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 Self-Assessment Color Review
Ornamental Fishes and
Aquatic Invertebrates
Second Edition
 Self-Assessment Color Review

Ornamental
Fishes and
Aquatic
Invertebrates
Second Edition

Gregory A. Lewbart
MS, VMD, DiplACZM
Professor of Aquatic Animal Medicine
North Carolina State University
College of Veterinary Medicine
Raleigh, NC, USA
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

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Version Date: 20160525

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Dedication
To all of our patients: past, present, and future. They give so much and deserve
our best.

v
Contents
Preface .........................................................................................................ix
Contributors ................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgments ..................................................................................... xiii
Picture acknowledgments ...........................................................................xv
Abbreviations............................................................................................xvii
Broad classification of cases .......................................................................xix

Questions ......................................................................................................1
Answers ......................................................................................................95

Index .........................................................................................................229
Also available in the Self-Assessment Color Review series ........................235

vii
Preface
There have been many exciting changes in ornamental fish and aquatic invertebrate
medicine since I edited the 1998 version of this self-assessment guide. At that time
there were far fewer veterinarians practicing fish medicine than there are today.
Now virtually every major aquarium in the United States, and in many other
countries, has at least one full time veterinarian, with some employing three or
more. We have also witnessed an increased interest and awareness by traditional
zoo veterinarians of the fish and invertebrate animals at their institutions. In
addition to the International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine (IAAAM),
we now have the World Aquatic Veterinary Medical Association (WAVMA) and
the American Association of Fish Veterinarians (AAFV). Veterinary participation
in annual continuing education opportunities, such as the Eastern Fish Health
Workshop, the Shark Reef Aquatic Medicine Seminar, and the Regional Aquatics
Workshop (RAW), to list a few, is on the rise. These changes have allowed for an
increased number of contributors to this edition while at the same time providing
cases with more diagnostic and therapeutic depth and understanding.
Ornamental fish medicine is now included in many if not most veterinary
curricula. This has sparked even more student interest in and awareness of fish and,
in some cases, invertebrate medicine. There are also many more textbooks on these
topics including at least two books on koi medicine alone. These factors combine
to make the appearance of a second edition of this book both prudent and timely.
All of the cases and questions in this book are new, as are many of the
contributors. Since this is a clinical work, the reader should keep in mind there can
be more than one ‘right’ answer to many of the questions contained in these pages.
In fact the reader may come across contradictory information and ideas when
comparing similar case scenarios. This can be a healthy and constructive exercise
and mimics what one sees in day-to-day veterinary practice.
I am indebted to the many knowledgeable contributors who so generously gave
of their time. Without their breadth of knowledge and experience, this would not
be the rich educational resource I hope the reader finds it to be.
Finally, as the editor of this work, I accept full responsibility for its content.
Please use this book as a clinical guide, learning tool, and tank side resource. But
do not rely on it as a stand-alone reference. Use your own clinical skills, intuition,
and consultation with experienced colleagues before making real life clinical
decisions on an unfamiliar case or medical challenge. And please take good notes
and secure quality images when possible in order to help further advance fish and
invertebrate medicine.
Good luck with all of your ornamental fish and aquatic invertebrate clinical
efforts!

Gregory A. Lewbart

ix
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