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 The YOU DON’T KNOW JS series includes: “When you strive to comprehend your code, you create better
work and become better at what you do. The code isn’t just
■ Up & Going your job anymore, it’s your craft. This is why I love Up & Going.”
■ Scope & Closures —JENN LUKAS, Frontend consultant

KYLE SIMPSON
■ this & Object Prototypes
■ Types & Grammar
■
■
Async & Performance
ES6 & Beyond KYLE SIMPSON

UP & GOING
UP &

YOU DON’T KNOW JAVASCRIPT  

I

GOING
It’s easy to learn parts of JavaScript, but much harder to learn it completely—or even
sufficiently—whether you’re new to the language or have used it for years. With the “You Don’t
Know JS” book series, you’ll get a more complete understanding of JavaScript, including trickier
parts of the language that many experienced JavaScript programmers simply avoid.
The series’ first book, Up & Going, provides the necessary background for those of you with
limited programming experience. By learning the basic building blocks of programming, as
well as JavaScript’s core mechanisms, you’ll be prepared to dive into the other, more in-depth
books in the series—and be well on your way toward true JavaScript.

UP & GOING
With this book you will:

■ Learn the essential programming building blocks, including operators, types,

variables, conditionals, loops, and functions
■ Become familiar with JavaScript’s core mechanisms, such as values, function
closures, this, and prototypes
■ Get an overview of other books in the series—and learn why it’s important to
understand all parts of JavaScript
Kyle Simpson is an Open Web evangelist from Austin, TX, who’s passionate about all things JavaScript.
He’s an author, workshop trainer, tech speaker, and OSS contributor/leader.

JAVA SCRIPT
JAVASCRIPT Twitter: @oreillymedia
facebook.com/oreilly

US $4.99 CAN $5.99

ISBN: 978-1-491-92446-4

oreilly.com
YouDontKnowJS.com
 The YOU DON’T KNOW JS series includes: “When you strive to comprehend your code, you create better
work and become better at what you do. The code isn’t just
■ Up & Going your job anymore, it’s your craft. This is why I love Up & Going.”
■ Scope & Closures —JENN LUKAS, Frontend consultant

KYLE SIMPSON
■ this & Object Prototypes
■ Types & Grammar
■
■
Async & Performance
ES6 & Beyond KYLE SIMPSON

UP & GOING
UP &

YOU DON’T KNOW JAVASCRIPT  

I

GOING
It’s easy to learn parts of JavaScript, but much harder to learn it completely—or even
sufficiently—whether you’re new to the language or have used it for years. With the “You Don’t
Know JS” book series, you’ll get a more complete understanding of JavaScript, including trickier
parts of the language that many experienced JavaScript programmers simply avoid.
The series’ first book, Up & Going, provides the necessary background for those of you with
limited programming experience. By learning the basic building blocks of programming, as
well as JavaScript’s core mechanisms, you’ll be prepared to dive into the other, more in-depth
books in the series—and be well on your way toward true JavaScript.

UP & GOING
With this book you will:

■ Learn the essential programming building blocks, including operators, types,

variables, conditionals, loops, and functions
■ Become familiar with JavaScript’s core mechanisms, such as values, function
closures, this, and prototypes
■ Get an overview of other books in the series—and learn why it’s important to
understand all parts of JavaScript
Kyle Simpson is an Open Web Evangelist from Austin, TX, who’s passionate about all things JavaScript.
He’s an author, workshop trainer, tech speaker, and OSS contributor/leader.

JAVA SCRIPT
JAVASCRIPT Twitter: @oreillymedia
facebook.com/oreilly

US $4.99 CAN $5.99

ISBN: 978-1-491-92446-4

oreilly.com
YouDontKnowJS.com
Up & Going

Kyle Simpson
Up & Going
by Kyle Simpson
Copyright © 2015 Getify Solutions. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA
95472.
O’Reilly books may be purchased for educational, business, or sales promotional use.
Online editions are also available for most titles (http://safaribooksonline.com). For
more information, contact our corporate/institutional sales department:
800-998-9938 or [email protected].

Editors: Simon St.Laurent and Brian Proofreader: Amanda Kersey

MacDonald Interior Designer: David Futato
Production Editor: Kristen Brown Cover Designer: Karen Montgomery
Copyeditor: Jasmine Kwityn Illustrator: Rebecca Demarest

April 2015: First Edition

Revision History for the First Edition

2015-03-17: First Release

See http://oreilly.com/catalog/errata.csp?isbn=9781491924464 for release details.

The O’Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O’Reilly Media, Inc. You Don’t Know
JS: Up & Going, the cover image, and related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly
Media, Inc.
While the publisher and the author have used good faith efforts to ensure that the
information and instructions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher and
the author disclaim all responsibility for errors or omissions, including without limi‐
tation responsibility for damages resulting from the use of or reliance on this work.
Use of the information and instructions contained in this work is at your own risk. If
any code samples or other technology this work contains or describes is subject to
open source licenses or the intellectual property rights of others, it is your responsi‐
bility to ensure that your use thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights.

978-1-491-92446-4
[LSI]
 Table of Contents

Foreword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

1. Into Programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Code 2
Expressions 3
Try It Yourself 4
Operators 8
Values & Types 10
Code Comments 12
Variables 14
Blocks 17
Conditionals 18
Loops 20
Functions 22
Practice 26
Review 28

2. Into JavaScript. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Values & Types 30
Variables 40
Conditionals 43
Strict Mode 45
Functions as Values 47
this Identifier 52
Prototypes 53

iii
 Old & New 55
Non-JavaScript 58
Review 59

3. Into YDKJS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Scope & Closures 61
this & Object Prototypes 62
Types & Grammar 63
Async & Performance 64
ES6 & Beyond 65
Review 67

A. Acknowledgments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

iv | Table of Contents
 Foreword

What was the last new thing you learned?

Perhaps it was a foreign language, like Italian or German. Or maybe
it was a graphics editor, like Photoshop. Or a cooking technique or
woodworking or an exercise routine. I want you to remember that
feeling when you finally got it: the lightbulb moment. When things
went from blurry to crystal clear, as you mastered the table saw or
understood the difference between masculine and feminine nouns
in French. How did it feel? Pretty amazing, right?
Now I want you to travel back a little bit further in your memory to
right before you learned your new skill. How did that feel? Probably
slightly intimidating and maybe a little bit frustrating, right? At one
point, we all did not know the things that we know now, and that’s
totally OK; we all start somewhere. Learning new material is an
exciting adventure, especially if you are looking to learn the subject
efficiently.
I teach a lot of beginner coding classes. The students who take my
classes have often tried teaching themselves subjects like HTML or
JavaScript by reading blog posts or copying and pasting code, but
they haven’t been able to truly master the material that will allow
them to code their desired outcome. And because they don’t truly
grasp the ins and outs of certain coding topics, they can’t write pow‐
erful code or debug their own work because they don’t really under‐
stand what is happening.
I always believe in teaching my classes the proper way, meaning I
teach web standards, semantic markup, well-commented code, and
other best practices. I cover the subject in a thorough manner to
explain the hows and whys, without just tossing out code to copy

v
and paste. When you strive to comprehend your code, you create
better work and become better at what you do. The code isn’t just
your job anymore, it’s your craft. This is why I love Up & Going. Kyle
takes us on a deep dive through syntax and terminology to give a
great introduction to JavaScript without cutting corners. This book
doesn’t skim over the surface but really allows us to genuinely
understand the concepts.
Because it’s not enough to be able to duplicate jQuery snippets into
your website, the same way it’s not enough to learn how to open,
close, and save a document in Photoshop. Sure, once I learned a few
basics about the program, I could create and share a design I made.
But without legitimately knowing the tools and what is behind
them, how can I define a grid, or craft a legible type system, or opti‐
mize graphics for web use. The same goes for JavaScript. Without
knowing how loops work, or how to define variables, or what scope
is, we won’t be writing the best code we can. We don’t want to settle
for anything less—this is, after all, our craft.
The more you are exposed to JavaScript, the clearer it becomes.
Words like closures, objects, and methods might seem out of reach
to you now, but this book will help those terms come into clarity. I
want you to keep those two feelings of before and after you learn
something in mind as you begin this book. It might seem daunting,
but you’ve picked up this book because you are starting an awesome
journey to hone your knowledge. Up & Going is the start of our path
to understanding programming. Enjoy the lightbulb moments!
—Jenn Lukas (http://jennlukas.com, @jennlukas),
Frontend consultant

vi | Foreword
 Preface

I’m sure you noticed, but “JS” in the series title is not an abbrevia‐
tion for words used to curse about JavaScript, though cursing at the
language’s quirks is something we can probably all identify with!
From the earliest days of the Web, JavaScript has been a founda‐
tional technology that drives interactive experience around the con‐
tent we consume. While flickering mouse trails and annoying pop-
up prompts may be where JavaScript started, nearly two decades
later, the technology and capability of JavaScript has grown many
orders of magnitude, and few doubt its importance at the heart of
the world’s most widely available software platform: the Web.
But as a language, it has perpetually been a target for a great deal of
criticism, owing partly to its heritage but even more to its design
philosophy. Even the name evokes, as Brendan Eich once put it,
“dumb kid brother” status next to its more mature older brother,
Java. But the name is merely an accident of politics and marketing.
The two languages are vastly different in many important ways.
“JavaScript” is as related to “Java” as “Carnival” is to “Car.”
Because JavaScript borrows concepts and syntax idioms from sev‐
eral languages, including proud C-style procedural roots as well as
subtle, less obvious Scheme/Lisp-style functional roots, it is exceed‐
ingly approachable to a broad audience of developers, even those
with little to no programming experience. The “Hello World” of
JavaScript is so simple that the language is inviting and easy to get
comfortable with in early exposure.
While JavaScript is perhaps one of the easiest languages to get up
and running with, its eccentricities make solid mastery of the lan‐
guage a vastly less common occurrence than in many other lan‐

vii
guages. Where it takes a pretty in-depth knowledge of a language
like C or C++ to write a full-scale program, full-scale production
JavaScript can, and often does, barely scratch the surface of what the
language can do.
Sophisticated concepts that are deeply rooted into the language tend
instead to surface themselves in seemingly simplistic ways, such as
passing around functions as callbacks, which encourages the Java‐
Script developer to just use the language as is and not worry too
much about what’s going on under the hood.
It is simultaneously a simple, easy-to-use language that has broad
appeal, and a complex and nuanced collection of language mechan‐
ics that without careful study will elude true understanding even for
the most seasoned of JavaScript developers.
Therein lies the paradox of JavaScript, the Achilles’ heel of the lan‐
guage, the challenge we are presently addressing. Because JavaScript
can be used without understanding, the understanding of the lan‐
guage is often never attained.

Mission
If at every point that you encounter a surprise or frustration in Java‐
Script, your response is to add it to the blacklist (as some are accus‐
tomed to doing), you soon will be relegated to a hollow shell of the
richness of JavaScript.
While this subset has been famously dubbed “The Good Parts,” I
would implore you, dear reader, to instead consider it the “The Easy
Parts,” “The Safe Parts,” or even “The Incomplete Parts.”
This You Don’t Know JS series offers a contrary challenge: learn and
deeply understand all of JavaScript, even and especially “The Tough
Parts.”
Here, we address head-on the tendency of JS developers to learn just
enough to get by, without ever forcing themselves to learn exactly
how and why the language behaves the way it does. Furthermore, we
eschew the common advice to retreat when the road gets rough.

viii | Preface
I am not content, nor should you be, at stopping once something
just works and not really knowing why. I gently challenge you to
journey down that bumpy “road less traveled” and embrace all that
JavaScript is and can do. With that knowledge, no technique, no
framework, and no popular buzzword acronym of the week will be
beyond your understanding.
These books each take on specific core parts of the language that are
most commonly misunderstood or under-understood, and dive
deep and exhaustively into them. You should come away from read‐
ing with a firm confidence in your understanding, not just of the
theoretical, but the practical “what you need to know” bits.
The JavaScript you know right now is probably parts handed down
to you by others who’ve been burned by incomplete understanding.
That JavaScript is but a shadow of the true language. You don’t really
know JavaScript yet, but if you dig into this series, you will. Read on,
my friends. JavaScript awaits you.

Review
JavaScript is awesome. It’s easy to learn partially, and much harder to
learn completely (or even sufficiently). When developers encounter
confusion, they usually blame the language instead of their lack of
understanding. These books aim to fix that, inspiring a strong
appreciation for the language you can now, and should, deeply know.

Many of the examples in this book assume

modern (and future-reaching) JavaScript engine
environments, such as ES6. Some code may not
work as described if run in older (pre-ES6)
engines.

Conventions Used in This Book

The following typographical conventions are used in this book:
Italic
Indicates new terms, URLs, email addresses, filenames, and file
extensions.

Preface | ix
Constant width
Used for program listings, as well as within paragraphs to refer
to program elements such as variable or function names, data‐
bases, data types, environment variables, statements, and key‐
words.
Constant width bold
Shows commands or other text that should be typed literally by
the user.
Constant width italic
Shows text that should be replaced with user-supplied values or
by values determined by context.

This element signifies a tip or suggestion.

This element signifies a general note.

This element indicates a warning or caution.

Using Code Examples

Supplemental material (code examples, exercises, etc.) is available
for download at http://bit.ly/ydkjs-up-going-code.
This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, if exam‐
ple code is offered with this book, you may use it in your programs
and documentation. You do not need to contact us for permission
unless you’re reproducing a significant portion of the code. For
example, writing a program that uses several chunks of code from
this book does not require permission. Selling or distributing a CD-
ROM of examples from O’Reilly books does require permission.
Answering a question by citing this book and quoting example code

x | Preface
does not require permission. Incorporating a significant amount of
example code from this book into your product’s documentation
does require permission.
We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usu‐
ally includes the title, author, publisher, and ISBN. For example:
“You Don’t Know JavaScript: Up & Going by Kyle Simpson (O’Reilly).
Copyright 2015 Getify Solutions, Inc., 978-1-491-92446-4.”
If you feel your use of code examples falls outside fair use or the per‐
mission given above, feel free to contact us at permis‐
[email protected].

Safari® Books Online

Safari Books Online is an on-demand digital
library that delivers expert content in both
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ing authors in technology and business.

Technology professionals, software developers, web designers, and

business and creative professionals use Safari Books Online as their
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Safari Books Online offers a range of plans and pricing for enter‐
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Members have access to thousands of books, training videos, and
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Preface | xi
How to Contact Us
Please address comments and questions concerning this book to the
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xii | Preface
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