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 B R I TA I N A N D T H E W O R L D

Britain’s Cold War in

Cyprus and Hong Kong
A Conflict of Empires

Christopher Sutton
 Britain and the World

Edited by The British Scholar Society

Series Editors:

A.G. Hopkins
Martin Farr
Gregory A. Barton
Michelle D. Brock
Richard C. Allen
James Onley
Eric G. E. Zuelow
Aims of the Series
Britain’s influence on the world was profound and far-reaching, touching
every continent and subject, from Africa to South America and archaeology
to zoology. From the sixteenth century onward, the histories of Britain and
the world became increasingly intertwined. Yet mainstream British history
still neglects the world’s influence upon domestic developments and British
overseas history remains largely confined to the study of the British Empire.
This series takes a broader approach to British history, seeking to investigate
the full extent of the world’s influence on Britain and Britain’s influence on
the world.

More information about this series at

http://www.springer.com/series/14795
 Christopher Sutton

Britain’s Cold War in

Cyprus and Hong
Kong
A Conflict of Empires
Christopher Sutton
University of East Anglia
Norwich, United Kingdom

Britain and the World

ISBN 978-3-319-33490-5 ISBN 978-3-319-33491-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-33491-2

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016958145

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the
publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to
the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made.

Cover illustration: © Keystone Pictures USA / Alamy Stock Photo

Printed on acid-free paper

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

While I ponder something witty or lofty to add here, I must thank those
who have contributed to my endeavours in writing this book—with the
caveat that all mistakes and misjudgements are entirely my own.
First, I would like to thank the British Scholar Society—particu-
larly Bryan Glass, Martin Farr, Michelle D. Brock, and Leslie Rogne
Schumacher—for their inclusiveness and encouragement. Peter Cary, Jade
Moulds, Molly Beck, and Oliver Dyer at Palgrave Macmillan have been
fantastic in shepherding this project. The reviewers have offered helpful
feedback. I suspect I’ve been spoilt in this first manuscript.
I would like to thank my doctoral supervisors, Cathie Carmichael and
Camilla Schofield, for their generosity of time, encouragement, support,
and insight and for introducing some culture to my research. I would also
like to thank my former supervisor, Larry Butler, for all of the above as
well as for writing the book which introduced me to imperial history. He
is missed.
Several friends have generously offered their expert pedantry and
insights along the way. For this—as well as for their advice, their humour,
and their friendships—I would like to thank Christopher Bonfield, Grace
Chou, Jennifer Davey, Mark Hampton, Geoff Hicks, Matthew Mesley,
Richard Mills, Jennifer Reeve, Tim Smith, and Andy Willimott.
While I have been blessed with an (all too rare) education enriched by
a great number of excellent teachers and facilities, I would like to thank
especially Mrs Leslie Clark, my high school history teacher, for her pas-
sion, compassion, and chalkboard-filled notes on Abraham Lincoln. This
book is her fault.

v
vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank my transatlantic friends and family—both through

biology and in law—for everything they have done to support me. I am
grateful especially for the sanctuary in which and support through which
I completed much of this work provided by my parents-in-law, Raymond
and Susan Reeve. I want to thank my parents for their love and support
and for nurturing the curiosity of a curious little boy.
Most of all, I would like to thank my wife Jennifer for, well, everything.
 CONTENTS

1 Introduction 1

Part I From Enemy to Ally to Enemy 15

2 Origins and the First Cold War, 1917–1945 17

3 ‘A World of Grey Men’: The Rise of the CCP, 1938–1946 33

4 Moderate, Irreproachable, and Organized: The Rise

of AKEL, 1941–1946 47

5 British Anti-Communism: From Enemy to Ally to Enemy 65

Part II Containment Through Reform 69

6 The Breakdown of Allied Cooperation

and the Resumption of the Cold War 71

7 A Failed New Deal in Hong Kong: From Constitution

to Repression, 1946–1949 83

vii
viii CONTENTS

8 A Failed New Deal in Cyprus: From Constitution

to Repression, 1946–1949 105

9 British Anti-Communism: Containment

Through Reform 131

Part III Containment Through Repression 135

10 The Decline of the British World System 137

11 Hong Kong, the Fall of China and ‘Pax’ Americana,

1949–1952 151

12 ‘Too Much or Too Little Repression’: The Fall

of AKEL, 1949–1955 173

13 British Anti-Communism: Containment

Through Repression 193

14 Conclusion: Britain, the Empire, and the Cold War 197

Bibliography 215

Index 229
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

ACJ Arthur Creech Jones [papers]

AKEL Progressive Party of Working People
AON Progressive Organization of Youth
BBC British Broadcasting Company
CCP Chinese Communist Party
Cominform Information Bureau of the Communist and Workers’ Parties
Comintern Communist International
COS Chiefs of Staff
CPGB Communist Party of Great Britain
DSO Defence Security Officer
EOKA National Organization of Cypriot Fighters
IRD Information Research Department
IUS International Union of Students
JIC(FE) Joint Intelligence Committee (Far East)
KKE Communist Party of Greece
KKK Communist Party of Cyprus
KMT Kuomintang [Nationalist Party of China]
MBE Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
MP Member of Parliament
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NGO non-governmental organization
OBE Officer of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire
PEO Pancyprian Federation of Labour
PEON Pancyprian National Youth Organization
PRC People’s Republic of China
PSE Pancyprian Trades Union Committee
PSR political situation report

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