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PALGRAVE STUDIES IN TRANSLATING
AND INTERPRETING
SELF-TRANSLATION
AND POWER
Series editor
Margaret Rogers
Department of Languages and Translation
University of Surrey
Guildford, UK
This series examines the crucial role which translation and interpreting in
their myriad forms play at all levels of communication in today's world,
from the local to the global. Whilst this role is being increasingly recog-
nised in some quarters (for example, through European Union legisla-
tion), in others it remains controversial for economic, political and social
reasons. The rapidly changing landscape of translation and interpreting
practice is accompanied by equally challenging developments in their
academic study, often in an interdisciplinary framework and increasingly
reflecting commonalities between what were once considered to be sepa-
rate disciplines. The books in this series address specific issues in both
translation and interpreting with the aim not only of charting but also of
shaping the discipline with respect to contemporary practice and research.
Self-Translation and
Power
Negotiating Identities in European
Multilingual Contexts
Editors
Olga Castro Sergi Mainer
Aston University University of Edinburgh
Birmingham, UK Edinburgh, UK
Svetlana Page
University of Birmingham
Birmingham, UK
In this pioneering anthology, the editors Olga Castro, Sergi Mainer and
Svetlana Page, among the most promising of a new generation of trans-
lation studies scholars, address the important question of self-transla-
tion especially pertaining to minority languages within Europe.
European translation scholars, in many ways, have held tremendous
advantages within the field of translation studies, for it is there the dis-
cipline as such began. A strong group of scholars, including José
Lambert, Gideon Toury, André Lefevere, Theo Hermans, Itamar Even-
Zohar and Dirk Delabastita, defined a discipline and created research
paradigms, working to identify the role translations imported from
abroad played in the development of national literary systems. The
drawback of such a method, however, is that it neglected research into
non-national languages and minority language communities, which is
exactly the topic this collection addresses. As any immigrant or minor-
ity language speaker knows, living in any European culture involves
living in a constant state of translation.
Secondly, European scholars have had the advantage of European
Union (EU) support for research projects supplemented by one of the
largest troves of translational data, those derived from the body of EU
official translations. Yet, these huge databases, incredibly influential for
deriving patterns of translational behaviour, are only in the official lan-
guages. Admirably, the EU has expanded its number of official languages
v
vi Foreword
from the initial 6 to the current 24. Equally admirably, the EU spends
over €1 billion on translation each year, not an inconsiderable sum.
The problem, however, with such an institutional support of national
languages should be manifest to all. Since its inception in 1958, the EU
makes many claims about their commitment to multilingualism and lin-
guistic diversity. But once one begins considering the neglected languages,
the range of omission becomes increasingly manifest. Some national lan-
guages are not recognised, such as Luxembourgish and, perhaps more
controversial, Turkish. Secondly, some of the minority languages are rel-
egated to dialect status, including Scots, Sardinian, Sicilian, Breton,
Basque, Occitan, Romani, Ukrainian, Galician and Catalan. Further,
Russian maintains a major presence all over Europe, especially in Baltic
regions. Indigenous languages such as Sami only enjoy a limited status.
Finally, the lack of translational status for immigrant languages, such as
Arabic, Berber, Farsi, Hindi, Bengali, Urdu, not to mention the sub-
Saharan African languages, is particular glaring, especially in asylum
cases.
This anthology addresses that problem, and it is remarkable with its
range and insight. The focus of the translation problem shifts to minority
languages, or in a productive term coined by the editors, “minorised” lan-
guages, such as Arabic, Basque, Catalan, Ladino, Occitan, Russian, Swiss-
German and Turkish. The word “minorised” is productive, as the focus on
major languages serves to actively oppress the non-official languages,
thereby forcing those speakers to assimilate into the major languages,
especially in matters of state. Thus, power relations play a prominent role
in the discussions that follow. The editors assert that since languages and
cultures are invariably of unequal social status, any translation encounter
between them will be dominated by one of the language pair. While most
official translation programmes, including EU translation policies, claim
neutrality and objectivity, the visibility of the unequal power relations is
well demonstrated in the essays that follow. This book exposes the com-
plex relations among competing national interests, language policies and
cultural environments, and reveals how individual translators are caught
in the web. While most studies recognise how powerful governmental
forces, literary institutions and, yes, university programmes impinge free-
dom of expression, contributors to this book also note the possibility
Foreword
vii
writers lack proficiency in the target language and turn to others for assis-
tance. The project, thus, evolves into a collaborative effort, the result of
which is more a hybrid text, with editors, other translators and native
speakers further erasing the voice of the self-translator.
The implications of such research for translation studies are profound.
Clearly one needs to reconsider distinctions between national borders or
national languages: borders are often arbitrary and shifting, and lan-
guages travel as peoples move and migrate, which has never been greater
than in today’s world. Notions of source and target text, already fragile
within the field, are exploded by the case studies presented, and more
thought needs to be given to the amount of authorship that goes into
traditional translation and the amount of translation that goes into
authorship. These self-translations are more transcreations than separate
entities, and most of the contributors emphasise how they create possi-
bilities of the form. In this age of transnational texts, rewriting in differ-
ent genres and media, secondary translation, creative transpositions, and
new and innovative hybrid forms, self-translation’s creative side can be
illuminating. Most importantly, the power dynamics are increasingly
exposed and exploited by self-translators; shifts can be easily seen between
the source and self-translation as the translators conform to or resist lin-
guistic and cultural norms.
As both a translator and a rewriter, the self-translator often can take
more liberties with the source text than the typical translator. This in turn
gives rise to individual agency in translation, a topic that systems-based
theorists have found difficult to assess, but one which contemporary
research on issues of translation and identity, especially among minorised
peoples, women and immigrants, has found paramount. This anthology
promises to be a landmark in that evolution, a must read for all scholars
of language, linguistics, translation, literary and cultural studies, sociol-
ogy, politics and postcolonial studies.
We wish to express many thanks to all the people who have accompanied
us in this process and assisted us, in one way or another, at different stages
of this book—namely, Frank Austermühl, Susan Bassnett, Helena
Buffery, Michael Cronin, Emek Ergun, Xoán Estúa, Edwin Gentzler,
Rainier Grutman, María Liñeira, Christina Schäffner and Martín Veiga.
We are particularly indebted to Nathanael Page for his help in proofread-
ing and inputting the economics’ angle on power, as well as to all the
colleagues and reviewers who assisted us in the peer-review process.
Special thanks to our very supportive editors, Chloe Fitzsimmons,
Judith Allan and Rebecca Wyde, and to the series editor Professor
Margaret Rogers, for her careful reading and valuable feedback. And, of
course, we are thankful to all the contributors of this volume for their
dedication and hard work.
Last, we are immensely grateful to our families for their support.
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