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 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 26/2/2018, SPi

C O N N E C T I N G GO S P E L S
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 26/2/2018, SPi
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 26/2/2018, SPi

Connecting Gospels
Beyond the Canonical/Non-Canonical Divide

Edited by

FRANCIS WATSON
AND
SARAH PARKHOUSE

1
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 26/2/2018, SPi

3
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
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First Edition published in 2018
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 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 26/2/2018, SPi

Contents

Abbreviations vii
List of Contributors xi

Introduction 1
Francis Watson and Sarah Parkhouse

P A R T I : B E G I N N I NGS
1. Praeparatio Evangelica in Early Christian Gospels 15
Simon Gathercole
2. Prophets, Priests, and Kings: Old Testament Figures in Marcion’s
Gospel and Luke 41
Dieter T. Roth
3. The Protevangelium of James and the Creative Rewriting
of Matthew and Luke 57
Mark Goodacre
4. Jesus’ Body: Christology and Soteriology in the Body-Metaphors
of the Gospel of Philip 77
Christine Jacobi

P ART II: MINIS TR Y

5. Rejection at Nazareth in the Gospels of Mark, Matthew,
Luke—and Tatian 97
Matthew R. Crawford
6. Jesus and Judaism: Inside or Outside? The Gospel of John, the
Egerton Gospel, and the Spectrum of Ancient Christian Voices 125
Tobias Nicklas
7. Women in the Gospels of Mark and Mary 142
Christopher Tuckett

PART III: PASSION AND AFTERMATH

8. ‘My Power, Power, You Have Left Me’: Christology
in the Gospel of Peter 163
Heike Omerzu
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 26/2/2018, SPi

vi Contents

9. A Gospel of the Eleven: The Epistula Apostolorum and

the Johannine Tradition 189
Francis Watson
10. Matter and the Soul: The Bipartite Eschatology of the
Gospel of Mary 216
Sarah Parkhouse
11. Jesus and Early Christian Identity Formation: Reflections on
the Significance of the Jesus Figure in Early Christian Gospels 233
Jens Schröter

Bibliography 257
Subject Index 275
Index of Modern Authors 279
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 26/2/2018, SPi

Abbreviations

GOSPEL TITLES

EpAp (EpAp) Epistula Apostolorum

GEgerton (GEger) Egerton Gospel
GEgyptians (GEgy) Gospel of the Egyptians
GHebrews (GHeb) Gospel of the Hebrews
GJohn (GJn) Gospel of John
GJudas (GJud) Gospel of Judas
GLuke (GLk) Gospel of Luke
GMarcion (GMcn) Marcion’s Gospel
GMark (GMk) Gospel of Mark
GMary (GMary) Gospel of Mary
GMatthew (GMt) Gospel of Matthew
GPeter (GPet) Gospel of Peter
GPhilip (GPhil) Gospel of Philip
GThomas (GTh) Gospel of Thomas
GTruth (GTr) Gospel of Truth
PJames (PJas) Protevangelium of James

OTHER GREEK AND L ATIN SOURCES

ad Autol. Theophilus, Ad Autolycum

Adv. Haer. Irenaeus, Adversus Haereses
Adv. Ioan. Jerome, Adversus Ioannem Hierosolymitanum liber
Adv. Marc. Tertullian, Adversus Marcionem
Adv. Pelag. Dial. Jerome, Adversus Pelagianos Dialogi III
Ant. Josephus, Antiquitates Judaicae
1 Apol. Justin, First Apology
c. Cels. Origen, Contra Celsum
Comm. in Ioh. Origen, Commentary on John
Comm. in Matt. Origen, Commentary on Matthew
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 26/2/2018, SPi

viii Abbreviations
De Carn. Chr. Tertullian, De Carne Christi
De Bapt. Tertullian, De Baptismo
Dial. Justin, Dialogue with Trypho
Exc. Theod. Clement of Alexandria, Excerpta ex Theodoto
Hist. Eccl. Eusebius, Historia Ecclesiastica
Hom. in Luc. Origen, Homilies on Luke
Or. Graec. Tatian, Oratio ad Graecos
Pan. Epiphanius, Panarion
Ref. Hippolytus, Refutatio omnium haeresium (Philosophoumena)
Strom. Clement of Alexandria, Stromata
Tim. Plato, Timaeus
Vit. Phil. Diogenes Laertius, Vitae Philosophorum

OTHER COPTIC S OURCES

Ap. Jas. Apocryphon of James

Ap. John Apocryphon of John
CGL Coptic Gnostic Library
Dial. Sav. Dialogue of the Saviour
Exeg. Soul Exegesis on the Soul
NHC Nag Hammadi Codices
Trim. Prot. Trimorphic Protennoia

MODERN SOURCES

AB Anchor Bible
ABRL Anchor Bible Reference Library
AJBI Annual of the Japanese Biblical Institute
AnBib Analecta Biblica
ARWAW Abhandlungen der Rheinisch-Westfälischen Akademie der
Wissenschaften
Aug Augustinianum
BBR Bulletin for Biblical Research
BCNHT Bibliothèque copte de Nag Hammadi, Textes
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 26/2/2018, SPi

Abbreviations ix
BECNT Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament
BETL Bibliotheca ephemeridum theologicarum lovaniensium
BTB Biblical Theology Bulletin
BZNW Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft
CBQ Catholic Biblical Quarterly
CSCO Corpus scriptorum christianorum orientalium
DCLS Deuterocanonical and Cognate Literature Studies
EC Early Christianity
EKK Evangelisch-katholischer Kommentar zum Neuen Testament
ETL Ephemerides Theologicae Lovanienses
ExpT Expository Times
GCS Die griechischen christlichen Schriftsteller der ersten [drei]
Jahrhunderte
HNT Handbuch zum Neuen Testament
HTB Histoire du texte biblique
HTR Harvard Theological Review
ICC International Critical Commentary
Int Interpretation
JBL Journal of Biblical Literature
JECS Journal of Early Christian Studies
JEH Journal of Ecclesiastical History
JR The Journal of Religion
JSNT Journal for the Study of the New Testament
JSNTSupp Journal for the Study of the New Testament, Supplement Series
JTS Journal of Theological Studies
JTSA Journal of Theology for Southern Africa
KEK Kritisch-exegetischer Kommentar über das Neue Testament
LNTS Library of New Testament Studies
NHMS Nag Hammadi and Manichean Studies (formerly NHS)
NHS Nag Hammadi Studies
NICNT New International Commentary on the New Testament
NIGTC New International Greek Testament Commentary
NovT Novum Testamentum
NovTSupp Novum Testamentum, Supplements
NTS New Testament Studies
NTTSD New Testament Tools, Studies and Documents
PL Migne, Patrologia Latina
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 26/2/2018, SPi

x Abbreviations
RBL Review of Biblical Literature
SBL Society of Biblical Literature
SBLDS Society of Biblical Literature Dissertation Series
SBR Studies of the Bible and Its Reception
SEPT Septuagint Commentary Series
SNTSMS Studiorum Novi Testamenti Societas Monograph Series
SNTU Studien zum Neuen Testament und seiner Umwelt
STAC Studien und Texte zu Antike und Christentum
StPat Studia Patristica
StPatSupp Studia Patristica Supplements
TANZ Texte und Arbeiten zum neutestamentlichen Zeitalter
TENT Texts and Editions for New Testament Study
TQ Theologische Quartalschrift
TU Texte und Untersuchungen
TUGAL Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der altchristlichen
Literatur
VC Vigiliae Christianae
VCSupp Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae
WMANT Wissenschaftliche Monographien zum Alten und Neuen
Testament
WUNT Wissenschaftliche Untersuchungen zum Neuen Testament
ZAC Zeitschrift für Antikes Christentum
ZNT Zeitschrift für Neues Testament
ZNW Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 26/2/2018, SPi

List of Contributors

Matthew R. Crawford is Senior Research Fellow at Australian Catholic

University, Melbourne.
Simon Gathercole is Senior Lecturer in New Testament Studies at the
University of Cambridge.
Mark Goodacre is Professor of New Testament Studies at Duke University.
Christine Jacobi is wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin at Humboldt University,
Berlin.
Tobias Nicklas is Professor of New Testament Exegesis and Hermeneutics
at the University of Regensburg, and Research Fellow at the University of the
Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa.
Heike Omerzu is Professor of New Testament at the University of
Copenhagen.
Sarah Parkhouse is a Research Fellow at Australian Catholic University,
Melbourne.
Dieter T. Roth is Privatdozent at Johannes Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz.
Jens Schröter is Chair of Exegesis and Theology of the New Testament and
the New Testament Apocrypha at Humboldt University, Berlin.
Christopher Tuckett is Emeritus Professor of New Testament Studies at the
University of Oxford and Emeritus Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford.
Francis Watson is Professor of Biblical Interpretation at Durham University,
and Professorial Fellow at Australian Catholic University, Melbourne.
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 26/2/2018, SPi
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 26/2/2018, SPi

Introduction
Francis Watson and Sarah Parkhouse

It is normal, and it seems entirely natural, to speak of ‘the gospels’ or ‘the four
gospels’. In an important sense these expressions are fully justified and should
not be too hastily dismissed as arbitrary, restrictive, or confessionally biased.
That the New Testament canonical collection includes four ‘gospels’—accounts
of Jesus’ ministry, teaching, and the outcome of his life—is a statement not
of faith but of fact, and this fact is rooted in a long and unbroken history of
communal use that may be traced back to the second century. Like all
historical facts, however, the coming into being of a four-gospel collection
was a contingent event: it might have been otherwise, it was not inevitable.
Alternative ways of constructing the church’s definitive gospel were available,
whether by accepting one text only or by acknowledging the authentic voice of
Jesus in an indefinite range of literary embodiments. No doubt many factors
were involved in the widespread adoption of the fourfold gospel and the
resulting rejection in principle of other gospels or gospel-like texts. Only
fragmentary evidence survives of what must have been a gradual trend
towards relative uniformity, but it seems likely that a community making
primary use of the Gospel of Matthew in the early second century would have
adopted the four-gospel collection by the middle of the third. Reasons for this
collective decision for a limited plurality can no longer be traced in detail, and
that ‘decision’ may have consisted simply in a gradual tendency to assimilate
and harmonize communal usage. It is likely that those early theologians who
explicitly defended the concept of a fourfold gospel were proposing a consen-
sus with some basis in existing practice. The counter-intuitive idea that
Christian communities everywhere should formally acknowledge four inter-
related yet divergent renderings of the core Christian story could hardly have
been pure invention. Equally counter-intuitive for some, no doubt, was the
exclusion of popular gospels or gospel-like texts apart from the canonical four.
Modern scholarly study of the gospels has generally been content to follow
the canonical decision, on the assumption that the canonical/non-canonical
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 26/2/2018, SPi

2 Francis Watson and Sarah Parkhouse

divide has its objective basis in fundamental characteristics of the texts
themselves. That may perhaps be the case. Yet, given an intense shared
focus on the figure of Jesus, the difference is unlikely to be so absolute as to
preclude comparison and contrast. Rather than focusing primarily on ‘the four
gospels’, perhaps with just a passing mention of non-canonical texts or text-
fragments such as the Gospel of Thomas, the Gospel of Peter, or the Egerton
Gospel, we might envisage a broader object of study, that of early Christian
gospel literature viewed as a single though differentiated field. Framed in this
way, the fourfold canonical gospel would be seen to emerge out of a more
extensive literary activity in which traditions about Jesus’ earthly life and
teaching were shaped and created—presumably in response to popular demand
for gospel-like works from a burgeoning Christian reading-and-listening
public. It may be that the four soon-to-be canonical gospels were composed
significantly earlier than their non-canonical counterparts, that the canonical
gospels alone preserve authentic recollections of the historical Jesus, and
that the distinction between canonical and non-canonical gospels reflects
fundamental differences of form or content. Even if these points are con-
ceded (and they might not be), it remains the case that production of gospels
or gospel-like texts continued unchecked during the interval between
the completion of the latest of the canonical gospels—the Gospel of John or
perhaps Luke—and Irenaeus’ proposal that a fourfold gospel could and
should be acknowledged by all.
If we take a selection of non-canonical texts—for example the Protevange-
lium of James, the Gospel of Mary, and the Marcionite Gospel—three points
are immediately clear. The first is that these texts are more diverse and less
homogeneous than the canonical collection, where there is broad agreement
about form and content in spite of all the well-known differences. PJames is
part of a trend perceptible already in GLuke, balancing the primitive emphasis
on the end of Jesus’ earthly life with an equal and opposite emphasis on its
beginning, which is traced back here to the conception and birth of his mother
Mary. In GMary, another Mary—presumably the Magdalene—emerges out of
the circle of despairing male disciples following Jesus’ departure, communi-
cating a revelation about the destiny of the soul that leaves her audience
divided. GMarcion is closely related to GLuke, but opens not with a narrative
account of the circumstances of Jesus’ birth but with his sudden and unher-
alded descent from heaven in the fifteenth year of the Emperor Tiberius. These
are three very different texts with little if any overlap between them, and their
differences show that generalizations about the character of non-canonical
gospels should be ventured only with caution.1

1
The present volume employs a uniform format for titles of both canonical and non-
canonical gospels: GMatthew (GMt), GThomas (GTh), PJames (PJas), etc.
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 26/2/2018, SPi

Introduction 3
The second point arising from our sample of three is that the distinction
between canonical and non-canonical gospels is relative to the communities in
which they are regarded as such. Marcionite communities continued to
flourish long after the death of their founder, and in that context the canonical
gospel was the one in which the Lord descended directly from heaven to
embark on his ministry of healing, teaching, and revealing the unknown
Father. A text revered as authoritative in one user-community may seem to
embody falsehood and heresy for another. The Gospel of Judas may have been
understood by its early users as imparting a higher wisdom that set them apart
from the ordinary Christians of the mainstream church with its fourfold
gospel. Conversely, GJudas is specifically singled out for criticism by Irenaeus,
the first great advocate of the fourfold gospel.2 Even within a single commu-
nity, the distinction between the canonical and the non-canonical may not
have corresponded to actual practice. Through its narrative of the ‘holy
family’, the non-canonical PJames has historically exercised a far wider and
deeper influence over Christian piety and practice than the canonical GMark.
Third, all texts with a more or less credible claim to be counted as ‘gospels’
have a fundamental point in common: they are all committed to one version
or another of the absolutist claim that Jesus is the definitive and final embodi-
ment of the divine purposes for humankind. No early gospel or gospel-like
text deviates for a moment from this imperious claim, for example by pre-
senting Jesus as just one prophetic voice among others or as decisively
significant only within a limited context. In their different ways these texts
all articulate the basic Christian affirmation that Jesus is Lord of all. Gospels
canonical and non-canonical compose a set of variations on this common
theme. The field of early Christian gospel literature is diverse and divided, yet
the shared terms ‘Christian’ and ‘gospel’ gesture towards an underlying
coherence that sets these texts apart both from other literary genres deployed
or developed by Christian writers and from non-Christian discourse on the
divine–human relationship. A critical pagan reader of a selection of early
Christian gospels might well have concluded that they all share the same set
of (dubious and irrational) convictions.
This raises the further questions of what constitutes the ‘gospel’ genre and
what the criteria are for assigning a text to this genre rather than another. If the
criteria are based on the canonical four, then a ‘gospel’ is a narrative account of
the ministry of Jesus as the bringer of salvation, culminating in his death,
burial, and resurrection. This definition has its roots in the Pauline summary
of the preached gospel in its earliest form: that Christ died for our sins, that he
was buried and then raised on the third day, that he appeared repeatedly to
his followers, and that these events were all anticipated in the holy scriptures

2
Adv. Haer. 1.31.1.
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 26/2/2018, SPi

4 Francis Watson and Sarah Parkhouse

(1 Cor 15.3–7). If this Pauline view is allowed to control the definition of
‘gospel’, some might argue that a text such as GThomas is not ‘really’ a gospel
at all, since it lacks the narrative character and the emphasis on cross and
resurrection that are the hallmarks of ‘real’ gospels such as the ones attributed
to Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. It might also be argued that authentic
gospels exemplify the generic conventions of the Graeco-Roman bios or vita,
the ‘biography’ of the individual that will often proceed in chronological
fashion from the beginning of some significant individual’s life to its end.
That would eliminate from the gospel genre both PJames, concerned only with
the beginnings of Jesus’ earthly life, and GMary, concerned only with its (post-
resurrection) end. Even the Marcionite gospel might be excluded, close though
it is to Luke’s, on the grounds that it rejects the scriptural roots so important to
Paul and the canonical evangelists. Thus a sharp distinction has often been
drawn between the ‘genuine’ gospels found in the New Testament and ‘apoc-
ryphal’ so-called gospels that are not really gospels at all.
This canonically based definition of ‘gospel’ is not without its difficulties,
however. First, the famous Pauline summary in 1 Corinthians 15 is not fully
representative even of Paul himself: with the exception only of the phrase, ‘for
our sins’ (v. 3), its creed-like rehearsal of bare facts omits any reference to
salvation. Yet the Pauline gospel is most fundamentally soteriological dis-
course. It is ‘the power of God unto salvation’ (Rom 1.16), its content and
goal being the salvation of its hearers as embodied in the figure of Jesus.
Second, the oral proclamation of the death and resurrection of Christ is not at
all the same as a narrative text in which much more is said about Jesus than
that he died and was raised. There is overlap between the Pauline gospel and
the four written gospels, but the differences of media and content are not
negligible. Third, with the exception of GMark (cf. 1.1, etc.) the canonical
evangelists show little interest in the term ‘gospel’, which is indeed entirely
absent from GLuke and GJohn. If Mark is concerned to relate his text to the
Pauline proclamation, the other canonical evangelists are not. Only at a later
stage are these texts described as ‘gospels’ and equipped with coordinated titles
using the ‘gospel according to . . . ’ formulation.
The term ‘gospel’ speaks of the announcement of salvation through Jesus,
and this is not restricted to a single medium or format. On this criterion
GThomas is no less a gospel than GMatthew. This is purely a matter of generic
classification, and does not imply any claim to equal status or validity. The
historic Christian community has judged that the status and validity of these
two texts is quite different, and it has every right to do so, just as anyone has an
equal right to question its judgement; and yet the classification of both texts as
‘gospels’ remains unaffected. If ancient scribes appended to both texts the title,
‘Gospel according to . . . ’, it is too late to erase it. Since literary genres are fluid
sets of conventions which tend to overlap and intermingle promiscuously,
anomalous or borderline cases are only to be expected. GPhilip is a collection
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 26/2/2018, SPi

Introduction 5
of loosely connected meditations, only some of which have any close links to
the content typical of other gospels. The Epistula Apostolorum (EpAp) has
much stronger links to such content, yet presents itself in the form of a letter.
The boundary separating early Christian gospels from other early Christian
literature will be much less sharply defined than the canonical boundary. Some
texts should clearly be regarded as gospels, others as gospel-like, others still as
texts with some gospel-like features. The point is not to create a new boundary
but rather to acknowledge that, with the canonical embargo lifted, texts as
diverse as GPeter, GTruth, and the so-called Diatessaron all fall within the
scope of early Christian gospel literature as a whole. Indeed, it is precisely
within that wider field that the fourfold canonical gospel comes into being as
a new composite text in its own right, greater than and other than the sum
of its parts.
Early Christian gospel literature may be studied as a single field. Such an
endeavour would not flatten out differences. It does not imply equal validity
for every text that presents itself as a gospel. It is not motivated by animus
against the gospels of the New Testament or by a partisan desire to champion
their marginalized rivals at their expense. It does not attempt to undo the
canonical decision. Yet viewing early gospel literature as a whole does require
one to get behind that decision and not to be restricted by it. One outcome of
such a paradigm shift will be to discover new perspectives on the canonical
texts themselves—perspectives inaccessible to a scholarship confined to the
familiar repertoire of issues and approaches that have developed around the
Synoptic gospels and GJohn.
The aim of the present book is to explore ways in which the study of early
Christian gospels might proceed. The approach taken is to seek connections
across the divide between canonical and non-canonical gospels by way of
thematic comparisons. Thus far non-canonical gospels have typically been
studied in relative isolation from each other, and discussion of their relation
to their canonical counterparts is normally confined to issues of source
criticism. Many scholars have done and continue to do outstanding pioneer-
ing work on the gospels attributed to Judas, Mary, Peter, or Thomas, on the
Marcionite gospel or the Tatianic Diatessaron; yet the interconnections be-
tween these texts and their canonical counterparts are rarely explored. Study
of the canonical gospels typically proceeds as though no other gospels existed,
secure in the questionable assumption that non-canonical texts are too late
and too different to impinge on the routines of normal gospel scholarship.
As practised here, the project of connecting gospels does not imply any bias
towards similarity at the expense of difference. A ‘connection’ simply marks a
point at which one gospel may usefully be read in the light of another. In
Saying 52 of GThomas, Jesus criticizes his disciples’ appeal to prophetic
scripture: ‘You have omitted the one living in your presence and have spoken
of the dead.’ In GMatthew repeated appeal is made to prophetic scripture to
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 26/2/2018, SPi

6 Francis Watson and Sarah Parkhouse

confirm and illuminate what is said about Jesus. This point of contrast remains
a ‘connection’ in the sense employed here. Juxtaposed in this way, the two
texts highlight a crucial issue on which early Christians disagreed, the question
whether the claim of Jesus is self-authenticating or whether its credibility
depends on the support of normative ancient texts. Divided in the answers
they give, the two evangelists nevertheless engage with the same question:
what role, if any, should the prophetic scriptures play in the presentation of
Jesus as bringer of salvation? There is no need to claim that Thomas’ negative
answer to this question is responding directly to Matthew’s positive one,
though such a claim might not be implausible. The point is simply to disman-
tle the barrier that so often separates closely related texts and to read each from
the standpoint of the other. That, in essence, is what contributors to this
volume are all attempting to do.
The volume has been organized to follow the outline of Jesus’ career, from
its antecedents through the ministry to his death and resurrection—an outline
on which canonical and some non-canonical texts are basically agreed. It
comprises eleven chapters tracing themes across early Christian gospels; each
contributor evaluates themes, motifs, and connections between gospels on either
side of the canonical/non-canonical divide. The thematic approach can accom-
modate wide differences of methodology and perspective. Rather than dictating
either a synchronic or a diachronic approach, or presupposing any particular
stance on the status of the fourfold gospel, or privileging either similarities or
differences across the canonical/non-canonical divide, all that we have asked
from our contributors is an appreciation of the intertextual connectedness of
early Christian gospels. We will here highlight a few of the themes that recur
throughout the volume—and throughout early Christian gospel literature.
The first theme—to start at the beginning of the Christian message and the
beginning of the volume—is the question of where the gospel story begins. For a
number of gospel writers, the Jesus events were considered to be the fulfilment
of scripture; for others, Jesus’ coming was unheralded by any such prepar-
ation. Those who penned GEgerton, GMatthew, and GPeter belong to the
former camp; Marcion, to the latter. Simon Gathercole addresses this question
to other gospels, arguing that GTruth prefaces the evangelium with a praepar-
atio evangelica in the form of a protological myth; that the Gospel of the
Egyptians undercuts scripture by means of the even-more-ancient Seth; and
that GPhilip understands Christian salvation to have been anticipated through-
out history in sacramental images and symbols, such as the human kissing that
depicts the holy kiss that conceives grace. GMarcion, conversely, makes it clear
that the Old Testament/Hebrew Bible foretold nothing of the saving activity of
Jesus; and, as we have seen, GThomas is equally forthright in its rejection of any
antecedent revelation, referring to the prophets of Israel as ‘dead’.
In later chapters, Dieter Roth and Christine Jacobi focus on GMarcion
and GPhilip respectively. Roth shows why and how GMarcion, with all its
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 26/2/2018, SPi

Introduction 7
similarities to GLuke, does not contain the ‘childhood gospel’ (GLk 1–2) and
genealogy (GLk 3.23–38) that traces the beginning of Jesus’ story back to the
story of Israel and a pious community that awaits the coming of the Messiah.
This accords with Marcion’s well-known insistence that the Father of Jesus is
to be differentiated from the deity of the Old Testament and his consequent
rejection of any positive correlation between Jesus and Israel. Jacobi explores
GPhilip’s claim that Mary’s conception by the Holy Spirit (cf. GMt 1, GLk 1) is
erroneous: Jesus has a human father and the Spirit only comes into play at the
Jordan. Philip’s version of the gospel story is comparable to Mark’s in at least
one respect—that it begins at the baptism. This question of the beginning of
the gospel appears again in Mark Goodacre’s examination of PJames, which
takes yet another stance on this issue: rather than starting from the birth of the
Messiah (GMt 1.18) or the parents of John the Baptist (GLk 1.5–7), this
gospel-like text places the birth of Mary, her perpetual virginity, and her
Davidic lineage at the outset of the Jesus story.
A closely related theme is the issue of where Jesus stands in relation to
Judaism, and this is addressed by Tobias Nicklas with a focus on GJohn and
GEgerton. Nicklas notes a convergence between the two in that, for both
evangelists, Jesus is clearly a Jewish figure who is understood through trad-
itional Jewish categories; yet neither go as far as to depict him teaching Torah,
as GMatthew does. Nicklas constructs a ‘spectrum of Jewishness’, stretching
from GJudas, GThomas, and GMary on the non- (or even anti-) Jewish side,
and GEbionites and GMatthew on the other side, with their demonstration of
Jewish concerns such as food laws and genealogy. GJohn and GEgerton
together fall in a middle position. Roth explores how Marcion, rather than
rejecting Jewish tradition outright (which would be all too simple and straight-
forward), reinterprets the figures of certain Old Testament prophets, priests,
and kings—although his reading continues to differ emphatically from that of
Luke. Roth focuses on the transfiguration scene (GLk/GMcn 9.28–36), arguing
that, whereas Luke’s intention is to bring Jesus, Moses, and Elijah into contact,
Marcion intends conflict: Jesus is the one to be heard, as opposed to the
ancient Jewish prophet and the lawgiver with whom Jesus must negotiate
the redemption of the creator-deity’s enslaved subjects. The question of Jesus
and Judaism also comes into play in Heike Omerzu’s examination of GPeter,
and here too the relationship is oppositional. This non-canonical passion
narrative continues the trajectory of its canonical counterparts in assigning
blame for Jesus’ death to the Jewish leaders and crowds. Jens Schröter under-
stands ‘the Jews’ in GPeter to represent a later stage of the Jesus tradition, the
polemic suggesting a second-century composition as opposed to the earlier
inner-Jewish debate between those who did and did not profess Jesus as the
Christ, as still in GMatthew.
A further theme variously treated across the entire range of early gospel
literature is that of the core identity of Jesus himself, the christological question.
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 Philosophy - Mind Map
Winter 2022 - Program

Prepared by: Instructor Williams

Date: August 12, 2025

Conclusion 1: Assessment criteria and rubrics

Learning Objective 1: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 1: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 2: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 2: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 3: Ethical considerations and implications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 3: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 4: Practical applications and examples
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 4: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 5: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 6: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 9: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Quiz 2: Practical applications and examples
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 12: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 14: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 18: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 19: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 3: Research findings and conclusions
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 28: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 28: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 29: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Test 4: Theoretical framework and methodology
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 31: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 34: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 35: Current trends and future directions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 37: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Conclusion 5: Study tips and learning strategies
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Module 6: Interdisciplinary approaches
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 51: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 52: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 53: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 54: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 54: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 55: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 56: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 57: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 59: Case studies and real-world applications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Section 7: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 63: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 67: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 68: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Unit 8: Ethical considerations and implications
Practice Problem 70: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 71: Case studies and real-world applications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 74: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 75: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 75: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 77: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 80: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Unit 9: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 81: Literature review and discussion
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 82: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 83: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 86: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 86: Current trends and future directions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Introduction 10: Critical analysis and evaluation
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 93: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 94: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 95: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 95: Ethical considerations and implications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 98: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 99: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Conclusion 11: Historical development and evolution
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 103: Study tips and learning strategies
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 104: Key terms and definitions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Part 12: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 111: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 112: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 113: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 116: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 117: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 119: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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