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Green Engineering
Green Engineering
Innovation, Entrepreneurship
and Design

Riadh Habash
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2018 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed on acid-free paper

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-30522-9 (Hardback)

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-138-03588-1 (Paperback)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources.
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publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Habash, Riadh W. Y., author.

Title: Green engineering : innovation, entrepreneurship and design /
Riadh Habash.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2017. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017022189 | ISBN 9781138035881 (pbk. : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781138305229 (hardback)
Subjects: LCSH: Technological innovations. | Sustainable engineering.
Classification: LCC T173.8 .H287 2017 | DDC 620--dc23
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 Dedication
Life can be understood backward; but it must be lived forward.
Gibran Kahlil Gibran

To my parents; and to my family

Contents
Preface............................................................................................................ xxvii
Acknowledgment........................................................................................ xxxiii
Author............................................................................................................ xxxv
Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations.................................................... xxxvii

Chapter 1 Greening engineering and embracing sustainability.......... 1

1.1 Objectives................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Greening engineering.............................................................................. 2
1.2.1 Engineering defined................................................................... 2
1.2.2 Sustainability in engineering................................................... 4
1.2.3 Creativity, innovation, and entrepreneurship........................ 4
1.2.4 Leadership, professionalism, and ethics................................. 5
1.2.5 System and design perspectives............................................... 6
1.3 Transdisciplinary engineering............................................................... 7
1.3.1 Transdisciplinary model........................................................... 7
1.3.2 Transdisciplinary nature of engineering................................ 8
1.4 Historical perspective: Wheeling within the seventh
Industrial Revolution............................................................................. 10
1.4.1 Thinking historically............................................................... 10
1.4.2 Early history.............................................................................. 11
1.4.3 Engineering as a profession.................................................... 12
1.4.4 Industrial revolutions............................................................... 13
1.4.5 History is an opportunity....................................................... 16
1.4.6 Lessons from history................................................................ 17
1.5 History of engineering education........................................................ 18
1.5.1 Early development.................................................................... 18
1.5.2 Professional engineering education....................................... 19
1.5.3 Modern engineering education.............................................. 20
1.6 Engineers................................................................................................. 21
1.6.1 Who is an engineer?................................................................. 21
1.6.2 The four-dimensional engineer.............................................. 22
1.6.3 The new engineer..................................................................... 23
1.6.4 The entrepreneurial engineer................................................. 24

vii
viii Contents

1.7  isciplines of engineering.................................................................... 25

D
1.8 Challenges of engineering.................................................................... 27
1.8.1 Integration of knowledge........................................................ 27
1.8.2 ST skills������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 29
1.8.3 Sustainability thinking............................................................ 30
1.9 The broader engineering education..................................................... 31
1.9.1 Reengineering of engineering education.............................. 31
1.9.2 Transition to deep learner-centered
environment pedagogy����������������������������������������������������������� 32
1.9.3 Greening education and embracing sustainability............. 35
1.9.4 Education for innovation and entrepreneurship................. 36
1.9.5 Breadth and depth of knowledge and skills......................... 38
1.10 Teaching and learning styles................................................................ 40
1.10.1 Conceptions of learning.......................................................... 40
1.10.2 Deductive versus inductive reasoning approaches............. 41
1.10.3 Teacher-centered and student-centered instruction............ 42
1.10.4 Convergent (closed-ended) and divergent
(open-ended) problems����������������������������������������������������������� 44
1.10.5 System-based versus subject-based learning....................... 44
1.10.6 Mastery learning...................................................................... 45
1.11 Bridging curriculum through training and education..................... 46
1.11.1 Knowledge engineering.......................................................... 46
1.11.2 STEAM in K-12 education........................................................ 48
1.11.3 First year����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 49
1.11.4 Second and third year.............................................................. 51
1.11.5 Final year���������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 52
1.11.6 Student partnership in curriculum design........................... 53
1.11.7 Peer mentorship in group projects......................................... 55
1.12 Reach out case: Learning by doing...................................................... 57
1.12.1 Experiential learning............................................................... 57
1.12.2 Student competitions............................................................... 58
1.12.3 Design entrepreneurial spaces............................................... 59
1.12.4 Facilitating university–industry collaboration..................... 59
1.12.5 Rewarding faculty innovation and entrepreneurship........ 60
1.12.6 Case research questions........................................................... 61
1.13 Knowledge acquisition.......................................................................... 61
1.14 Knowledge possession........................................................................... 62
1.15 Knowledge creation................................................................................ 62
1.15.1 Campaign for future engineering.......................................... 62
1.15.2 Debate on transdisciplinary education................................. 63
1.15.3 Portfolio on designing a smart city........................................ 63
1.15.4 Partnership course development portfolio........................... 64
1.15.5 Portfolio on design studio for sustainability........................ 65
1.15.6 Montessori-based engineering learning module................. 65
Contents ix

1.15.7 E  ntrepreneurial think-tank poster on

student engagement������������������������������������������������������������� 66
1.15.8 Video contest on what Montessori can do
for engineering��������������������������������������������������������������������66
References........................................................................................................... 66

Part I The Sustainability Landscape

Chapter 2 Engineering for sustainability and sustainable

development................................................................................ 77
2.1 Objectives................................................................................................. 77
2.2 Historical perspective............................................................................ 78
2.2.1 Early history.............................................................................. 78
2.2.2 Origin of the concept................................................................ 79
2.2.3 SD timeline������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 80
2.2.4 SD framework........................................................................... 81
2.2.5 Millennium development goals............................................. 83
2.2.6 Toward 2015 SD agenda........................................................... 84
2.3 UN SD goals............................................................................................ 86
2.3.1 The 17 goals............................................................................... 86
2.3.2 SD perspectives......................................................................... 86
2.4 Guiding engineering principles for SD............................................... 88
2.4.1 The principles............................................................................ 88
2.4.2 Applications of the principles................................................. 90
2.5 Sustainability taxonomy........................................................................ 91
2.5.1 Terminology.............................................................................. 91
2.5.1.1 Sustainability............................................................ 91
2.5.1.2 Sustainable development........................................ 92
2.5.1.3 Sustainability science.............................................. 93
2.5.1.4 Sustainability assessment....................................... 93
2.5.2 Sustainability models............................................................... 94
2.5.2.1 The TBL..................................................................... 94
2.5.2.2 The egg of sustainability........................................ 94
2.5.3 Interactive zone for sustainability.......................................... 95
2.5.4 Sustainability indicators.......................................................... 98
2.5.5 Circular economy..................................................................... 99
2.5.6 Sustainability planning......................................................... 100
2.6 Sustainability approaches in engineering........................................ 101
2.6.1 Typical and sustainable engineering................................... 101
2.6.2 Requirements for engineering sustainability..................... 102
2.6.3 Role of engineers in SD.......................................................... 104
2.7 Pathways to sustainability................................................................... 104
2.7.1 Energy and resource efficiency............................................ 105
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