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Producing Safe Eggs: Microbial Ecology of Salmonella 1st Edition Steven C Ricke Full Chapters Included

The document is a resource for understanding the microbial ecology of Salmonella in egg production, edited by Steven C. Ricke and Richard K. Gast. It covers various aspects of Salmonella control in egg production systems across different regions, including the United States, Europe, and Australia. The text includes contributions from multiple authors discussing infection dynamics, control measures, and the epidemiology of Salmonella in the egg industry.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
38 views149 pages

Producing Safe Eggs: Microbial Ecology of Salmonella 1st Edition Steven C Ricke Full Chapters Included

The document is a resource for understanding the microbial ecology of Salmonella in egg production, edited by Steven C. Ricke and Richard K. Gast. It covers various aspects of Salmonella control in egg production systems across different regions, including the United States, Europe, and Australia. The text includes contributions from multiple authors discussing infection dynamics, control measures, and the epidemiology of Salmonella in the egg industry.

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Producing Safe Eggs
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Producing Safe Eggs
Microbial Ecology of Salmonella

Edited by

Steven C. Ricke

Richard K. Gast

AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON


NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGO
SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO

Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier


Academic Press is an imprint of Elsevier
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
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Publisher: Nikki Levy


Acquisition Editor: Patricia Osborn
Editorial Project Manager: Jaclyn Truesdell
Production Project Manager: Caroline Johnson
Designer: Matthew Limbert

Typeset by TNQ Books and Journals


Contents
List of Contributors.................................................................................................xvii
About the Editors.....................................................................................................xxi
Preface....................................................................................................................xxiii

SECTION 1 SALMONELLA IN EGG PRODUCTION SYSTEMS:


INTERNATIONAL PREVALENCE, ISSUES, AND CHALLENGES
CHAPTER 1 Of Mice and Hens—Tackling Salmonella in
Table Egg Production in the United Kingdom
and Europe���������������������������������������������������������� 3
FRANCESCA MARTELLI, ANDREW WALES AND ROB DAVIES
1. S almonella Control in Table Egg Production in Europe.............. 3
2. Infection Dynamics and Risk Factors for Acquisition/
Persistence of Salmonella in Laying Hen Farms������������������������ 5
3. Focal Points of Control for Salmonella in Laying Hen Farms�������� 8
3.1 Rodent Control��������������������������������������������������������������������� 8
3.2 Cleaning and Disinfection�������������������������������������������������� 10
3.3 Vaccination of Flocks��������������������������������������������������������� 12
4. Concluding Remarks����������������������������������������������������������������� 15
References�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 16
CHAPTER 2 Microbiology of Shell Egg Production in the
United States����������������������������������������������������� 25
RICHARD K. GAST
1. Introduction: Salmonella and Eggs: A Public Health
and Economic Problem������������������������������������������������������������� 25
2. Salmonella Enteritidis and Laying Hens: Infection and
Egg Contamination�������������������������������������������������������������������� 25
2.1 Intestinal Colonization and Fecal Shedding����������������������� 25
2.2 Internal Organ Colonization����������������������������������������������� 26
2.3 Egg Contamination������������������������������������������������������������� 26
3. Infection of Laying Hens and Egg Contamination by
Different Salmonella Strains and Serotypes������������������������������ 27
3.1 Pathobiology of Salmonella Enteritidis Strains and
Phage Types������������������������������������������������������������������������ 27
3.2 Salmonella Enteritidis and Other Salmonella Serotypes���� 28
v
vi Contents

4. E nvironmental Influences on Salmonella Infections in


Egg-Laying Flocks�������������������������������������������������������������������� 29
5. Egg Production Housing Systems and Salmonella������������������� 30
5.1 Housing Systems for Egg-Laying Hens����������������������������� 30
5.2 Housing Influences on Salmonella in Laying Flocks��������� 30
5.3 Potential Mechanisms for Housing Effects������������������������ 31
6. Controlling Salmonella Infection and Egg Contamination
in Laying Flocks������������������������������������������������������������������������ 32
6.1 Salmonella Risk Reduction in Laying Flocks�������������������� 32
6.2 Vaccination������������������������������������������������������������������������� 32
6.3 General Testing Considerations������������������������������������������ 32
6.4 Environmental Testing�������������������������������������������������������� 33
6.5 Testing for Specific Antibodies������������������������������������������ 33
6.6 Egg Testing������������������������������������������������������������������������� 34
6.7 Egg Refrigeration��������������������������������������������������������������� 34
6.8 US Federal Egg Safety Program����������������������������������������� 35
7. Conclusions������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 35
References�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 36

CHAPTER 3 Egg Production Systems and Salmonella in


Korea���������������������������������������������������������������� 45
SOO-KYOUNG LEE AND KUN-HO SEO
1. E gg Production Industry: Overview������������������������������������������ 45
2. Size and Distribution of Egg-Laying Flocks����������������������������� 45
3. Egg Production Systems: HACCP and Egg Grading
System in Korea������������������������������������������������������������������������ 48
4. Epidemiology of Salmonella in Korea�������������������������������������� 49
5. Eggs and Salmonella����������������������������������������������������������������� 52
6. The Future of the Egg-Producing Poultry Industry in
Korea����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 55
References�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 56

CHAPTER 4 Egg Production Systems and Salmonella


in Canada���������������������������������������������������������� 59
DOUG KORVER AND LYNN MCMULLEN
1. E gg Production Systems in Canada������������������������������������������ 59
1.1 Salmonella in the Canadian Food Supply�������������������������� 60
2. Roles and Responsibilities�������������������������������������������������������� 60
3. Control of Salmonella in the Canadian Egg Supply����������������� 61
4. National Salmonella Control Program—Start Clean-Stay
Clean������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 61
Contents vii

5. E gg Grading Stations���������������������������������������������������������������� 63
6. Other Sources of Table Eggs—Surplus Broiler
Hatching Eggs��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 64
7. Other Sources of Table Eggs—Unregulated Flocks������������������ 65
8. Is the System Working?������������������������������������������������������������� 65
References�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 67
CHAPTER 5 Egg Production Systems and Salmonella in
Australia����������������������������������������������������������� 71
KAPIL K. CHOUSALKAR AND ANDREA MCWHORTER
1. E gg Production Systems in Australia���������������������������������������� 71
2. Salmonella Outbreaks Associated With Eggs��������������������������� 73
3. Epidemiology of Salmonella on Australian Commercial
Egg Farms��������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 75
4. Prevalence and Eggshell Penetration by Salmonella����������������77
5. Human Factor in Salmonella Virulence Factors������������������������ 78
6. Current On-Farm Control Measures With Focus on
Egg Washing������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 80
7. Salmonella Control Measures and Limitations������������������������� 81
References�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 83

CHAPTER 6 Egg Production Systems and Salmonella in


South America��������������������������������������������������� 87
DANTE JAVIER BUENO, MARÍA CECILIA SORIA, MARIO ALBERTO SORIA,
FRANCISCO PROCURA, FRANCISCO ISABELINO RODRIGUEZ AND
EDUARDO IGNACIO GODANO
1. Introduction������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 87
2. Argentina����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 91
3. Bolivia��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 93
4. Brazil����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 94
5. Chile������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 96
6. Colombia����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 97
7. Ecuador������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 99
8. Paraguay������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 99
9. Peru����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 100
10. Guyana and Suriname������������������������������������������������������������� 102
11. Uruguay����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 102
12. Venezuela�������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 103
13. Conclusions����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 104
Acknowledgments���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 105
References���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 105
viii Contents

SECTION 2 SALMONELLA CONTAMINATION IN LAYER


FLOCKS: PATHOGENESIS, DISSEMINATION, AND CURRENT
CONTROL STRATEGIES
CHAPTER 7 Overview of Salmonellosis and Food-borne
Salmonella: Historical and Current
Perspectives���������������������������������������������������� 113
TURKI M. DAWOUD, ZHAOHAO SHI, YOUNG MIN KWON
AND STEVEN C. RICKE
1. I ntroduction����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 113
2. H  istorical Development of Salmonellosis������������������������������� 114
2.1 Isolation and Characterization of Salmonella������������������� 115
2.2 Salmonella Bacteriophage and Further Classification������ 117
2.3 Salmonella and Salmonellosis������������������������������������������ 118
2.4 Current Epidemiology Issues������������������������������������������� 119
3. Poultry- and Poultry Products–Associated Salmonella����������� 122
3.1 Poultry Product Market Trends���������������������������������������� 123
3.2 Salmonella Serovars Commonly Associated With
Poultry and Its Products���������������������������������������������������� 124
3.3 Salmonella Association With Layer Hens and Eggs�������� 125
4. Summary and Conclusions������������������������������������������������������ 126
References������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 127

CHAPTER 8 
Salmonella in Preharvest Chickens: Current
Understanding and Approaches to Control��������� 139
PAUL WIGLEY AND PAUL BARROW
1. I ntroduction: General Salmonella Infection Biology�������������� 139
2. B  iology of Layer Infections���������������������������������������������������� 140
2.1 Invasiveness and Systemic Infection�������������������������������� 140
2.2 Intestinal Colonization������������������������������������������������������ 143
2.3 Immunity�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 144
3. Approaches to Control������������������������������������������������������������ 145
3.1 Vaccines���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 146
3.2 Antibiotics and Competitive Exclusion���������������������������� 148
3.3 Legislation������������������������������������������������������������������������ 150
3.4 Genetic Resistance������������������������������������������������������������ 152
4. Conclusion and Synthesis�������������������������������������������������������152
References������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 153
Contents ix

CHAPTER 9 Developments in Detection Strategies for


Salmonella Enteritidis in Layer Hen Flocks�������� 161
DOUG WALTMAN
1. I ntroduction����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 161
2. G  eneral Detection Strategies��������������������������������������������������� 162
2.1 Serological Testing����������������������������������������������������������� 162
2.2 Bird Testing���������������������������������������������������������������������� 162
2.3 Egg Testing����������������������������������������������������������������������� 163
2.4 Environmental Testing������������������������������������������������������ 164
3. Sample Types and Sample Collection������������������������������������� 164
3.1 Breeder Houses����������������������������������������������������������������� 165
3.2 Hatchery��������������������������������������������������������������������������� 166
3.3 Layer House���������������������������������������������������������������������� 167
3.4 Sampling Programs���������������������������������������������������������� 168
4. Culture Methods���������������������������������������������������������������������� 168
4.1 Enrichment����������������������������������������������������������������������� 169
4.2 Incubation Temperature and Time������������������������������������ 170
4.3 Plating Media�������������������������������������������������������������������� 172
4.4 Screening Suspect Colonies��������������������������������������������� 174
4.5 Isolation Protocols������������������������������������������������������������ 174
4.6 Confirmation��������������������������������������������������������������������� 175
5. Rapid Detection Methods�������������������������������������������������������� 175
5.1 Antisera Based������������������������������������������������������������������ 175
5.2 DNA Based����������������������������������������������������������������������� 176
6. Conclusion������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 177
References������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 177
CHAPTER 10 Genetic Basis of Salmonella Enteritidis
Pathogenesis in Chickens�������������������������������� 187
DEVENDRA H. SHAH, JACOB R. ELDER, KIM L. CHIOK
AND NARAYAN C. PAUL
1. I ntroduction����������������������������������������������������������������������������� 187
2. I nfection Kinetics of SE in Chickens�������������������������������������� 187
2.1 Gastrointestinal Tract Colonization and Systemic
Spread������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 188
2.2 Reproductive Tract Colonization in Laying
Hens���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 188
2.3 Colonization and Survival in the Internal Contents
of Eggs������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 190
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