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PALGRAVE STUDIES IN THE THEORY AND
HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

The Psychology of
Global Crises and
Crisis Politics
Intervention, Resistance,
Decolonization
Edited by
Irene Strasser
Martin Dege
 Palgrave Studies in the Theory and History of
Psychology

Series Editor
Thomas Teo, Department of Psychology, York University,
Toronto, ON, Canada
Palgrave Studies in the Theory and History of Psychology publishes scholarly books
that use historical and theoretical methods to critically examine the historical develop-
ment and contemporary status of psychological concepts, methods, research, theories,
and interventions. Books in this series are characterised by one, or a combination of,
the following: (a) an emphasis on the concrete particulars of psychologists’ scientific
and professional practices, together with a critical examination of the assumptions
that attend their use; (b) expanding the horizon of the discipline to include more
interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary work performed by researchers and practitioners
inside and outside of the discipline, increasing the knowledge created by the psycho-
logical humanities; (c) “doing justice” to the persons, communities, marginalized and
oppressed people, or to academic ideas such as science or objectivity, or to critical
concepts such social justice, resistance, agency, power, and democratic research. These
examinations are anchored in clear, accessible descriptions of what psychologists do and
believe about their activities. All the books in the series share the aim of advancing
the scientific and professional practices of psychology and psychologists, even as they
offer probing and detailed questioning and critical reconstructions of these practices.
The series welcomes proposals for edited and authored works, in the form of full-
length monographs or Palgrave Pivots; contact [email protected] for further
information.
Series Editor
Thomas Teo is Professor of Psychology at York University, Canada

Series Editorial Board

Alex Gillespie, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK
Suzanne R. Kirschner, College of the Holy Cross, USA
Annette Mülberger, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Spain
Lisa M. Osbeck, University of West Georgia, USA
Peter Raggatt, James Cook University, Australia
Alexandra Rutherford, York University, Canada

More information about this series at

https://link.springer.com/bookseries/14576
 Irene Strasser · Martin Dege
Editors

The Psychology
of Global Crises
and Crisis Politics
Intervention, Resistance,
Decolonization
Editors
Irene Strasser Martin Dege
Department of Psychology Social Science and Cultural Studies
St. Bonaventure University Pratt Institute
St. Bonaventure, NY, USA Brooklyn, NY, USA

Palgrave Studies in the Theory and History of Psychology

ISBN 978-3-030-76938-3 ISBN 978-3-030-76939-0 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76939-0

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature
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This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher,
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The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 Contents

1 Crises, Politics, Psychology—An Introduction 1

Irene Strasser and Martin Dege

Part I Decolonization
2 Assembling the Psycurity Accord in Response
to the Early COVID-19 Outbreak in Aotearoa New
Zealand 19
Veronica Hopner, Darrin Hodgetts, Stuart Carr,
Nick Nelson, Kerry Chamberlain, and Rhys Ball
3 Amerindian Paths Through Recurrent Sociocultural
Crises 43
Danilo Silva Guimarães
4 The Pandemic is a Mirror: Decolonizing Psychology
and Racism in Times of COVID-19 Crisis 65
Sunil Bhatia

v
vi Contents

5 The Sense of a Pandemic: Test, Trials, and Turbulence

in the Indian Subcontinent 91
Nandita Chaudhary
6 Necropolitics, Epistemic Injustice, and the Recurring
Crises of Psychology 129
Henderikus J. Stam
7 Psychologies Otherwise & Earthwise: Pluriversal
Approaches to the Crises of Climate, Equity,
and Health 143
Wade E. Pickren

Part II Interventions
8 Eco-Anxiety and Psycho-Terratic Paradigms
of Practice: A View From Australia 171
Paul Rhodes
9 Lockdown Vistas: Time, Space, Solidarity, Action 189
Erica Burman
10 Pandemic, Fatalism, and Psychology’s Paralysis: How
to Promote the Strengthening of People and Groups
in Brazil 213
Raquel Souza Lobo Guzzo
11 Preparing for the Wrong Emergency: Visions
of Generation Changing Events 225
Langdon Winner

Part III Science and Politics

12 Pseudo-Science and ‘Fake’ News: ‘Inventing’
Epidemics and the Police State 241
Babette Babich
13 Crisis Within Crisis Within Crisis: Global Pandemic;
Mass Unemployment; Anti-Capitalist Critique? 273
David Fryer
 Contents vii

14 The Covid-19 Pandemic and the Crisis

of Signification in Israel/Palestine: Biopolitics,
Reinvented Communism, and Conspiracy Theories 289
Jamil Khader
15 Viral Resistance 311
Ian Parker
16 Essay on Fascist Subjectivity 325
Thomas Teo
17 Decolonize Psychology 347
Martin Dege and Irene Strasser

Index 351
 Notes on Contributors

Babette Babich is Professor of philosophy at Fordham University and

has taught at Boston College and at the University of California at
San Diego, as well as in Tübingen and at the Humboldt University in
Berlin. She writes on philosophy of science and technology in addition
to philosophy of art and music, museum culture and poetics. She also
analyzes the sociology of professional philosophy and has written on
women in philosophy and the stylistic difference(s) between analytic and
continental philosophy.
Rhys Ball is currently a lecturer at Massey University’s Centre for
Defence and Security Studies (CDSS), teaching into the intelligence and
security studies programmes.
Sunil Bhatia is an internationally known Professor in the field of
psychology and human development. He teaches at Connecticut College
and his book publications include American Karma: Race, Culture, and
Identity in the Indian Diaspora (2007) and Decolonizing Psychology: Glob-
alization, Social Justice, and Indian Youth Identities (2018). His second
book received the 2018 William James Book Award from the American

ix
x Notes on Contributors

Psychological Association. This prestigious award honors a single book

that brings together diverse subfields of psychology and related disci-
plines. The International Congress of Qualitative Inquiry also awarded
Decolonizing Psychology an “honorable mention” for its Outstanding
2018 Qualitative book award. Bhatia has published over 50 articles and
book chapters on issues related to transnational migration, decolonizing
psychology, and cultural psychology.
Erica Burman is Professor of Education at the University of Manch-
ester, Associate Fellow of the British Psychological Society, and a United
Kingdom Council for Psychotherapists’ registered Group Analyst (and
Full Member of the Institute of Group Analysis). She trained as a
developmental psychologist and is well known as a critical develop-
mental psychologist and methodologist specializing in innovative and
activist qualitative research. She is the author of Developments: Child,
Image, Nation (2020), Fanon, Education, Action: Child as Method
(2019), Deconstructing Developmental Psychology (2017), and is Associate
Editor of the SAGE Encyclopaedia of Childhood and Childhood Studies
(2020). Erica co-founded the Discourse Unit (www.discourseunit.com),
a transinstitutional, transdisciplinary network researching the reproduc-
tion and transformation of language and subjectivity. Erica’s research has
focused on critical developmental and educational psychology, feminist
and postcolonial theory, childhood studies, and on critical mental health
practice (particularly around gender and cultural issues).
Stuart Carr is Professor of Work Psychology at Massey University New
Zealand. Stuart is the Co-founder of Projects GLOW (Global Living
Organizational Wage), and S.A.F.E, which are based in EPIC (End
Poverty & Inequality Cluster). Guided by the UN Sustainable Develop-
ment Goals, Stuart’s professional focus is promoting secure and decent
work aligned with local stakeholder needs, in partnership with global
agencies. A Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand (RSNZ),
Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP), and New
Zealand Psychological Society (NZPS), he is coordinating PI for a RSNZ
Marsden Grant awarded to NZ hubs in GLOW (2018).
 Notes on Contributors xi

Kerry Chamberlain is Emeritus Professor of Social and Health

Psychology at Massey University and Adjunct Professor and Senior
Research Fellow at Victoria University of Wellington. His research is
focussed on health and disadvantage, media, food and health, and the
social context of health and illness. He is Editor-in-Chief of the journal
Methods in Psychology, Co-editor (with Antonia Lyons) of the book series
Critical Approaches to Health (Routledge), and Co-editor (with Antonia
Lyons) of The Routledge International Handbook of Critical Issues in Health
and Illness.
Nandita Chaudhary is a Consultant and collaborator for projects,
programs, and publications on Child Development, Family Studies and
Cultural Psychology with specific reference to Indian communities. She
blogs at Masala Chai: Musings about little people https://masalacha
imusings.com/. She has taught at Lady Irwin College, University of
Delhi. She has been a Fulbright Scholar and Senior Fellow of the Indian
Council for Social Science Research. She is presently Adjunct Faculty at
Ahmedabad University, Gujarat, India.
Martin Dege is Assistant Professor of Narrative Inquiry at Pratt Insti-
tute in Brooklyn, NY, USA. His research investigates how crisis expe-
riences shape our everyday lives and the narratives we tell. He is also
interested in the history of psychology as a discipline.
David Fryer did his Ph.D. at Edinburgh University, after an under-
graduate degree in Psychology and a postgraduate degree in Philosophy,
both at the University of London. He has contributed to psychology,
philosophy, epistemics, history, and the sociology of knowledge but in
the then academic labour market resulted in him becoming a member
of the long-term unemployed. David put this experience to good use
as Medical Research Council Postdoctoral Fellow at the Social and
Applied Psychology Unit, University of Sheffield, England, beginning
an academic life-time of research with and for unemployed people,
which he continued at the University of Stirling, Scotland, and then at
Charles Sturt University, Australia. David retired from employment in
universities to devote more time to intellectual work. David pioneered
xii Notes on Contributors

both undergraduate teaching and postgraduate supervision in commu-

nity psychology at the University of Stirling and was elected Fellow of the
British Psychological Society in 1996. David’s work became increasingly
radically critical of community psychology and the deeper psy-complex.
David is currently attempting to understand the violent constitution of
the neoliberal labour market subject without reinscribing psy and reap-
praising the work of the Austro-Marxist social psychologist, Professor
Marie Jahoda, within a frame of reference influenced by Foucault and
post-Foucauldian critical theory.
Raquel Souza Lobo Guzzo is a Full Professor at the Pontifical Catholic
University of Campinas (PUC-Campinas). She graduated in Psychology
from PUC-Campinas, Master’s and Doctorate in School Psychology
and Development from USP. She has a postdoctoral degree from the
University of Texas, USA, in Psychological Assessment and the Univer-
sity of Rochester, USA, in Development of Mental Health Prevention
Programs. She is linked to the Graduation and Post-Graduation in
Psychology of PUC-Campinas, supervising Internship in Schools and
Communities and orienting students of Scientific Initiation, Master’s and
Doctorate. Coordinator of the Working Group on School and Educa-
tional Psychology at ANPEPP, she is active in the area of Commu-
nity Care and Support Programs, discussing training and professional
intervention, based on Critical Psychology, Preventive and Psychoso-
cial Interventions, Liberation Psychology and Consciousness Processes,
Community Psychology, and Participatory Action Research. The scien-
tific production is organized under the Research Group—Psychosocial
Assessment and Intervention: Prevention, Community, and Liberation
(www.gep-inpsi.org).
Darrin Hodgetts is Professor of Societal Psychology at Massey Univer-
sity where he researches issues of insecurity, including urban poverty,
homelessness and other social determinants of health. His recent book
length outputs include Urban Poverty and Health Inequalities (Rout-
ledge), Social Psychology and Everyday Life (Palgrave), Sage Handbook
of Applied Social Psychology (Sage), and Asia-Pacific Perspectives on Inter-
cultural Psychology (Routledge).
 Notes on Contributors xiii

Veronica Hopner is a Lecturer at Massey University. She is the Co-

founder of Project S.A.F.E (Security Assessment for Everyone) and her
research interests are focused on the intersections of Security Studies and
Psychology, particularly around irregular migration, and human security.
She is Associate Editor at Political Psychology.
Jamil Khader is Professor of English and Dean of Research at Beth-
lehem University. He is the author of Cartographies of Transnationalism in
Postcolonial Feminisms: Geography, Culture, Identity, Politics (2012) and is
the co-editor of Žižek Now: Current Perspectives in Žižek Studies (2013).
His numerous articles on postcolonial studies, transnational feminisms,
fantastic literature, and literary theory have appeared in various interna-
tional journals and other collections and his political commentary has
been featured on the Middle East Monitor, the Philosophical Salon,
Mondoweiss, Truth-out, Al Jazeera in English, Jadaliyya, the Palestine
Chronicle, and other venues.
Nick Nelson has extensive experience in both the security sector and
academia, and is currently a Senior Lecturer at Massey University’s
Centre for Defence and Security Studies. He teaches in a diverse range of
subject areas including terrorism, cyber security, and the psychology of
security. His main research interest is in how social media impacts issues
of national security.
Ian Parker is Emeritus Professor of Management at the University of
Leicester UK, Co-founder of the Discourse Unit (www.discourseunit.
com), and Managing Editor of Annual Review of Critical Psychology.
His recent books include Psychology through Critical Auto-Ethnography:
Academic Discipline, Professional Practice and Reflexive History (2020).
Wade E. Pickren is a scholar interested in the circulation and trans-
formation of scientific knowledge and practice, as exemplified in both
historical and contemporary contexts. In his work, he is doing research
on the transformation of culturally based beliefs about identity and
health in the immigration and acculturation process.
In his historical work, he is focused on psychology in the post-World
War II era, particularly the impact of Western-based psychologies on
the development of various indigenous psychologies. This research allows
xiv Notes on Contributors

him to examine issues of knowledge and power in scientific practice and

to explicate the contingencies of place, culture(s), and agency. Wade is
currently the Editor of History of Psychology and President of the Society
for the History of Psychology. I am fortunate in both roles to be able to
work across disciplinary boundaries.
Paul Rhodes is an academic and clinician at the Clinical Psychology
Unit, School of Psychology, University of Sydney. He works as a post-
Milan systemic therapist with young people aged 15–25. He has a wide
range of research interests within the fields of family therapy, critical,
community, and cultural psychology. In particular, he is interested in
challenging a purely intrapsychic conceptualization of distress in favor of
one that includes the widest possible range of factors, including the body,
personal relationships, semiotics, sociopolitics, colonization, ecology, etc.
In terms of research methods, he is dedicated to progressive qualita-
tive inquiry, including participatory and narrative methods, auto- and
collective auto-ethnography, dialogical, and art-based methods.
Danilo Silva Guimarães is Associate Professor at the Institute of
Psychology (University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil), working with
epistemological, ontological, and ethical issues concerning the semiotic-
cultural construction of senses. He has Tikmu’un ancestry. His last
book concerned the notion of Dialogical Multiplication from which he
proposes some principles for indigenous psychologies.
Henderikus J. Stam is a Professor Emeritus of Psychology at the
University of Calgary where he taught history, philosophy of psychology,
and clinical psychology courses. His recent scholarly interests have
focused on contemporary theoretical problems in psychology and the
historical foundations of twentieth century psychology on which he
has published numerous articles and book chapters. Founding editor of
Theory & Psychology (now Editor Emeritus), he is a former president
of APA’s Division 26 (Society for the History of Psychology) and Divi-
sion 24 (Society for Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology). In 2015
he was awarded the Joseph Gittler prize by the American Psychological
Foundation for scholarly contributions to the philosophical foundations
of psychological knowledge.
 Notes on Contributors xv

Irene Strasser is Assistant Professor at St. Bonaventure University,

NY, USA. Her research focuses on lifespan development and cultural
psychology with an emphasis on adult development and aging. Her work
is informed by critical gerontological perspectives, social justice studies,
and qualitative approaches.
Thomas Teo is Professor of Psychology in the Historical, Theoret-
ical, and Critical Studies of Psychology Program at York University
in Toronto, Canada. He has been active in the advancement of theo-
retical, critical, and historical psychology throughout his professional
career. His research has been meta-psychological to provide a more
reflexive understanding of the foundations, trajectories, and possibil-
ities of human subjectivity. His research program contributes to the
psychological humanities.
Langdon Winner received his B.A., M.A., and Ph.D., in political
science from the University of California at Berkeley. He is Professor
of Political Science in the Department of Science and Technology
Studies at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York, where he
serves as Co-director of the newly founded Center for Cultural Design.
Langdon Winner is a political theorist who focuses on social and polit-
ical issues that surround modern technological change. He is the author
of Autonomous Technology, a study of the idea of “technology-out-of-
control” in modern social thought, The Whale and The Reactor: A Search
for Limits in an Age of High Technology, and the editor of Democracy in a
Technological Society.
 1
Crises, Politics,
Psychology—An Introduction
Irene Strasser and Martin Dege

It took a little more than a month from December 27, 2019, when
Vision Medicals informed Wuhan Central Hospital that a novel Coron-
avirus was found in a sample they had received on December 24 (Ren
et al., 2020) to the WHO declaration of a Public Health Emergency of
International Concern on January 30, 2020 (News, 2020).
A pandemic was finally declared on March 11 (Adhanom, 2020)—
two days later, the WHO declared Europe as the active center (2020). It
is at this stage that the narrative of a chain of events with the qualifier
‘unprecedented’ began to emerge.

I. Strasser (B)
Department of Psychology, St. Bonaventure University, St. Bonaventure, NY,
USA
e-mail: [email protected]
M. Dege
Social Science and Cultural Studies, Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, NY, USA
e-mail: [email protected]

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 1

Switzerland AG 2021
I. Strasser and M. Dege (eds.), The Psychology of Global Crises and Crisis
Politics, Palgrave Studies in the Theory and History of Psychology,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76939-0_1
2 I. Strasser and M. Dege

Attempts at mitigating the Covid-19 outbreak, however, followed

classic pandemic mitigation strategies: chains of transmission needed
to be broken and health care for those in need provided. Attempts at
screening were put in place quickly at Airports, in front of public build-
ings, and other meeting places (Imperial College COVID-19 Response
Team, 2020). New, and perhaps telling, was the hope that government
officials and information technology experts placed in technology to
trace the virus (Ingram & Ward, 2020). The omnipresent ‘flattening
the curve’ became the central goal of governments around the world
(Anderson et al., 2020).
At this juncture, public health officials first appeared on stage with
recommendations and pleas to the general public to change their
behavior.
Dr. Jerome Adams, US Surgeon General, foreshadowed what came to
be called lockdown:

Stay at home, if possible, don’t go out on any unnecessary travel or trips,

and make sure you are staying away from crowded places like movie
theaters and concerts. (Fauci et al., 2020)

In the same tune, the now equally omnipresent ‘social distancing’

emerged.
The Director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious
Diseases, Anthony Fauci, informs us that:

You can actually socially distance yourself from your workplace by doing
teleworking. You can socially distance yourself from people in social
settings by not going to bars, not going to restaurants and theaters, where
there are a lot of people. It’s all just […] so that you have a space between
you and others who might actually be infected or infect you. (Fauci et al.,
2020)

Public life came to a halt; social distancing, wearing masks, and the
absence of public events with in-person gatherings became what some
called ‘the new normal.’ In early 2020, governments and health authori-
ties in countries where mask-wearing in public was uncommon began to
 1 Crises, Politics, Psychology—An Introduction 3

educate their citizens that wearing masks protects the other from poten-
tial harm. Consequently, this other was rendered a potential enemy, a
potential source of harm for oneself.
And while there was some debate about wearing masks in the begin-
ning, both in populist fashion—for example, from former president
Trump (Victor et al., 2020)—and from a more scientific perspective—
for instance, from the Chairman of the World Medical Association (FAZ,
2020)—these measures are now largely accepted (Center for Disease
Control & Prevention, 2021).
Many of us have by now experienced a so-called ‘lockdown’ or ‘shut-
down’ in one or another form; and while total movement control is
not the standard, specifically in Western countries—Australia’s four-
month lockdown of Victoria marking an exception (Taylor, 2020)—first
studies show that such measures proved to be effective for example in
the Hubei area in China (Lau et al., 2020). It is important to note
that a lockdown, while unprecedented for many, is not an entirely
new phenomenon. Earlier pandemics have called for similar measures
in certain areas. War, local uprisings, and revolutions, in the past have
created lockdown scenarios as well (Ifediora & Aning, 2017; Lucić &
Bridges, 2018; Nzussouo et al., 2017). The virus itself is a potentially life-
threatening biological entity that has been around at least since October
or November 2019 (Li et al., 2020). Its social, economic, political, and
health care consequences are, however, human-made.
Consequently, and as with masks and social distancing, there were
initial arguments against lockdown strategies—on the political scene
prominently and in populist fashion by Brazil’s president Bolsonaro
(BBC, 2020) and Trump (Shear & Mervosh, 2020) but also from
researchers, prominently perhaps by the Swedish epidemiologist Anders
Tegnell (Habib, 2020) as the architect of the Swedish strategy. There is
little argument now that the Swedish strategy has failed (Henley, 2020),
that Brazil would be better off had they organized a lockdown earlier, and
that the large spread of the Coronavirus in the US is due to the initial
inaction of the previous government (Imperial College COVID-19
Response Team, 2020). Various arguments have been brought forward
against generalized lockdowns: abuse of state power (Didili, 2020), lack
of discrimination according to impact on social groups, demographics,
4 I. Strasser and M. Dege

local areas (U. N. D. O. E. A. S, 2020), and impact on the economy

(Gros, 2020). Most cost–benefit analyses, however, show that lockdowns
seem to be an efficient tool (Rowthorn & Maciejowski, 2020).
After in many countries around the world, the first shock, the first
lockdowns, the so-called ‘first wave’ appeared to be over and numbers
significantly, albeit temporarily, decreased, a ‘return to normal’ seemed
in sight (Hardingham-Gill, 2020). The short-lived dream of a world
without Covid-19 that still seems to linger on serves as a reminder
to other disease outbreaks, such as, for example, the beginnings of
the HIV/AIDS crisis in 1981 (Chin & Mann, 1990), and prevention
programs and campaigns in the early 1990s that raised awareness about
the ‘best friend’ as a potential threat when it comes to unprotected sexual
intercourse. HIV back then as Covid-19 now is rendered as a disease
everyone could ‘have’ or ‘get.’ And similar questions emerge: Will there
ever be a cure?; Will the virus be defeated?; Will we learn to live with it?
As the HIV/AIDS crisis shows, the tremendous inequalities in
different regions of the globe carry a long tail: While in so-called Western
countries, health care, prevention services, and treatment are all acces-
sible to large parts of the population, the prevalence of HIV infection
in some countries in Africa is still at 15% or higher (Blower & Okano,
2019). In these regions, HIV/AIDS remains a leading cause of morbidity
and mortality (Dwyer-Lindgren et al., 2019) and a significant health
concern.
Since the beginning of the Covid-19 pandemic, daily news updates
reflect a specific approach to certainty and uncertainty. Mainstream news
outlets broadcast the daily number of cases, the number of deaths, rolling
seven-day averages and convey to the audience a form of certainty: Even
though the virus is not defeated yet, it can be traced and measured accu-
rately. With the arrival of the first vaccines, new statistics are discussed as
indicators of effectiveness (Young-Saver, 2020) according to age groups
and mutant strains.
Psychosocial effects are also analyzed and show increased distress,
family harm, suicides, domestic violence (Singh et al., 2020). With many
European countries experiencing their second, third, or even fourth wave
of lockdown orders, the outcry for all this to have an end becomes
 1 Crises, Politics, Psychology—An Introduction 5

louder (Dartford, 2021), maybe exaggerated by the looming prospect of

successful vaccination campaigns.
In this stage of an increased discrepancy between state measures
built on scientific insight and perceived and uttered desires in the
public discourse, the behavioral sciences—psychology—are asked for
their opinions in public media. It is perhaps a reflection of the state of
psychology as a discipline and its place in the public eye that behav-
ioral science and psychology are often confused, intermingled, and
confounded in these debates. Stephen Reicher speaks of a fundamental
attribution error in the way in which psychology and behavioral analytics
are approached (Reicher, 2021). Descriptions of mass behavior as uncov-
ered by the behavioral sciences are often met with mass psychologizations
that attribute wrongdoing not to socio-economic circumstances but
failure of character. Consequently, failures to abide by Covid-19 rules
and restrictions are generally attributed to character flaws of the perpe-
trators. People who resist lockdown measures, who believe in conspiracy
theories, who take the risk of the disease lightly are psychologized as vari-
ously crazy, stupid, uneducated, angry, etc. That is, they are considered
to be what psychologists (used to) call ‘abnormal.’ As such, they become
subject to additional measures (by governmental authorities) should the
threat they pose become too strong.
From this emerges a general discourse of compliance to government
measures—measures backed up by science—as exercised by the gener-
alized and statistical ‘we.’ The outlier, the one who does not comply,
either in general or in specific situations/scenarios, is infantilized. The
consequence of this psychologization, infantilization, and shift of blame
is the inability to talk and—perhaps more importantly—to listen. In
the age of ‘cognitive dissonance,’ the ill-fated confusion of behavioral
science and psychology seems to suggest a generalized ‘we’ as the statis-
tical average ‘social animal’ (Aronson, 1972/2017) that acts based on
in-group/out-group phenomena and seeks to blame their fellow human
beings for failure and misfortune by psychologizing ‘them’ as ‘stupid,’
‘loony,’ ‘crazy,’ that is to say ‘abnormal.’ In the best fashion of ‘cognitive
dissonance,’ this ‘social animal’ fails to reflect upon its own misgivings,
failures, and violation of rules.
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 Communication - Summary Sheet
First 2024 - Institute

Prepared by: Dr. Brown

Date: August 12, 2025

Unit 1: Historical development and evolution

Learning Objective 1: Practical applications and examples
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Case studies and real-world applications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 5: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 7: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Quiz 2: Current trends and future directions
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 12: Ethical considerations and implications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 13: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 16: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 17: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 17: Case studies and real-world applications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
References 3: Interdisciplinary approaches
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 21: Research findings and conclusions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 28: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 29: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Introduction 4: Literature review and discussion
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 33: Research findings and conclusions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 34: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 37: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 37: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Summary 5: Literature review and discussion
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 41: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 48: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Conclusion 6: Best practices and recommendations
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 51: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 53: Current trends and future directions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 54: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 55: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 57: Historical development and evolution
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 58: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 59: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Methodology 7: Theoretical framework and methodology
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 61: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 62: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 64: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 65: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 70: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
References 8: Experimental procedures and results
Example 70: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 75: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 75: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 76: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 77: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 78: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Background 9: Historical development and evolution
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 82: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 83: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 84: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 86: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 87: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice 10: Ethical considerations and implications
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 91: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 92: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 94: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 96: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 99: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 100: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Section 11: Ethical considerations and implications
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 101: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 101: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 107: Ethical considerations and implications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 109: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Exercise 12: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 117: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 118: Case studies and real-world applications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 120: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
References 13: Key terms and definitions
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 122: Literature review and discussion
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 124: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 127: Research findings and conclusions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 129: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Section 14: Interdisciplinary approaches
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 132: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 132: Ethical considerations and implications
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 133: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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