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Prosody, Phonology and Phonetics

Robert Fuchs

Speech Rhythm
in Varieties of
English
Evidence from Educated Indian English
and British English
Prosody, Phonology and Phonetics

Series Editors
Daniel J. Hirst, CNRS Laboratoire Parole et Langage, Aix-en-Provence, France
Qiuwu Ma, School of Foreign Languages, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
Hongwei Ding, School of Foreign Languages, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
The series will publish studies in the general area of Speech Prosody with a
particular (but non-exclusive) focus on the importance of phonetics and phonology
in this field. The topic of speech prosody is today a far larger area of research than
is often realised. The number of papers on the topic presented at large international
conferences such as Interspeech and ICPhS is considerable and regularly increasing.
The proposed book series would be the natural place to publish extended versions
of papers presented at the Speech Prosody Conferences, in particular the papers
presented in Special Sessions at the conference. This could potentially involve the
publication of 3 or 4 volumes every two years ensuring a stable future for the book
series. If such publications are produced fairly rapidly, they will in turn provide
a strong incentive for the organisation of other special sessions at future Speech
Prosody conferences.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11951

Robert Fuchs

Speech Rhythm in Varieties

of English
Evidence from Educated Indian English
and British English

123
Robert Fuchs
University of Münster
Münster, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Germany

ISSN 2197-8700 ISSN 2197-8719 (electronic)

Prosody, Phonology and Phonetics
ISBN 978-3-662-47817-2 ISBN 978-3-662-47818-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-47818-9

Library of Congress Control Number: 2015949227

D6
Springer Singapore Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
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This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
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The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
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Preface

This monograph is a revised version of my PhD thesis submitted to the University of

Münster, Germany (Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster), in 2013. Before
moving to Münster, I spent the first year of my PhD studies at the University of
Augsburg, Germany. Many people have contributed to the successful completion
of the thesis and the process of turning it into a book. My supervisor, Ulrike Gut,
provided unwavering support to the project at all times. She was extremely generous
with her time, providing prompt and valuable feedback at all stages, but also giving
me the time and space to develop my own ideas. I could not have wished for a better
supervisor. Volker Dellwo (University of Zurich) served as external examiner for
the thesis and provided extremely valuable feedback at various stages. Thanks are
also due to Dagmar Deuber and Klaus-Michael Köpcke, who served as member and
chair, respectively, of the examination committee. Claudia Lange first brought me
into contact with the study of World Englishes and Indian English in particular and
paved the way for all my future projects in this area. Madhumeeta Sinha and Satish
Poduval were extremely cordial and helpful when I first came to Hyderabad in 2006
for a semester abroad during my MA studies and during all subsequent visits.
This project would not have been possible without the speakers who so gen-
erously allowed me to record them and those who subsequently participated in
the perception experiments. I would like to thank all those who gave their time
to support this research. Special thanks are due to Hemalatha Nagarajan and her
colleagues, who welcomed me at the English and Foreign Languages University
(EFLU, Hyderabad, India) in 2012 and 2013 for short research stays. The cordial
welcome provided by staff and students at EFLU made my fieldwork not only much
easier than anticipated but also an extremely pleasant and fulfilling experience.
The second of these research stays was partially supported by Heinrich-Hertz-
Foundation, Germany, whose support is gratefully acknowledged. Madhumeeta
Sinha and Hemalatha Nagarajan allowed me to approach potential participants
in their classes. Tiasa Bal, Ganesh Sinisetty, Chandrasekar Kandharaja, Angana
Adhikari and Apala Das helped with recruiting participants and running the
perception tasks. Additionally, Marije van Hattum administered a perception task

v
vi Preface

to one of her classes at the University of Manchester. Elvira Hadzic and Eva Fischer
helped with checking word alignment in the transcriptions of the production data.
The British English production data comes from the DyViS database (Nolan et al.
2006), and I am grateful to its creators for making their database publicly available.
The text and interview technique used to gather the Indian English production data
were also developed in the DyViS project. Thanks are also due to Volker Dellwo
for providing recordings of British English speakers that were used in the ‘cocktail
party effect’ experiments. I would also like to thank the series editors and editorial
staff at Springer for their support during all stages of the publication process.
Parts of the results documented in this monograph were presented at various
stages during the PhD seminars in English Linguistics at the Universities of Münster
and Augsburg, the PhD seminars of the Graduate School for Empirical and Applied
Linguistics at the University of Münster, the Workshop on ‘Norms and Standards
in Indian English and Other South Asian Englishes’ (2014) at the University of
Münster, at Speech Prosody 7 in Dublin in 2014, at the (Post-)Doctoral Spring
School of the International Society for the Linguistics of English in Freiburg in
2013, at invited talks at the Centre for English Language Studies of Hyderabad
Central University, India, and at the Phonetics Laboratory of the University of
Zurich, both in 2013, at the conference of the International Association for World
Englishes (IAWE) in Hong Kong and Guangzhou in 2012, at Laboratory Phonology
13 in Stuttgart in 2012 and at the Summer School on Advanced Research in
Phonetics organised by AISV-Stelaris in San Marco de Castellabate, Italy, in 2011.
I would like to thank the audiences at these events for enlightening discussions
on the topics of the talks, particularly other graduate students at the University
of Münster within and without the Graduate School. Small sections of the results
presented here have been published previously in a different form. This concerns a
part of Sects. 3.5.2 and 6.7, which were published in different form in Fuchs (2014a)
and the data presented in Sect. 7.2.2, which was discussed, with a different focus, in
Fuchs (2015d).
Romana Kopečková and Christina Dasenbrock read through the whole manu-
script and made many useful suggestions. My heartfelt thanks also go to my parents
and to Christina for their support and patience and for indulging all the eccentricities
that such a project can bring with it. It is impossible to name everyone who
contributed to the success of this project and I would like to extend my sincere
thanks to all those who did.

Münster, Germany Robert Fuchs

References

Fuchs, Robert. 2014a. Integrating variability in loudness and duration in a multidimensional model
of speech rhythm: Evidence from Indian English and British English. In Proceedings of speech
prosody 7, Dublin, ed. Nick Campbell, Dafydd Gibbon, and Daniel Hirst, 290–294.
Preface vii

Fuchs, Robert. 2015d. You’re not from around here, are you? – A dialect discrimination experiment
with speakers of British and Indian English. In Prosody and language in contact: L2
acquisition, attrition and languages in multilingual situations, ed. Elisabeth Delais-Roussarie,
Mathieu Avanzi, and Sophie Herment, 121–146. Berlin: Springer.
Contents

1 Introduction: Why a Study on the Speech Rhythm

of Indian English and British English Is Necessary . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 The Historical and Social Context of Indian English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1 Use of English in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.1 Development and Classification of Indian English . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.1.2 The Linguistic Landscape of India . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.1.3 Number of Speakers and Sociolinguistic
Varieties of Indian English .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2 The Phonetics and Phonology of Indian English .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
2.2.1 Segmental Characteristics .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2.2 Suprasegmental Characteristics .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3 The Concept and Measurement of Speech Rhythm . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.1 Approaches to Speech Rhythm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.2 Speech Rhythm Metrics Based on Duration.. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.3 Robustness and Normalisation: Which Metric Is More Reliable? . . 52
3.4 Remaining Theoretical and Empirical Problems .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.4.1 An Empirical Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.4.2 Lack of Theoretical Grounding and Testing of Hypotheses . 63
3.4.3 Perceptual Grounding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.4.4 Other Criticisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.5 Rhythm Metrics Based on Acoustic Correlates Other
than Duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.5.1 Intensity .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.5.2 Loudness .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.5.3 Fundamental Frequency (f0 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.5.4 Sonority .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.5.5 Summary .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

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