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Excursions in
Modern Mathematics
 TENTH EDITION

Excursions in
Modern Mathematics
Peter Tannenbaum
California State University—Fresno
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Tannenbaum, Peter, 1946- author.
Title: Excursions in modern mathematics / Peter Tannenbaum, California
State University, Fresno.
Description: Tenth edition. | Hoboken : Pearson, [2022] | Includes index. |
Identifiers: LCCN 2020049816 | ISBN 9780136968955 (annotated instructor’s
edition) | ISBN 9780136921967 (rental edition)
Subjects: LCSH: Mathematics. | Mathematics–Textbooks. |
Probabilities–Textbooks. | Mathematical statistics–Textbooks.
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To the members of the board of Last Tango
Contents
Preface xii

PART 1 Social Choice

1 The Mathematics of Elections 2

The Paradoxes of Democracy
1.1 The Basic Elements of an Election 3

1.2 The Plurality Method 9

1.3 The Borda Count Method 12

1.4 The Plurality-with-Elimination Method 14

1.5 The Method of Pairwise Comparisons 19

1.6 Fairness Criteria and Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem 22

Conclusion 26 ■ Key Concepts 27 ■ Exercises 29

The Mathematics of Power

2 Weighted Voting
38

2.1 An Introduction to Weighted Voting 39

2.2 Banzhaf Power 42

2.3 Shapley-Shubik Power 50

2.4 Subsets and Permutations 55

Conclusion 58 ■ Key Concepts 58 ■ Exercises 60

The Mathematics of Sharing

3 Fair-Division Games
68

3.1 Fair-Division Games 69

3.2 The Divider-Chooser Method 72

3.3 The Lone-Divider Method 73

3.4 The Lone-Chooser Method 78

3.5 The Method of Sealed Bids 81

3.6 The Method of Markers 85

Conclusion 88 ■ Key Concepts 89 ■ Exercises 90

vii
viii Contents

4 The Mathematics of Apportionment 102

Making the Rounds
4.1 Apportionment Problems and Apportionment Methods 103

4.2 Hamilton’s Method 107

4.3 Jefferson’s Method 109

4.4 Adams’s and Webster’s Methods 112

4.5 The Huntington-Hill Method 114

4.6 The Quota Rule and Apportionment Paradoxes 118

Conclusion 122 ■ Key Concepts 124 ■ Exercises 126

PART 2 Management Science

The Mathematics of Getting Around 136
5 Euler Paths and Circuits
5.1 Street-Routing Problems 137

5.2 An Introduction to Graphs 141

5.3 Euler’s Theorems and Fleury’s Algorithm 150

5.4 Eulerizing and Semi-Eulerizing Graphs 156

Conclusion 160 ■ Key Concepts 161 ■ Exercises 162

The Mathematics of Touring

6 Traveling Salesman Problems
172

6.1 What Is a Traveling Salesman Problem? 173

6.2 Hamilton Paths and Circuits 177

6.3 The Brute-Force Algorithm 181

6.4 The Nearest-Neighbor and Repetitive Nearest-Neighbor Algorithms 184

6.5 The Cheapest-Link Algorithm 188

Conclusion 193 ■ Key Concepts 193 ■ Exercises 194

The Mathematics of Networks

7 The Cost of Being Connected
204

7.1 Networks and Trees 205

7.2 Spanning Trees, MSTs, and MaxSTs 211

7.3 Kruskal’s Algorithm 214

Conclusion 218 ■ Key Concepts 219 ■ Exercises 219

 Contents ix

The Mathematics of Scheduling

8 Chasing the Critical Path
226

8.1 An Introduction to Scheduling 227

8.2 Directed Graphs 232

8.3 Priority-List Scheduling 234

8.4 The Decreasing-Time Algorithm 239

8.5 Critical Paths and the Critical-Path Algorithm 241

Conclusion 245 ■ Key Concepts 246 ■ Exercises 247

PART 3 Growth
Population Growth Models 258
9 There Is Strength in Numbers
9.1 Sequences and Population Sequences 259

9.2 The Linear Growth Model 265

9.3 The Exponential Growth Model 272

9.4 The Logistic Growth Model 278

Conclusion 284 ■ Key Concepts 284 ■ Exercises 286

Financial Mathematics
10 Money Matters
292

10.1 Percentages 293

10.2 Simple Interest 298

10.3 Compound Interest 302

10.4 Retirement Savings 310

10.5 Consumer Debt 315

Conclusion 320 ■ Key Concepts 320 ■ Exercises 322

x Contents

PART 4 Shape and Form

11 The Mathematics of Symmetry 328

Beyond Reflection
11.1 Rigid Motions 329

11.2 Reflections 331

11.3 Rotations 332

11.4 Translations 334

11.5 Glide Reflections 335

11.6 Symmetries and Symmetry Types 337

11.7 Patterns 342

Conclusion 346 ■ Key Concepts 347 ■ Exercises 348

Fractal Geometry
12 The Kinky Nature of Nature
358

12.1 The Koch Snowflake and Self-Similarity 359

12.2 The Sierpinski Gasket and the Chaos Game 365

12.3 The Twisted Sierpinski Gasket 368

12.4 The Mandelbrot Set 369

Conclusion 376 ■ Key Concepts 377 ■ Exercises 379

Fibonacci Numbers and the Golden Ratio

13 Tales of Rabbits and Gnomons
388

13.1 Fibonacci Numbers 389

13.2 The Golden Ratio 393

13.3 Gnomons 395

13.4 Spiral Growth in Nature 400

Conclusion 402 ■ Key Concepts 403 ■ Exercises 404

 Contents xi

PART 5 Statistics

14 Censuses, Surveys, Polls, and Studies 412

The Joys of Collecting Data
14.1 Enumeration 413

14.2 Measurement 420

14.3 Cause and Effect 428

Conclusion 434 ■ Key Concepts 434 ■ Exercises 436

Graphs, Charts, and Numbers

15 The Data Show and Tell
444

15.1 Graphs and Charts 445

15.2 Means, Medians, and Percentiles 455

15.3 Ranges and Standard Deviations 461

Conclusion 463 ■ Key Concepts 464 ■ Exercises 465

Probabilities, Odds, and Expectations

16 Measuring Uncertainty and Risk
474

16.1 Sample Spaces and Events 475

16.2 The Multiplication Rule, Permutations, and Combinations 480

16.3 Probabilities and Odds 485

16.4 Expectations 493

16.5 Measuring Risk 496

Conclusion 502 ■ Key Concepts 502 ■ Exercises 503

The Mathematics of Normality

17 The Call of the Bell
510

17.1 Approximately Normal Data Sets 511

17.2 Normal Curves and Normal Distributions 516

17.3 Modeling Approximately Normal Distributions 521

17.4 Normality in Random Events 523

Conclusion 528 ■ Key Concepts 529 ■ Exercises 530

Answers to Selected Exercises 537

Credits C-1
Index I-1
Index of Applications I-10
Preface

To most outsiders, modern This text started many years ago as a set of lecture notes
for a new, experimental “math appreciation” course
mathematics is unknown territory. Its (these types of courses are described, sometimes a bit
borders are protected by dense thickets derisively, as “math for poets”). Over time, the lecture
notes grew into a text and the “poets” turned out to be
of technical terms; its landscapes are a social scientists, political scientists, economists, psycholo-
mass of indecipherable equations and gists, environmentalists, and many other “ists.” Over time,
and with the input of many users, the contents have been
incomprehensible concepts. Few realize expanded and improved, but the underlying philosophy
that the world of modern mathematics of the text has remained the same since those handwrit-
ten lecture notes were handed out to my first group of
is rich with vivid images and provocative students.
ideas. Excursions in Modern Mathematics is a travelogue
– Ivars Peterson, into that vast and alien frontier that many people per-
The Mathematical Tourist ceive mathematics to be. My goal is to show the open-minded reader that mathe-
matics is a lively, interesting, useful, and surprisingly rich human activity.
The “excursions” in Excursions represent a collection of topics chosen to meet
the following simple criteria.
■■ Applicability. There is no need to worry here about that great existential ques-
tion of college mathematics: What is this stuff good for? The connection between
the mathematics presented in these excursions and down-to-earth, concrete
real-life problems is transparent and immediate.
■■ Accessibility. As a general rule, the excursions in this text do not presume a
background beyond standard high school mathematics—by and large, interme-
diate algebra and a little Euclidean geometry are appropriate and sufficient pre-
requisites. (In the few instances in which more advanced concepts are
unavoidable, an effort has been made to provide enough background to make
the material self-contained.) A word of caution—this does not mean that
the excursions in this book are easy! In mathematics, as in many other walks of
life, simple and basic are not synonymous with easy and superficial.
■■ Modernity. Unlike much of traditional mathematics, which is often hundreds of
years old, most of the mathematics in this text has been discovered within the
last 100 years, and in some cases, within the last couple of decades. Modern
mathematical discoveries do not have to be the exclusive province of profes-
sional mathematicians.
■■ Aesthetics. The notion that there is such a thing as beauty in mathematics is
surprising to most casual observers. There is an important aesthetic compo-
nent in mathematics, and just as in art and music (which mathematics very
much resembles), it often surfaces in the simplest ideas. A fundamental objec-
tive of this text is to develop an appreciation of the aesthetic elements of
mathematics.

Outline of Contents
The excursions are organized into five independent parts, each touching on a differ-
ent area where mathematics and the real-world interface.

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