it is a necessary debate, given
the size of the world’s Muslim population and its potential impact. An
analysis of the situation in Bangladesh and how it has developed can help
to shed light on this.
This book explains why Bangladesh—a country born as a secular state
in 1971—now upholds Islamic politics, undermines liberal democratic
values, and does not tolerate atheism. Contrary to the dominant scholarly
narratives about Bangladesh that express surprise or alarm about rising
influence of religion into politics, increasing social religiosity, religious
intolerance, and terrorism, this book argues that Bangladesh’s political

1
In this book I define Muslim as a human being who follows Islam and who prefers to
interact in worldly affairs with his or her Islamic identity. Muslims do not need to be reli-
gious, but they may use their religious identity in politics.

© The Author(s) 2020 1

M. Hasan, Islam and Politics in Bangladesh,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1116-5_1
2 M. HASAN

development is predictable. There should not be any surprise in

Bangladesh’s political outcome. While scholars have described religious
intolerance and extremism in Bangladesh, they have not been successful
analysing the context upon which religious politics takes place. This book
argues that certain conditions that have emerged within a contextual
framework or concept establish the discourse of politics in Bangladesh or
any other country.
My book conceptualizes the politics of Bangladesh through the Islamic
concept of ummah, or global brotherhood of Muslims, and demonstrates
that despite the backdrop of capitalism and free flow of ideas, ummah at the
level of the individual, institution, major party platforms and state has set the
current political condition in Bangladesh in which religiosity, religious intol-
erance, Islamization and extremism take place. However, this book argues
that while the core aim of ummah is to form solidarity among Muslims, the
Bangladesh case shows that localization of this global religious-­political con-
cept produces multiple ummahs (liberal, radical, and extremist ummahs)
that set the framework for political contest and conflict in Bangladesh.
In this chapter, I will set the stage for the discussions to come in the
next six chapters. First, I will present a short case study that illustrates the
contests and conflicts taking place in what started as a democratic, secular
country followed by a brief overview of the context that makes the seem-
ing contradictions understandable. This is followed by an analysis of why
Bangladesh is a valuable country to study for scholars and the general
public who desire to understand Islamization, a brief overview of the
political parties in Bangladesh, and a review of the current literature in the
field. Finally, I will describe my background and methods used in gaining
the insights in the subsequent chapters.

1.1   A Case Study of the Evolution of Religious

Politics in Bangladesh
It was a quiet morning on May 6, 2013, in the Motijheel area of Dhaka,
the capital of Bangladesh. Motijheel is known as the business hub of the
city where all major banks, and the Dhaka Stock Exchange, are located.
That silence that morning was, however, abnormal. It was a result of sev-
eral hours of mayhem that took place the night before as the area turned
into a battlefield. Hundreds of paramilitary and police forces were deployed
by the government of Sheikh Hasina to disperse over 500,000 conservative
Muslim activists who were part of a movement called Hefazat e Islam (HI),
 1 INTRODUCTION 3

or protect Islam. They staged a sit-in in Motijheel, demanding acceptance

of a 13-point petition that included enactment of an anti-­blasphemy law
with provision for the death penalty for writers who offend Islam and a ban
on men and women appearing together in public. Hundreds of law
enforcement agents, including the police, paramilitary force Rapid Action
Battalion (RAB) and Border Guards of Bangladesh (BGB), fired hundreds
of rounds of bullets and tear gas shells and used physical force to evict the
stubborn illiberal groups from Motijheel. Many of the HI activists were
injured and at least 50 were killed.
Such brute force action led many observers to laud the Prime Minister
Sheikh Hasina Wazed as a leader who would turn Bangladesh into a ‘secu-
lar country’. Those opinions were not entirely unfounded, as Sheikh Hasina
had set up a special tribunal to prosecute several top leaders of an Islamist
party Bangladesh Jamaat e Islami (BJI) for committing crimes against
humanity during Bangladesh’s independence war against Pakistan in 1971.
Those top leaders of Jamaat were executed as a result and their party lost its
registration at the Election Commission (EC). However, in 2018, a few
months before another general election, those jubilant supporters of a ‘sec-
ular Bangladesh’ were disappointed to see Sheikh Hasina shaking hands
with Allama Shafi, the spiritual leader of the HI movement who called the
sit-in in 2013 and was behind the 13-point petition and was chairing that
program. With hundreds and thousands of conservative Bangladeshis
cheering, she announced that her government would build 560 model
mosques across the country and establish a new Islamic university with
Saudi funding. She also asked for their blessings for the upcoming election
of 2018 and further said, ‘If Allah wishes, surely he will give me the oppor-
tunity to serve the people of Bangladesh again, and if Allah does not want,
he will not give me that opportunity and I would not have any regret
because I leave everything upon Allah’ (Hasina 2018). Before this meeting,
Hasina saw through the enactment of a digital security law that made
‘offending’ religious sentiments a criminal act and stipulated 7–14 years in
jail for committing such crimes. While this shift in policy was likely influ-
enced by a desire to appeal to voters before the 2018 election, there are
more complex factors at work in Bangladesh that remain underexplored
and less understood. Clearly opposing HI’s stubborn demands and crush-
ing BJI leadership did not directly translate to the Awami League (AL)
being secular or Bangladesh being non-Islamic. Rather, in my view, the
events in the history presented earlier that the AL may disagree with the
more hard-line versions of Islam propounded by HI and BJI, it still espouses
an Islamic identity for Bangladesh, the party, and the party leadership.
4 M. HASAN

Commentators such as Nasr (2005), Khasru (2016), and Gowen (2014)

have lauded Bangladesh as a model Muslim country where secularism,
democracy, and Islam work in tandem. However, the national govern-
ment’s zero tolerance towards defamation of Islam; promotion of Islam
through party platforms and the state machinery; and periodic killings of
secular and atheist writers, publishers, bloggers, Westerners, liberals, Sufis,
and non-Muslims by extremists have cast doubt on such claims. The sup-
port of hard-line illiberal Muslim conservatives, as mentioned previously,
who are known for promoting a rigid worldview in which liberal values are
strongly criticized, further undermines the idea of Bangladesh as a ‘model’
secular democratic country. Against the backdrop of this debate, wide-
spread suppression by the Hasina-led Bangladeshi government of human
rights civil liberties and political opposition have chipped away at
Bangladesh’s image as a liberal-democratic state. Critics have even won-
dered whether Bangladesh is turning into a new Afghanistan (Karlekar 2005).
Riaz analysed political liberalism in Bangladesh from 1990 to 2013,
using such indicators as electoral competitiveness, democratic quality, press
freedom, religious freedom, civil liberties, and the rule of law. Sources
included the Polity IV database, the index of democracy of the Economist
Intelligence Unit (EIU), Transparency International’s Corruption
Perception Index (CPI), the World Value Survey (WVS), the press freedom
index of the Reporters Without Borders, Freedom House’s survey and the
US State Department’s reports on Bangladesh (Riaz 2014: 120–121).
Riaz concluded that ‘the country remains stubbornly beset by democratic
deficiencies’ (Riaz 2014: 120). His conclusions were worrying enough
but, from 2013 onwards, Bangladesh’s political state has only worsened.
For example, a 2018 report by the German-based research organization
Bertelsmann Stiftung called Bangladesh a ‘new autocracy’, although the
government of Bangladesh refuted this claim (Stiftung 2018). However,
after the massively rigged 2018 election (e.g., see Dalton 2018; Hasan and
Ruud 2019), there is little scope to accommodate the government’s claim.
Fair (2018), rightfully downplaying Bangladesh’s secular democratic por-
trayal, argues that ‘this view never rested on strong empirical ground’.
Set against this backdrop, this book explains that one should not be
surprised to see Bangladesh’s democracy move towards political Islam,2 as

2
This book defines “political Islam” in a broader perspective to make its point about
ummah’s political implication. In the context of this study, political Islam refers to a form of
anti-liberal politics using Islamic values and cultures. The fundamental intention of political
Islam is to thwart liberal values but not necessarily, it always aims to establish a theocratic
 1 INTRODUCTION 5

opposed to liberalism. It will criticize those post-Islamist scholars who

argue that democracy necessarily transforms Islamists to post-Islamists
(i.e., democracy moderates Islamists’ demands). While this claim may be
true in some cases, Bangladesh has remained outside of this post-Islamism
scenario. The logic of Bangladeshi politics is best explained not through
Western experiences, but through an Islamic concept—the ummah or
Muslim brotherhood. In Bangladesh, the ummah serves as an overarching
framework for religious politics through which political leaders and the
masses support Islamization. This Islamization entails massive Islamic
identity mobilization projects for Bangladesh through foreign and domes-
tic policies, state institutions, party platforms and Muslim civil society,
with the aim of keeping Bangladesh a Muslim country and part of the
broader Islamic ummah. Although the concept of the ummah will be
explained in Chap. 2, it is worth noting here that the ummah forms the
community of Muslims who are bound by the faith of Islam. The ummah,
therefore, is part of a collective and individual Islamic identity. This com-
munity of Muslims has no geographic limit because this community exists
only psychologically. People form their Islamic identity—being a Muslim—
by identifying and internalizing certain values, cultures, and rituals associ-
ated with what they deem Islamic. The formation of collective identity
takes place through socio-political and cultural rituals and behaviours,
reinforcing the idea of the Muslim self as opposed to other identities
(Hassan 2006: 314). Bangladesh’s case further establishes an intrinsic link
between national politics, geopolitics, and the international projects of
Islamization and Muslim states.
This book further argues that politicization of the theological concept
of the ummah may inhibit liberalization of the country, but fulfils Muslim
expectations of Bangladeshi politics, because Muslims feel the need to
bring Islamic values into politics. Those values express themselves through
popular demands, and in a struggling democracy like Bangladesh, the
popular demand is for some kind of religious politics. Bangladesh’s Muslim
identity also drew it to geopolitical events elsewhere in the world and
made Bangladesh open to outside influence. This influence comes from
wealthy Muslim countries of the Middle East, transnational Islamist par-
ties and international Muslim organizations, such as the Organization of
Islamic Cooperation (OIC); their support helps the country continue to

state. It even supports electoral politics. Therefore, Islamism and post-Islamism are parts of
political Islam, which incorporates main stream Muslim politics thriving on anti-liberal val-
ues. For a detailed discussion on Islamism and post-Islamism, see Crowder et al. (2014).
6 M. HASAN

be Islamic. Thus, Islamization is not a purely domestic phenomenon but

is connected to a broader strategy on the part of Muslim states, Muslim
politicians and transnational organizations. Whereas Westerners see
Bangladesh’s movement towards Islam as illogical, it is both politically
logical for actors in Bangladesh and an inevitable outcome in a weak
democracy with deep roots in political Islam. Given that, this book pro-
poses a new way of understanding Bangladesh’s political trajectory.
The influence of the ummah in Muslim politics has been well-explored
by other scholars (e.g., see Roy 2004; Mandaville 2001; Saunders 2008;
Shani 2008; Mcgilvray 2011) who focused on examples of traditional
Islamist parties and Muslims as minority living in the Western societies.
However, this book is unique in its identification of the ways in which
major parties and the state use this concept in Bangladesh. Furthermore,
this book shows that rather than being a unifying force, the ummah cre-
ates division by legitimizing different variants of political Islam and giving
them public salience. In other words, political manipulation of the ummah
may produce multiple ummahs or multiple networks (both complemen-
tary and adversarial) of political Islam at the local level. The ideological
legitimization of political Islam by the masses leads Bangladeshi parties
and voters to support the role of religion in public life, but it also divides
the political spectrum, engenders radicalization and extremism, and inhib-
its political liberalization including democracy.
Finally, this book rejects the religious-secular distinction in Bangladesh
that has been incorrectly applied by scholars. As with most Muslim-­
dominated states, there are no major secular parties in Bangladesh; there
are only Islamic parties—more or less Islamic. The purely ‘rational’ domain
of politics in Bangladesh is long lost, and political Islam sets the frame-
work for politics in the country. The reason behind this logic of Bangladeshi
politics is formed, contained, and expanded by ummah.

1.2   Why Is Bangladesh Important?

Geographically, Bangladesh is only a small country—it is much smaller
(147,570 km2) than the state of California (423,970 km2). It is, however,
populous and contains over 150 million Muslims. This exceeds the com-
bined population of Iran (81.2 million), Afghanistan (32.6 million), and
Saudi Arabia (27.7 million) (Fair et al. 2017). Recent estimates conclude
that Sunni Muslims constitute 89% of the population and Hindus make up
10% (US State Department 2017: 2). The remainder of the population is
Another Random Scribd Document
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 Nursing - Complete Guide
Summer 2025 - Program

Prepared by: Dr. Brown

Date: July 28, 2025

Quiz 1: Fundamental concepts and principles

Learning Objective 1: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 1: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 2: Best practices and recommendations
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 3: Research findings and conclusions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Case studies and real-world applications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 4: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 5: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 7: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 8: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 9: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 9: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 10: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Introduction 2: Learning outcomes and objectives
Example 10: Historical development and evolution
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 11: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 13: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 13: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 14: Practical applications and examples
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 15: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 16: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 19: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Topic 3: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 23: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 25: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 29: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Test 4: Key terms and definitions
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 31: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 32: Case studies and real-world applications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 34: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Methodology 5: Case studies and real-world applications
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 41: Key terms and definitions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 42: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 43: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 43: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 44: Current trends and future directions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 45: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 47: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 49: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Results 6: Learning outcomes and objectives
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 52: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 54: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 56: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 58: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 58: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 60: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Chapter 7: Interdisciplinary approaches
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 62: Research findings and conclusions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 63: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 64: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 66: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 67: Study tips and learning strategies
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 69: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Appendix 8: Research findings and conclusions
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 73: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 79: Literature review and discussion
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Abstract 9: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Example 80: Research findings and conclusions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 81: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 81: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 82: Practical applications and examples
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 83: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 84: Literature review and discussion
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 85: Key terms and definitions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 87: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 88: Current trends and future directions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Background 10: Historical development and evolution
Practice Problem 90: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 92: Current trends and future directions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 93: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 95: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 98: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 99: Ethical considerations and implications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Review 11: Literature review and discussion
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 101: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 105: Literature review and discussion
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 106: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 107: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 108: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 108: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 109: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 109: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice 12: Historical development and evolution
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 112: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 113: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 114: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 115: Research findings and conclusions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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