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 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 04/27/2018, SPi

Hobbes on Politics and Religion

OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 04/27/2018, SPi
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 04/27/2018, SPi

Hobbes on Politics
and Religion

edited by
Laurens van Apeldoorn
and Robin Douglass

1
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 04/27/2018, SPi

3
Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP,
United Kingdom
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford.
It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship,
and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of
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© the several contributors 2018
The moral rights of the authors have been asserted
First Edition published in 2018
Impression: 1
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above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the
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 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 04/27/2018, SPi

Contents

Acknowledgements vii
Contributors ix
Abbreviations xiii

Introduction 1
Laurens van Apeldoorn and Robin Douglass
1. The Theocratic Leviathan: Hobbes’s Arguments for the Identity of
Church and State 10
Johan Olsthoorn
2. Natural Sovereignty and Omnipotence in Hobbes’s Leviathan 29
A. P. Martinich
3. First Impressions: Hobbes on Religion, Education, and the
Metaphor of Imprinting 45
Teresa M. Bejan
4. Tolerance as a Dimension of Hobbes’s Absolutism 63
Franck Lessay
5. Hobbes on the Motives of Martyrs 79
Alexandra Chadwick
6. Hobbes, Calvinism, and Determinism 95
Alan Cromartie
7. Mosaic Leviathan: Religion and Rhetoric in Hobbes’s Political Thought 116
Alison McQueen
8. Devil in the Details: Hobbes’s Use and Abuse of Scripture 135
Paul B. Davis
9. The Politics of Hobbes’s Historia Ecclesiastica 150
Patricia Springborg
10. A Profile in Cowardice? Hobbes, Personation, and the Trinity 167
Glen Newey
11. Hobbes and the Future of Religion 184
Jon Parkin
12. Hobbes and Early English Deism 202
Elad Carmel
13. All the Wars of Christendom: Hobbes’s Theory of Religious Conflict 219
Jeffrey Collins
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 04/27/2018, SPi

vi contents

14. Religious Conflict and Moral Consensus: Hobbes, Rawls, and

Two Types of Moral Justification 239
Daniel Eggers
15. Hobbes on the Duty Not to Act on Conscience 256
S. A. Lloyd

Bibliography 273
Index 295
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 04/27/2018, SPi

Acknowledgements

This volume marks the culmination of the inaugural research project of the European
Hobbes Society. The Society originated as an informal network of European-based
Hobbes scholars in 2011, which was later formalized—that is, we launched a website—
in 2015. We would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone who helped to get
the Society off the ground in its early days, without whom we would not be where we
are now: Adrian Blau, Dirk Brantl, Alexandra Chadwick, Daniel Eggers, Signy Gutnick
Allen, Johan Olsthoorn, Dietrich Schotte, Gabriella Slomp, and Luciano Venezia. Thanks
are also due to all those who have more recently joined the Society and are helping to
take it forward as we write.
The majority of chapters in this volume were presented at two workshops in 2015,
the first at King’s College London and the second at Leiden University. We are very
grateful for the financial support of both institutions, and, most of all, to everyone who
attended and helped to make this volume possible. We would especially like to thank
Adrian Blau, who was closely involved in the early stages of organizing the project.
We are also very grateful to the two referees for Oxford University Press, who offered
invaluable feedback on a full draft of the volume.
One of the aims of the European Hobbes Society is to bring together the most
promising young Hobbes scholars with established experts in the field. We hope this
volume does justice to that aspiration and sets the mark for more to come.
* * *
While this volume was in press, we were saddened to learn of the untimely death of
Glen Newey. Glen was a fine scholar and a good friend of the European Hobbes Society.
His chapter in this volume showcases the philosophical and historical nuance—along
with just the right measure of dry wit—that characterized all his research and made it
so enjoyable to read. We would like to take this opportunity to acknowledge Glen’s
considerable contribution to Hobbes scholarship and all his support for the Society.
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 04/27/2018, SPi
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 04/27/2018, SPi

Contributors

Laurens van Apeldoorn is Assistant Professor of Philosophy and a member of

the Centre for Political Philosophy at Leiden University, the Netherlands. His research
has appeared in journals including Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie, History of
European Ideas, and Hobbes Studies.
Teresa M. Bejan is Associate Professor of Political Theory at the University of
Oxford. She is the author of Mere Civility: Disagreement and the Limits of Toleration
(2017) and her research on early modern political thought and contemporary theory
has appeared in journals including the Journal of Politics, History of Political Thought,
Review of Politics, and History of European Ideas.
Elad Carmel is a Postdoctoral Fellow at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. His
DPhil thesis, completed at the University of Oxford, is entitled ‘ “When Reason Is
Against a Man, a Man Will Be Against Reason”: Hobbes, Deism, and Politics’ (2016).
Alexandra Chadwick is a Postdoctoral Researcher in the Department of the
History of Philosophy at the University of Groningen. She completed her PhD in
2016, and from 2016–17 was a Max Weber Fellow in the Department for History and
Civilization at the European University Institute.
Jeffrey Collins is an Associate Professor of History at Queen’s University in
Kingston, Ontario. He is the author of The Allegiance of Thomas Hobbes (2005) and of
many journal articles and chapters on both Hobbes and the religious and political
history of seventeenth-century Britain.
Alan Cromartie is Professor of the History of Political Thought at the University
of Reading. He is the author of The Constitutionalist Revolution (2006) and the editor
of Thomas Hobbes, A Dialogue between a Philosopher and a Student, of the Common
Laws of England (2005).
Paul B. Davis studied history as an undergraduate at Harvard University and a
graduate student at Princeton University. From 2014 to 2016, he worked at the New
York Public Library. Since 2016 he has worked in the biopharmaceutical industry,
managing corporate communications for Roivant Sciences.
Robin Douglass is Senior Lecturer of Political Theory at King’s College London.
He is the author of Rousseau and Hobbes: Nature, Free Will, and the Passions (2015)
and his research on Hobbes has appeared in journals including the European Journal
of Political Theory, History of European Ideas, and History of Political Thought.
Daniel Eggers is Assistant Professor in Moral and Political Philosophy at the
University of Cologne. He is the author of Die Naturzustandstheorie des Thomas
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 04/27/2018, SPi

x contributors

Hobbes: Eine vergleichende Analyse von ‘The Elements of Law’, ‘De Cive’ und den eng-
lischen und lateinischen Fassungen des ‘Leviathan’ (2008). His works on the history of
political philosophy have appeared in Archiv für Geschichte der Philosophie, The
Southern Journal of Philosophy, Intellectual History Review, and Hobbes Studies.
Franck Lessay is Emeritus Professor at the Sorbonne Nouvelle-Paris 3 University.
He has published Souveraineté et légitimité chez Hobbes (1988), Le débat Locke-Filmer
(1998), Les fondements philosophiques de la tolérance (2002, as co-editor), and about
a hundred articles on various subjects of political theory in French, English, and
Italian journals. He has translated several short treatises of Hobbes into French.
S. A. Lloyd is Professor of Philosophy and Law at the University of Southern
California. She is author of Ideals as Interests in Hobbes’s Leviathan (1992) and Morality
in the Philosophy of Thomas Hobbes: Cases in the Law of Nature (2009), and editor of
Hobbes Today (2012), The Bloomsbury Companion to Hobbes (2012), and Interpreting
Hobbes’s Political Thought (forthcoming).
A. P. Martinich is Vaughan Centennial Professor in Philosophy and Professor of
History and Government at the University of Texas at Austin. He is the author of The
Two Gods of Leviathan (1992), A Hobbes Dictionary (1995), Hobbes: A Biography
(1999), Hobbes (2005), and co-editor (with Kinch Hoekstra) of The Oxford Handbook
of Hobbes (2016).
Alison McQueen is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Political Science
at Stanford University. Her work focuses on religion in early modern political thought,
political realism, and the ethics and politics of catastrophe. She is the author of Political
Realism in Apocalyptic Times (2018). Her work has appeared in The Journal of Politics,
Perspectives on Politics, European Journal of Political Theory, and American Political
Thought.
Glen Newey was, until his death in 2017, Professor of Practical Philosophy at
Leiden University in the Netherlands. He was the author of Hobbes and Leviathan
(London: Routledge; revised and expanded edition 2014), and several other books on
political philosophy, as well as numerous articles.
Johan Olsthoorn is Assistant Professor in Political Theory at the University of
Amsterdam and Postdoctoral Fellow of the Research Foundation—Flanders (FWO)
(2015–21) at KU Leuven. He has published widely on Hobbes and early modern
moral and political philosophy.
Jon Parkin is Fellow and Tutor in History at St Hugh’s College Oxford. He has held
posts at Cambridge, London, and York and is the author of Science, Religion, and Politics
in Restoration England (1999), Taming the Leviathan (2007) and co-editor (with Timothy
Stanton) of Natural Law and Toleration in the Early Enlightenment (2013).
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 04/27/2018, SPi

contributors xi

Patricia Springborg is Guest Professor and Fellow at the Centre for British
Studies of the Humboldt University, Berlin. She edited Mary Astell: Political Writings
(1996) and The Cambridge Companion to Hobbes’s Leviathan (2007), and co-authored
the first English translation and critical edition of Hobbes’s Historia Ecclesiastica
(2008). Her research in political theory has been published in the American Political
Science Review, Political Theory, Political Studies, History of Political Thought, Journal
of the History of Ideas, and the British Journal for the History of Philosophy.
OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 04/27/2018, SPi
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 04/27/2018, SPi

Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used for frequently cited works of Hobbes:

AW Thomas White’s De Mundo Examined, trans. Harold Whitmore Jones

(London: Bradford University Press, 1976).
B Behemoth or The Long Parliament, ed. Paul Seaward (Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 2010).
C The Correspondence, ed. Noel Malcolm, 2 vols (Oxford: Clarendon Press,
1994).
DCo De Corpore, trans. as Elements of Philosophy. The First Section, Concerning
Body, in The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, i, ed. William
Molesworth (London: John Bohn, 1839), 388–90.
DCv De Cive, trans. as On the Citizen, ed. Richard Tuck and Michael Silverthorne
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
DH De Homine, trans. in Man and Citizen, ed. Bernard Gert (Indianapolis, IN:
Hackett, 1991).
DPS A Dialogue between a Philosopher and a Student, of the Common Laws of
England, in Writings on Common Law and Hereditary Right, ed. Alan Cromartie
and Quentin Skinner (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2005), 1–152.
EL The Elements of Law, Natural and Politic: Part I, Human Nature, Part II, De
Corpore Politico, ed. J. C. A. Gaskin (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994).
EW The English Works of Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury, ed. William Molesworth,
10 vols (London: John Bohn, 1839–45).
HE Historia Ecclesiastica, ed. and trans. Patricia Springborg, Patricia Stablein,
and Paul Wilson (Paris: Champion, 2008).
L Leviathan: The English and Latin Texts, ed. Noel Malcolm (Oxford: Clarendon
Press, 2012).
LL Latin Leviathan, in Leviathan: The English and Latin Texts, ed. Noel Malcolm
(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2012).
LLA ‘Appendix to Leviathan’, in Leviathan: The English and Latin Texts, ed. Noel
Malcolm (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2012).
OL Thomae Hobbes malmesburiensis opera philosophica quae latine scripsit
omnia, ed. William Molesworth, 5 vols (London: John Bohn, 1839–45).
QLNC Questions Concerning Liberty, Necessity, and Chance (London, 1656).

References to AW, DCo, DCv, DH, and EL are given by chapter and section numbers.
References to EW and OL are given by volume and page numbers. References to L and
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 04/27/2018, SPi

xiv abbreviations

LL are given by chapter and page numbers in the Clarendon edition. For other works,
references are given by page number to the edition cited. For full details of works of
Hobbes cited see the Bibliography.
Spelling, capitalization, and punctuation generally follow the conventions in the
editions cited, although rounded and pointed forms of ‘u’ and ‘v’ have been modern-
ized appropriately. When not quoting directly from Hobbes, chapter contributors have
been given the freedom to decide whether to follow seventeenth-century conventions
of referring to ‘man’ and use of the male pronoun, or to update such language into
gender-neutral terms.
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 04/27/2018, SPi

Introduction
Laurens van Apeldoorn and Robin Douglass

This volume investigates the complex and rich intersections between Thomas Hobbes’s
political and religious thought. Hobbes is often credited with being one of the first
great theorists of the modern state,1 but the state he theorized, as the title of his most
famous work announces, was a commonwealth ecclesiastical and civil. One of the
main goals of Leviathan (1651) was to unite ‘the two heads of the eagle’, to use Jean-
Jacques Rousseau’s memorable phrase,2 for ‘Temporall and Spirituall Government, are
but two words brought into the world, to make men see double, and mistake their
Lawfull Soveraign’.3
Religion is central to an understanding of seventeenth-century politics, and so too
Hobbes’s politics. Politics is, amongst other things, a response to problems of human
conflict and disagreement, and the greatest conflicts and disagreements of Hobbes’s
day were of religious inspiration. As early as 1641 he wrote to William Cavendish, third
Earl of Devonshire, that ‘the dispute for precedence betwene the spirituall and civill
power, has of late more than any other thing in the world, bene the cause of civill warres,
in all places of Christendome’.4 The English Civil War soon served to confirm this,
which Hobbes later diagnosed as arising from the conflicts between Catholicism and
Anglicanism, and within Anglicanism between Episcopalians and Presbyterians.5 The
kingdom of darkness, propagated chiefly by the Roman clergy and Presbyterian minis-
ters, looms whenever people believe that the church has greater authority than the
sovereign. Long-lasting peace could only ever be attained by overcoming the disputes
between spiritual and civil powers, for which people would need to understand that
the authority of any church derives from that of the sovereign.

1
E.g. Quentin Skinner, ‘A Genealogy of the Modern State’, Proceedings of the British Academy 162
(2009), 325–70.
2
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Du contrat social; ou principes du droit politique (Amsterdam, 1762), book 4,
chapter 8.
3
L, 39, pp. 732–4.
4
C, p. 120. Cf. DCv, 6.11. Referring to religious views supporting the belief that citizens ‘have the right
and the duty to refuse obedience to the commonwealth’, Hobbes wrote: ‘What war ever broke out in the
Christian world that did not spring from this root or was fed by it?’
5
LLA, p. 1226; B, pp. 181, 232.
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 04/27/2018, SPi

2 Laurens van Apeldoorn and Robin Douglass

In The Elements of Law (1640), the first instalment of his political philosophy,
Hobbes had argued for the authority of the supreme magistrate over all doctrinal mat-
ters largely on the basis of secular premises. After the Civil War he became increasingly
aware of the need to show that his position would also be acceptable from a theological
point of view, giving rise to the two-pronged approach so characteristic of Leviathan:
while the first two books develop a defence of absolutism on the basis of a naturalistic
human psychology, the second two books do so on the basis of a study of Scripture and
church history. This strategy does much to explain the complex relationship between
his political and religious views.
In considering the appropriate place of religious institutions in society, Hobbes
approached religion primarily as a political phenomenon of natural origins. Religious
institutions, he recognized, serve to exercise power over others. This led him, on the
one hand, to engage in notorious invectives against deceiving theologians who deny
the supremacy of civil over religious authorities. He exposed them as envious and
ambitious men who abuse Scripture and the ‘Vain philosophy’ of Aristotle for their
own ‘worldly Benefits’—sovereign power first among them, but also the right to
­determine successions in hereditary kingdoms, and exemptions from taxation.6 He
explained their motives from his conception of human nature, which reserved a prom-
inent role for the pursuit of glory and power, while simultaneously drawing on his
epistemology, most fully developed in De Corpore (1655), to denounce their teachings
as meaningless canting.
On the other hand, Hobbes also recognized that religious institutions could be
enlisted in support of social tranquillity. The seeds of religion are natural to humans
and are cultivated in society ‘with a purpose to make those men that relyed on them,
the more apt to Obedience, Lawes, Peace, Charity, and civill Society’.7 While it is tempt-
ing to focus solely on Hobbes’s biting criticisms of certain religious doctrines and sects,
it is also worth keeping in mind, as Sarah Mortimer has recently reminded us, that he
appreciated the power of Christianity ‘not only to destroy commonwealths but to sup-
port them’.8 To this end, for instance, he proposed ambitious reforms of the univer-
sities, which he condemned as a hotbed of seditious teaching, and in Behemoth (1681)
expressed his hope that ‘the Polyticks there taught be made to be (as true Polyticks
should be) such as are fit to make men know that it is their duty to obey all Laws what-
soever shall by the Authority of the King be enacted’.9 Hobbes was a theorist of civil
religion and many of his criticisms of specific religious ideas and practices are based on
their failing to serve the ends of the state.10

6
L, 47, pp. 1104–10. 7
L, 12, p. 170.
8
Sarah Mortimer, ‘Christianity and Civil Religion in Hobbes’s Leviathan’, in The Oxford Handbook of
Hobbes, ed. A. P. Martinich and Kinch Hoekstra (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016), 517.
9
B, p. 182.
10
L, 29, p. 517. On Hobbes’s civil religion see e.g. Richard Tuck, ‘The “Christian Atheism” of Thomas
Hobbes’, in Atheism from Reformation to the Enlightenment, ed. M. Hunter and D. Wootton (Oxford:
Oxford University Press, 1992), 111–30; Tuck, ‘The Civil Religion of Thomas Hobbes’, in Political Discourse
in Early Modern Britain, ed. Nicholas Phillipson and Quentin Skinner (Cambridge: Cambridge University
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 04/27/2018, SPi

Introduction 3

To make his political doctrines acceptable to a religious audience Hobbes pursued

an elaborate rereading of Scripture. He understood all too well that if one were to be
required to obey a command ‘as cannot be obeyed, without being damned to Eternall
Death, then it were madnesse to obey it’.11 That is why he sought to show the consist-
ency of the near unlimited obedience he demanded from citizens of a well-ordered
commonwealth with the requirements for their salvation. His engagement with
Scripture, moreover, aimed to square the teachings of the Bible with the ontological
and epistemological commitments that informed his conception of human nature and
ultimately underpinned his politics. This led him, for example, to find scriptural evi-
dence for the corporality of God and the soul, and for the temporary nature of the tor-
ments of Hell.12 After writing Leviathan he increasingly turned to ecclesiastical history.
In works such as Behemoth (his history of the Civil War), the Historia Ecclesiastica
(1688), and A Historical Narration Concerning Heresy (1668), he further defended—
and, as in the case of his highly inflammatory reading of the Trinity, revised—his theo-
logical positions. One of the persistent themes in these writings remained his critique
of the clergy, ‘for whom war was useful’,13 and who attempted to undermine the author-
ity of civil authorities with potentially grave consequences.
Hobbes’s project, then, committed him to dangerously heterodox theological posi-
tions and it is unsurprising that, in his own day, his religious views courted at least as
much controversy as his civil ones. Commentators expressed outrage over his materi-
alistic metaphysics, which they regarded as coming dangerously close to denying the
existence of God and rendering the grounds of religion and morality uncertain.14
Henry More, in The Immortality of the Soul (1659), worried that Hobbes held that
‘there is no Religion, no Piety nor Impiety, no Vertue nor Vice, Justice nor Injustice, but
what it pleases him that has the longest Sword to call so’.15 Hobbes’s critics were equally
concerned by his scriptural interpretations. Upon reading Leviathan’s deflationary
account of Hell and eternal suffering, Bishop John Bramhall remarked, quite accur-
ately, that Hobbes ‘hath killed the great infernal Devil, and all his black angels, and left
no devils to be feared, but devils incarnate, that is, wicked men’.16 Hobbes’s Erastianism

Press, 2010), 120–38; Patricia Springborg, ‘Hobbes’s Theory of Civil Religion’, in Pluralismo e religione
­civile, ed. Gianni Paganini and Edoardo Tortarolo (Milan: Bruno Mondatori, 2003), 61–98; Ronald Beiner,
Civil Religion: A Dialogue in the History of Political Philosophy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
2010), especially chapters 5–6; Mortimer, ‘Christianity and Civil Religion’.
11
L, 43, pp. 928–30.
12
EW 4, p. 313; L, 38, pp. 716–18; LLA, pp. 1128–30. 13
HE, line 29, p. 307.
14
Responding to Hobbes’s materialism, John Wallis in Elenchus Geometriae Hobbianae wrote: ‘Who
does not see that thereby you not only deny . . . angels and immortal souls, but the great and good God him-
self ’, quoted in Jon Parkin, Taming the Leviathan: The Reception of the Political and Religious Ideas of
Thomas Hobbes in England, 1640–1700 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), 152.
15
Henry More, The Immortality of the Soul, So farre forth as it is Demonstrable from the Knowledge of
Nature and the Light of Reason (London, 1659), 56.
16
John Bramhall, quoted in EW 4, p. 356. For evidence that these fears were better grounded than is
often suspected, see Jon Parkin, ‘Baiting the Bear: The Anglican Attack on Hobbes in the Later 1660s’,
History of Political Thought 34.3 (2013), 421–58.
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 04/27/2018, SPi

4 Laurens van Apeldoorn and Robin Douglass

was also attacked, with George Lawson maintaining that it is ‘as great an offence for the
State to encroach upon the Church, as for the Church to encroach upon the State’.17 By
the late 1660s, as John Aubrey famously reported, the opposition Hobbes’s views had
generated apparently left him fearful of a motion proposed to Parliament by some of
the bishops ‘to have the good old gentleman burn’t for a heretique’.18
If Hobbes’s seventeenth-century readers appreciated that questions of religion and
politics are inextricably bound, this did not last. By the middle of the twentieth century
Hobbes had been recast as a secular forefather of modernity. His lengthy discussions of
religion and the Bible could thus be abridged with no great loss.19 Even John Rawls,
who praised Leviathan as ‘the greatest single work of political thought in the English
language’, taught his students that Hobbes’s ‘secular political and moral system is fully
intelligible as regards its structure of ideas and the content of its principles when [its]
theological assumptions are left aside’.20 One of the most important developments of
late twentieth-century Hobbes scholarship was the rediscovery of the importance of
religion, but even in 1992, in what remains one of the most comprehensive studies
of the relationship between Hobbes’s political and religious thought, A. P. Martinich
could write that: ‘Most Hobbes scholars are secularists. One consequence is that they
present a bowdlerized version of his philosophy from which all the religious elements
have been expurgated.’21 Happily, things have continued to improve over the last
twenty-five years and increased scholarly attention has been devoted to the religious
dimensions of Hobbes’s thought. Yet it arguably remains the case, as Jeffrey Collins
remarked in his landmark study of 2005, that ‘there has been a pronounced tendency
to treat Hobbes’s religion and his political views as discrete subjects’, such that conven-
tional scholarship ‘has failed to grasp the fundamentally religious nature of the
Hobbesian project’.22
This volume seeks to bring these two subjects together, exploring the relationship
between Hobbes’s political and religious thought from various perspectives. The focus
is principally on Hobbes’s religious politics, rather than his own religious beliefs, or
lack thereof.23 All chapters in this volume engage, in one way or another, with his treat-
ment of religion as a political phenomenon or with the political dimensions of his

17
George Lawson, An Examination of the Political Part of Mr. Hobbs his Leviathan (London, 1657), 138.
18
John Aubrey, Brief Lives, Chiefly of Contemporaries, ed. A. Clark (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1898), i, 339.
19
See Sterling P. Lamprecht’s edition of De Cive (New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1949), and
Herbert W. Schneider’s edition of Leviathan: Parts One and Two (New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1958).
Thanks to Paul Davis for these references.
20
John Rawls, Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy, ed. Samuel Freeman (Cambridge, MA:
Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007), 23, 26. Even if this view is less widely endorsed by
Hobbes scholars today, it remains the impression that many undergraduate students encountering Hobbes
for the first time, especially those studying philosophy or politics, will be left with.
21
A. P. Martinich, Two Gods of Leviathan: Thomas Hobbes on Religion and Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1992), 14.
22
Jeffrey Collins, The Allegiance of Thomas Hobbes (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), 4.
23
A contrast adopted from Glen Newey, Routledge Philosophy Guidebook to Hobbes’ Leviathan, 2nd
­edition (New York: Routledge, 2014), 232.
 OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 04/27/2018, SPi

Introduction 5

engagement with Christian doctrines and their history. In particular, the volume seeks
to move beyond questions that have attracted much scholarly attention in the past—
most notably, ‘was Hobbes an atheist?’,24 or ‘should the laws of nature be understood as
divine commands?’25—to open up new directions for thinking about the relationship
between politics and religion in Hobbes. Our aim is not to provide exhaustive coverage
of this relationship, but rather to ask new questions and illuminate perspectives that
have not previously received the attention they deserve.
In order to open up new directions of research it helps to take a pluralistic approach,
which is reflected in the methodological diversity of the chapters in this volume. Some
authors pursue mainly historical inquiries about the motives and circumstances of
Hobbes’s political and religious writings. These contributions seek to unearth the pres-
sures that led him to pursue certain lines of argument over others, allowing us to better
understand the meaning of his ideas. Others test their philosophical coherence and
examine their relevance for contemporary concerns. We, too, live in an age of religious
diversity, which often manifests itself in disagreement and conflict. While Hobbes’s
world was no doubt very different from ours, these authors show that we may profit
from looking closely at his strategies to overcome religious disagreement in the pursuit
of peace.
In Chapter 1, Johan Olsthoorn traces the development of Hobbes’s views on the
relationship between civil and religious authority from De Cive (1642, 2nd edition
1647) to Leviathan. He shows that Hobbes defended a view that went beyond
Erastianism—requiring that the church is subordinate to the state—arguing for the
much stronger thesis that the church is identical with the state. Olsthoorn reveals that
Hobbes’s arguments for this identity change in Leviathan, based on his new authoriza-
tion and representation doctrine, and highlights that the work introduces a number of
‘theocratic’ elements, so substituting ‘a Priesthood of Kings’ for ‘a Kingdome of Priests’.
Where Olsthoorn examines how Hobbes’s theory of civil sovereignty comes to encom-
pass the church, in Chapter 2, A. P. Martinich focuses on Hobbes’s account of God’s

24
E.g. J. G. A. Pocock, ‘Time, History and Eschatology in the Thought of Thomas Hobbes’, in his Politics,
Language, and Time: Essays on Political Thought and History (New York: Athenaeum, 1971), 148–201;
Willis B. Glover, ‘God and Thomas Hobbes’, in Hobbes Studies, ed. K. C. Brown (Oxford: Blackwell, 1965),
141–68; Arrigo Pacchi, ‘Hobbes and the Problem of God’, in Perspective on Thomas Hobbes, ed. G. A. J. Rogers
and Alan Ryan (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988), 171–88; Martinich, Two Gods, especially chap-
ter 1; Edwin Curley, ‘ “I durst not write so boldly” or, How to Read Hobbes’ Theological-Political Treatise’,
in Hobbes and Spinoza: Science and Politics, ed. D. Bostrenghi (Napoli: Bibliopolis, 1992), 497–593; Curley,
‘Calvin and Hobbes, or Hobbes as an Orthodox Christian’, Journal of the History of Philosophy, 34.2 (1996),
257–71; Douglas M. Jesseph, ‘Hobbes’s Atheism’, Midwest Studies in Philosophy 26 (2002), 140–66; Alan
Cromartie, ‘The God of Thomas Hobbes’, The Historical Journal 51.4 (2008), 857–79.
25
E.g. A. E. Taylor, ‘The Ethical Doctrine of Hobbes’, Philosophy 13.52 (1938), 406–24; Howard
Warrender, The Political Philosophy of Hobbes: His Theory of Obligation (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1957);
John Plamenatz, ‘Mr. Warrender’s Hobbes’, Political Studies 5.3 (1957), 295–308; F. C. Hood, The Divine
Politics of Thomas Hobbes: An Interpretation of Leviathan (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964); Brian Barry,
‘Warrender and His Critics’, Philosophy 43.64 (1968), 117–37; Martinich, Two Gods, especially chapter 4;
David Gauthier, ‘Hobbes: The Laws of Nature’, Pacific Philosophy Quarterly 82.3–4 (2001), 258–84; Perez
Zagorin, Hobbes and the Law of Nature (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009).
Another Random Scribd Document
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 Business - Research Paper
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Background 1: Fundamental concepts and principles

Learning Objective 1: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Literature review and discussion
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 6: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 6: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 7: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 7: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 9: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Exercise 2: Practical applications and examples
Practice Problem 10: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 14: Current trends and future directions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 15: Study tips and learning strategies
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 16: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 18: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 20: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Results 3: Research findings and conclusions
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 21: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 22: Best practices and recommendations
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 26: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 27: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 29: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Lesson 4: Learning outcomes and objectives
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 32: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 34: Ethical considerations and implications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 37: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 38: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 39: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Summary 5: Practical applications and examples
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 42: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 43: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 46: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 49: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 49: Key terms and definitions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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