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Advanced Structured Materials

Łukasz Sadowski

Adhesion in
Layered Cement
Composites
Advanced Structured Materials

Volume 101

Series editors
Andreas Öchsner, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Esslingen University of
Applied Sciences, Esslingen, Germany
Lucas F. M. da Silva, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
Holm Altenbach, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Sachsen-Anhalt,
Germany
Common engineering materials reach in many applications their limits and new
developments are required to fulfil increasing demands on engineering materials.
The performance of materials can be increased by combining different materials to
achieve better properties than a single constituent or by shaping the material or
constituents in a specific structure. The interaction between material and structure
may arise on different length scales, such as micro-, meso- or macroscale, and offers
possible applications in quite diverse fields.
This book series addresses the fundamental relationship between materials and their
structure on the overall properties (e.g. mechanical, thermal, chemical or magnetic
etc.) and applications.
The topics of Advanced Structured Materials include but are not limited to
• classical fibre-reinforced composites (e.g. class, carbon or Aramid reinforced
plastics)
• metal matrix composites (MMCs)
• micro porous composites
• micro channel materials
• multilayered materials
• cellular materials (e.g. metallic or polymer foams, sponges, hollow sphere
structures)
• porous materials
• truss structures
• nanocomposite materials
• biomaterials
• nano porous metals
• concrete
• coated materials
• smart materials
Advanced Structures Material is indexed in Google Scholar and Scopus.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8611

Łukasz Sadowski

Adhesion in Layered Cement

Composites

123
Łukasz Sadowski
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Wrocław University of Science
and Technology
Wrocław, Poland

ISSN 1869-8433 ISSN 1869-8441 (electronic)

Advanced Structured Materials
ISBN 978-3-030-03782-6 ISBN 978-3-030-03783-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-03783-3

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018962135

© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
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The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
I often say that when you can measure what
you are speaking about, and express it in
numbers, you know something about it; but
when you cannot measure it, when you
cannot express it in numbers, your knowledge
is of a meagre and unsatisfactory kind; it may
be the beginning of knowledge, but you have
scarcely in your thoughts advanced to the
state of Science, whatever the matter may be
Lord Kelvin [Popular Lectures
Vol. I, p. 73, “Electrical Units of
Measurement”, 1883-05-03].
To my wife and sons
Preface

The analysis of the mechanisms of the adhesion between overlay made of cement
mortar and concrete substrate is a very complex engineering task. It has been
investigated for decades. Even though the theoretical knowledge is now relatively
large, the practical issues related to the evaluation of layered systems made of
cement composites to achieve a high quality of adhesion are still ineffectively
addressed. This may be due to the fact that the knowledge on the methods and
scales to ensure the obtaining of a satisfied long-term adhesion is limited. It should
be noted that although a lot of progress has been made, the improvement of the
adhesion is still usually performed empirically in the macro-scale, i.e. many sam-
ples with different microstructures are manufactured and tested until the desired
features are obtained. It can be mainly due to the fact that in civil engineering the
rules of thumb are used more frequently than any other sector of technology.
However, there is a need to find a link between the rules of thumb and the scientific
approach. Bearing this in mind, the aim of this book is to indicate the possibility of
using available modern research methods and descriptors for the identification
of the level of adhesion in layered systems made of cement composites in a
multi-scale approach. Moreover, the book aims to present the extensive literature,
which includes, among others, examples of the author’s own research. I recommend
this monograph for researchers and engineers dealing with research and develop-
ment in the field of the identification of the level of adhesion in layered systems
made of cement composites. The results and analysis presented in this monograph
may result in a better overall understanding of the problem of identifying the level
of adhesion in layered systems made of cement composites. This is due to the fact
that the mechanisms that cause adhesion of layered systems are not well under-
stood. Thus, a number of questions remain unanswered.

Wrocław, Poland Łukasz Sadowski

ix
Acknowledgements

This research results presented in this book have been supported by the National
Centre of Science, Poland (grant No. 2014/15/D/ST8/00550 “Evaluation of the
Interlayer Bond of Variably Thick Concrete Layers Based on Nondestructive Tests
Using Artificial Intelligence”).

xi
Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Semantic and Etymological Context . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 Mechanism of Adhesion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 Functional State of Adhesion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
2.5 Principal Scales of Observation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.5.1 Macro scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.5.2 Meso scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.5.3 Micro scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.5.4 Nano scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.6 Bibliographic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3 Principal Factors Influencing the Level of Adhesion in Layered
Systems Made of Cement Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
3.1 Selected Morphological Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.1.1 Morphology of the Concrete Substrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.1.2 Surface Treatment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.1.3 Surface Texturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.1.4 Properties of the Skin of Concrete . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.1.5 Material Heterogeneity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.1.6 Presence of Internal and External Defects . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.2 Selected Physicochemical Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.2.1 Mechanical Properties of Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.2.2 Physical Properties of Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.2.3 Casting the Material of the Overlay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2.4 Transport Phenomena Within the Interphase . . . . . . . . . 40

xiii
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