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Precast
Concrete
Structures
Precast
Concrete
Structures

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
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© 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Version Date: 20160405

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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data

Names: Elliott, Kim S.

Title: Precast concrete structures / Kim S. Elliott.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2017. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016010309 | ISBN 9781498723992
Subjects: LCSH: Precast concrete construction.
Classification: LCC TA683.7 .E43 2017 | DDC 624.1/83414--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016010309

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Contents

Preface to the First Edition xiii

Preface to the Second Edition xvii
Acknowledgement xxi
About the Author xxiii
Notation xxv

1 What is precast concrete 1

1.1 Why is precast different? 1
1.2 Precast concrete structures 6
1.3 Why choose a precast structure? 12
References 19

2 Materials used in precast structures 21

2.1 Concrete 21
2.1.1 Concrete for precast production 21
2.1.2 Concrete for precast floor elements 28
2.1.3 Young’s modulus and modular ratios 31
2.1.4 Shrinkage and creep 32
2.1.5 Fire resistance and axis distance to rebars and tendons 36
2.1.5.1 Columns 37
2.1.5.2 Unbraced columns 42
2.1.5.3 Walls 42
2.1.5.4 Beams 43
2.1.5.5 Reduced additional axis distance Δa 44
2.1.5.6 Floor slabs 46
2.2 Mix design 47
2.2.1 Exposure, cover and strength 47
2.2.2 Mortars and grouts 49
2.2.3 Dry pack 50
2.2.4 Aggregates 50
2.2.5 Substitute materials 50
2.2.6 Admixtures 51
2.2.7 Water 52

v
vi Contents

2.3 Steel reinforcement 52

2.3.1 Rebars 52
2.3.2 Mesh 54
2.3.3 Stainless steel rebars 55
2.3.4 Prestressing tendons 55
2.4 Structural steel, welding, inserts and bolts 57
2.4.1 Structural steelwork 57
2.4.2 Welding 58
2.4.3 Cast-in fixings and lifting devices 59
2.4.4 Bolting 59
2.4.5 Cast-in sockets and anchorage 60
2.5 Non-cementitious materials 60
References 61

3 Precast frame analysis 65

3.1 Types of precast concrete structures 65
3.2 Simplified frame analysis 71
3.3 Substructuring methods 76
3.3.1 Two-dimensional plane frames 76
3.3.2 Design loads on beams and frames 79
3.3.2.1 Serviceability limit state 81
3.3.2.2 Ultimate limit state 83
3.3.2.3 Instability limit state 84
3.3.2.4 Accidental limit state 85
3.3.3 Gravity and horizontal ultimate loads on frames 85
3.3.3.1 Permanent, variable and wind actions 85
3.3.3.2 Horizontal forces due to imperfections 87
3.3.4 Beam subframe 90
3.3.5 Upper floor column subframe 92
3.3.6 Ground floor column subframe 92
3.4 Connection design 94
3.5 Stabilising methods 97
3.6 Comparison of standard designs to BS 8110 and Eurocodes 108
3.6.1 Reinforced concrete rectangular beam 108
3.6.2 Reinforced concrete rectangular column 111
3.6.3 Prestressed concrete slab 115
3A Appendix A: Summary of Eurocode EC2: Design of concrete structures
– General rules and rules for buildings, BS EN 1992, Part 1-1 120
Summary of Eurocode EC2: Design for fire BS EN 1992, Part 1-2 122
2B Appendix B: Summary of relevant items in PD 6687-1:2010 122
References 124

4 Precast concrete floors 125

4.1 Precast concrete flooring options 125
4.2 Flooring arrangements 136
 Contents vii

4.2.1 Definitions of precast floor units and slab fields 136

4.2.2 Lateral load distribution in discrete precast floor units 138
4.2.3 Discritization of floor slab loads in individual units 141
4.3 Structural design of individual units 147
4.3.1 Flexural capacity 148
4.3.2 Serviceability limit state of flexure 150
4.3.3 Serviceability limit state of flexure: Calculation model 153
4.3.4 Serviceability limit state of bending 154
4.3.5 Ultimate limit state of flexure 161
4.3.6 Deflection 166
4.3.7 Ultimate shear capacity 170
4.3.7.1 Shear capacity in the uncracked region, V Rd,c 171
4.3.7.2 Shear capacity in the flexurally cracked region V Rd,cr 175
4.3.7.3 Shear capacity of hollow core units due
to combined stress in the webs 175
4.3.8 Bearing capacity 178
4.4 Design of composite floors 181
4.4.1 Precast floors with composite toppings 181
4.4.2 Flexural analysis for composite prestressed concrete elements 183
4.4.2.1 Serviceability state of stress 183
4.4.2.2 Relative shrinkage between in situ
topping to precast unit 187
4.4.2.3 Ultimate limit state of bending 188
4.4.2.4 Ultimate shear capacity of composite sections 190
4.4.3 Propping 192
4.4.3.1 Deflections in composite slabs 194
4.4.4 Interface shear stress in composite slabs 196
4.5 Calculation of crack width in prestressed concrete sections 200
4.6 Composite plank floor 202
4.6.1 Types of composite planks: reinforced and prestressed 202
4.6.2 Design for flexure during handling and in service 205
4.6.3 Shear capacity 208
4.6.4 Interface shear stress due to Stage 2 loads 213
References 214

5 Precast concrete beams 215

5.1 Types of precast beams 215
5.2 Non-composite reinforced concrete beams 222
5.2.1 Ultimate moment of resistance 223
5.2.1.1 Type I beam 223
5.2.1.2 Type II beam 225
5.2.2 Calculating As and A¢s from the design moment M Ed 225
5.2.3 Ultimate shear resistance 226
5.2.4 Minimum areas and bar diameters and spacing 232
5.2.5 Section properties in cracked and uncracked sections 234
5.2.6 Boot design 236
viii Contents

5.3 Composite reinforced beams 239

5.3.1 Design in flexure of composite reinforced concrete beams 243
5.3.2 Deflections in composite r.c. beams 244
5.4 Non-composite prestressed beams 252
5.4.1 Flexural design 255
5.4.2 Ultimate flexural design 262
5.4.3 Anchorage length for ultimate limit state in beams with strands 266
5.4.4 Shear in prestressed beams 266
5.5 Composite prestressed beam design 269
5.5.1 Flexural design 270
5.6 Propping 278
5.7 Horizontal interface shear 280
5.8 Precast reinforced concrete deep beam walls 283
5.8.1 Definitions and background information 283
5.8.2 Equivalent strut-and-tie analogy 285
5.8.3 Deep beam walls with cantilevers 298
5.8.4 Bottom-loaded deep beam walls 304
5.8.5 Continuous spans in deep beam walls 308
References 310

6 Precast concrete columns 313

6.1 Precast concrete columns 313
6.1.1 Geometry, strength and general requirements 313
6.1.2 Fire requirements for reinforced concrete columns 318
6.1.2.1 Method A for first-order e fi /h ≤ 0.15 319
6.1.2.2 Method B for first-order e fi /h ≤ 0.25 319
6.1.2.3 Unbraced columns 320
6.2 Column design 321
6.2.1 Column design for factory handling 322
6.2.2 Column design for pitching and erection 324
6.2.3 Ultimate limit state design of columns 329
6.2.4 Ultimate column N–M capacity 332
6.2.5 Design rules in BS EN 1992-1-1 for columns in precast structures 336
6.2.6 Slender columns and second-order moments 337
6.2.7 Columns subjected to biaxial bending moments 340
6.2.8 Reduction factors for imposed load in several storeys 341
6.2.9 Columns in unbraced structures 346
6.2.10 Columns in partially braced structures 352
References 357

7 Shear walls 359

7.1 Horizontal and vertical stability of precast concrete structures 359
7.2 Precast concrete shear walls 359
7.3 Distribution of horizontal loading 362
7.4 Infill shear walls 374
 Contents ix

7.4.1 Precast concrete infill walls 376

7.4.2 Brickwork (or blockwork) infill walls 383
7.5 Cantilever walls 388
References 394

8 Horizontal floor diaphragms 395

8.1 Introduction to floor diaphragms 395
8.2 Shear transfer mechanism 407
8.3 Edge profile and tie steel details 411
8.4 Design of floor diaphragm 413
8.4.1 Limiting stresses 413
8.4.2 Reinforcement design 416
8.5 Shear stiffness 417
8.6 Diaphragm action in composite floors with structural toppings 420
References 428

9 Joints and connections 429

9.1 Definitions 429
9.2 Basic mechanisms 431
9.3 Compression joints 433
9.3.1 Bearing in plain concrete 438
9.3.2 Concentrated loads in bearing 444
9.3.3 Reinforced and plate-reinforced concrete bearings 454
9.3.4 Bearing pads 460
9.4 Shear joints 462
9.4.1 Shear adhesion and bonding 463
9.4.2 Shear friction 463
9.4.3 Shear keys 467
9.4.4 Dowel action 469
9.4.5 Mechanical shear devices 473
9.5 Tension joints 477
9.6 Pin-jointed connections 482
9.6.1 Pinned connections between vertical and horizontal elements 484
9.6.2 Simply supported slabs on beams or walls 486
9.7 Moment-resisting connections 488
9.7.1 Design philosophy for moment-resisting connections 488
9.7.2 Structural elements in a moment-resisting connection 491
9.7.3 Floor connections at load-bearing walls 496
9.7.4 Beam-to-column face connections 498
9.7.4.1 Welded plate connector 500
9.7.4.2 Steel billet connector 502
9.7.5 Semi-rigid beam-to-column face connections 504
9.7.5.1 Theoretical derivations for the connection
flexural strength and stiffness 508
References 510
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