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New Media and
the Artaud Effect
Jay Murphy
 New Media and the Artaud Effect

“Jay Murphy deftly excavates Antonin Artaud’s capacious visionary

thought, actions, and experiences in a riveting new study of the artist’s
infinite depths and continued contemporary relevance. Murphy uniquely
grasps Artaud’s obsession with original sources, inexhaustible search for
truth, unconventional optimism, and continual reinvention of himself
expressed in a vision of altered bodies that anticipated the cyborgian pres-
ent. Praise for this new reading of Artaud cannot do sufficient justice to
Murphy’s originality, erudition, insight, and masterful work.”
—Kristine Stiles, France Family Distinguished Professor of Art,
Art History, and Visual Studies, Duke University

“The Artaud Effect is a generous book; far more exciting and ambitious
than any straightforward reception history of Artaud. Jay Murphy tracks
themes and threads from Artaud into modern and contemporary avant-
garde art practices, critical and social theory, thereby making the ‘Artaud
effect’ resonate in our present. This is a book for readers excited about the
blending and blurring of literature, film, visual arts, sorcery, hieroglyphs,
and contemporary critiques of capitalism. Artaud wrote that ‘we’re in cre-
ation up to our necks, we’re in it with every organ’, Murphy shows that
we’re in Artaud up to our necks.”
—Nikolaj Lübecker, Professor of French and Film Studies,
St. John’s College/Oxford University

“This is Jay Murphy's second book on Artaud. Like the first, it is excellent:
lucid, rigorous, transformative, accessible.
It reinvents Artaud in a way that highlights his pivotal position between
twentieth-century and twenty-first-century virtuality, an Artaud for whom,
in my language, theatricality (or cruelty) is an instance of a productive im/
materiality that does away with all those boring and dead-end debates in
Theatre and Performance Studies about presence/absence, liveness/vir-
tual/, the body/technology, politics/sacred, etc. There’s a kind of virtual-
ity to the writing as well, and the structure, with its shifts and breaks, allow
the reader a kind of capaciousness, a space to make their own journey and
virtual connections.
 Jay wears his immense learning lightly. The book is stylish, wide-rang-
ing, a feast of ideas.”
—Carl Lavery, Professor of Theatre and Performance,
University of Glasgow

“Approaching Artaud through the framing of hieroglyphics, Murphy’s

book discovers much more than an avant-garde artist and thinker confined
to the era of high modernism. Instead, he discerns Artaudian hieroglyphs
at work in multiple aesthetic contexts from the poetry of Olson and Pound
to the cinema of Eisenstein and Grandrieux, and from Warburg’s visual
zig-zag iconology to Stelarc’s cyborg hacking of evolutionary processes,
not to mention in Deleuzian and Deleuzo-Guattarian philosophies and
their aftermaths. In all of these spheres Artaud is already there in advance
gesturing through the multiple and surprising hieroglyphic figures and
hieroglyphic practices that this book reveals.”
—Michael Goddard, Reader in Film and Screen Media,
Goldsmiths/University of London
 Jay Murphy

New Media and the

Artaud Effect
Jay Murphy
School for Professional Advancement
Tulane University
New Orleans, LA, USA

ISBN 978-3-030-83487-6    ISBN 978-3-030-83488-3 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83488-3

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer
Nature Switzerland AG 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
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microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
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The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
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exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information
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 Acknowledgements

Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following, where portions of this

book have appeared in different forms:
Artaud’s Metamorphosis (Pavement Books, 2016). By permission of
Pavement Books.
“The Artaud Effect,” in CTheory (September 2015), https://journals.
uvic.ca/index.php/ctheory/article/view/15122/6110
By permission of CTheory.
“Gary Hill and the ‘new aesthetic paradigm’”, Paper presented at the
International Association of Philosophy and Literature (IAPL) conference
‘Postmodern Sites,’ Hartford, CT, May 12, 1999. http://www.thing.
net/~soulcity/ap/index.html. By permission of author.

I owe gratitude to Lauriane Piette and her staff at Palgrave Macmillan

who selected and shepherded this manuscript. I would also like to thank
the great generosity of the artists who have provided images for this
book, and those who took valuable time to read the manuscript and
recommend it.
I also thank the following (only a very brief list) for actions great and
small, in no hierarchical order: Sharon Mesmer, Virginia Stephan,
Miuki, Pamala Bishop, Peter Valente, Joseph Nechvatal, Jonathan
Brooks Slaughter, Elizabeth Shannon, David Rivé, Michael Fedor, Seila

v
vi Acknowledgements

Susberg, Oloye Bafagunwa Awo Agbaye, Elena Bondal, Oana Aitchison,

Yota Theod, Stephen DiCillo, Shawn Williams, Jan Barnes, Sophie
Fuggle, John Hutnyk.

As is appropriate for a project in which the dead have never been more
alive, I would like to thank for past exchanges, without which many things
would be different: Clayton Eshleman (d. 2021), Carolee Schneemann
(d. 2019), and Emile de Antonio (d. 1989).
 Contents

1 Living Hieroglyphs  1
Hieroglyphic Keys   2
A Universe and a Theater of Signs   4
Shedding Light on Hieroglyphic Language: Fenollosa and
Pound’s Revolution of the Word  11
Aby Warburg’s Expressivity without Subject and Eisenstein in
Mexico: Hieroglyphs in Motion  23
Hieroglyphs as Fields of Force: Olson’s Origins  31
The Originality of Artaud in Twentieth Century Hieroglyphics  45

2 The Power of Capture 51

Inner/Outer  53
Cybernetic Totality  58
Brain Matter  62
Sorcery Without Sorcerers  65
Body Without Organs as Substrate of Resistance  81

3 Beyond Hieroglyphics: I 87

“The Body Is the Self”, or Godard’s Incommensurable  89
“Impossible” Influence  97
Where Artaud’s Ghost Seems to Move the Most—Grandrieux’s
Cinema of Cruelty  99
Grandrieux and Sade 114
Constructing the “New Body” 117

vii
viii Contents

4 Beyond Hieroglyphics: II119

Klossowski’s Body Exchange, or Sharon Tate as Hieroglyph 120
The Body Remixed—Sterlarc 128
Catastrophe Theory in Gary Hill 133
“the infinite, this is me” 141
Schizophrenia as Interactive Cinema 143
Another ‘Outside’ 148

5 Don’t Forget the Virtual151

Artaud: The Urge for Destruction 154
The ‘Virtual’ as Revolutionary Source 159
Breakdowns 168
Artistic “Virtualism” 170
No Guarantees 175
Whose Groundlessness? 178
For a New ‘Anti-Psychiatry’ 181

Works Cited185

Index207
 CHAPTER 1

Living Hieroglyphs

Up to a certain point, Antonin Artaud’s search for hieroglyphic keys to

another, underlying reality links him to many other seminal twentieth cen-
tury artistic projects, ranging from numerous artists of Cubism and
Surrealism, Paul Klee and Wassily Kandinsky, to Aby Warburg’s founda-
tions for a new art history (one not based on texts), to Sergei Eisenstein’s
cinema, Ernest Fenollosa and Ezra Pound’s research into Chinese ideo-
grams as a basis for poetry, and later Charles Olson (who advocated learn-
ing from Sumerian and Mayan glyphs) extending Pound’s modernist
revolution into a what he dubbed a “postmodern” poetics.1 Even in this
context Artaud stands out, since with the possible exception of Warburg,
these projects are often limited to aesthetics, and to a single art-form,
whereas Artaud’s proposals cannot be reduced even to the single cause of
a revivified theater. Artaud used an eminently hieroglyphic means, an
extreme and severe introjection of the cross (Artaud writes at one point at
Rodez “I am the vertebral cross”2), as a key transformative process to sur-
vive nine years of horrific psychiatric confinement and emerge onto
another plane of ferocity and creativity. Artaud’s transformation, what one

1
Charles Olson. Collected Prose. Eds. by Donald Allen and Benjamin Friedlander. Berkeley/
Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1997. p. 116.
2
Artaud XV, 1981, p. 326. Quotes from Artaud’s oeuvres complètes published by Gallimard
are indicated by volume number, year, and page. All translations are mine unless specified
otherwise.

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 1

Switzerland AG 2021
J. Murphy, New Media and the Artaud Effect,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83488-3_1
2 J. MURPHY

psychoanalyst judged “absolutely unique,”3 would already make his

manipulation of the hieroglyph one of the most original and singular in
the twentieth century. But an “Artaud effect” and legacy operates today
not due to this use of the hieroglyphic, but because in a series of extremely
willful, violent operations 1945–1948 he definitively annihilates any hiero-
glyph or hieroglyphic understanding. His scores of drawings, his sound
performances, his surging, increasingly unique language from 1943 on,
are identical with his self re-construction that refuses any description via
hieroglyphic patterning. Artaud himself recognizes that any hieroglyph
also goes up into the flames of the combustion of his “direct creation.”4
Artaud has thus eluded the eclipse of much of the historical avant-garde or
modernist relevance, though Stéphane Mallarmé and James Joyce, among
others, also return in intriguing manners.5

Hieroglyphic Keys
Artaud had a glimpse of what the Theater of cruelty would look like, not
just through the “black sun” ceremony of the Tarahumara Indians he had
visited in 1936, but in his own work. In a letter to Fernand Pouey, who
had commissioned the broadcast, Artaud wrote of his enthusiasm that his
radio work To have done with the judgment of god (1947–1948), “could
furnish a miniature model of what I want to do in the Theater of cruelty.”6
Earlier, in the case of The Cenci (1935),7 the only play that Artaud both
wrote8 and produced, he had no such illusions. Despite his choice of actors
(although Jean-Louis Barrault argued with one of the primary financial
backers also an actress and walked out) and stage design from his friend

3
Serge André. L’Épreuve d’Antonin Artaud et l’expérience de la psychanalyse. Brussels:
Éditons Luc Pire, 2007. p. 112.
4
Artaud XIII, 1974, p. 35.
5
See for instance Joyce’s links to creative cyberculture in Donald F. Theall. James Joyce’s
Techno-Poetics. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997. For his part, Mallarmé, a poet
of virtuality avant la lettre, makes key appearances in Félix Guattari’s Chaosmosis (1992)
while inspiring in part Quentin Meillassoux’s After Finitude (2010) and providing the sub-
ject for his The Number and the Siren (2012). For Mallarmé’s relationship to contemporary
media theory, see Nikolaj Lübecker, “Mallarmé’s Digital Demon,” Paragraph 43 n. 2 (July
2020): 140–158.
6
Artaud XIII, 1974, p. 127. Artaud’s italics.
7
Artaud IV, 1964, pp. 183–271.
8
Artaud adapted the play from the versions by Percy Bysshe Shelley and Stendhal. For the
differences between Artaud’s version and theirs, see ibid. pp. 390–391.
 1 LIVING HIEROGLYPHS 3

the painter Balthus, the production was made under immense haste and
financial pressure. Ironic for Artaud, the advocate of treating words as
plastic things or disintegrative vocal objects and tonalities, who had used
his collaborative Theatre Alfred Jarry, a project more Dada than Surrealist,
as the vehicle for a theater that dispensed entirely with written texts, his
performance was criticized as “verbose.”9 In advance of the production,
Artaud had already recognized that the play “is still not the Theater of
cruelty but it is a preparation for it.”10 He explained, “There will be
between the Theater of cruelty and The Cenci the difference which exists
between the roaring of a waterfall or the unleashing of a natural storm,
and all that remains of their violence once it has been recorded in an
image.”11 Despite some genuine innovations, especially in Roger
Désormière’s sound design, and a successful opening night, the problem
of The Cenci may have been that “one performance burned out the
spectacle.”12 After the initial success, reviews become uniformly hostile,
and financial problems mounted while Artaud tried to balance his direct-
ing, fundraising for the theater, acting, and struggle to pay his own hotel
bill. According to Roger Blin, who acted in the play, The Cenci to Artaud
was “a commercial piece, half-way to what he wanted to do in the
theatre.”13 Its resounding crash put an end to any hopes Artaud had of
enacting a Theater of cruelty on the Parisian stage. In another six months,
after a frantic, penurious period of scrambling, he was off to Mexico, and
a series of tumultuous peregrinations that would end in his confinement in
a straitjacket in just one more fateful year.
Given the fragmentary nature of even some of Artaud’s most brilliant
and prophetic work—the film scenarios, the theater manifestoes, or the
later radio broadcasts—that all call for the most extreme re-ordering pos-
sible of the role of any spectator or participant (a concomitant of which is
virtually the abolition of Western culture to date), that possess extraordi-
nary ambition, reputedly the very vast scale of which would entail their
failure on any earthly plane—perhaps it is not so surprising that as an his-
torical event in the life of Antonin Artaud they are to some extent rarely
realized. As Romain Weingarten claimed, “it is difficult to speak of a
9
Eric Sellin. The Dramatic Concepts of Antonin Artaud. Chicago: University of Chicago
Press, 1968. p. 111; also New Ed. New Orleans: Quid Pro Books, 2017.
10
Artaud V, 1964, p. 34.
11
Ibid. pp. 36–7.
12
Stephen Barber. Antonin Artaud: Blows and Bombs. London: Faber & Faber, 1993. p. 71.
13
Roger Blin. Souvenirs et propos. Paris: Gallimard, 1986. p. 28.
4 J. MURPHY

theater that did not take place.”14 For others, including Jean-Louis
Barrault, in his mid-twenties at the time of The Cenci, but already becom-
ing known as actor, director, and producer of the stage, Artaud’s very life
was the Theater of cruelty. Performances like Artaud’s notorious appear-
ance at Vieux-Colombier on January 13, 1947 would lend credence to
this view. Unfortunately there are no recordings of the evening, and it
would be an understatement to note that Artaud departed from the texts
he planned to present, but we are left with astounding reminiscences.
Novelist André Gide wrote in a letter to Henri Thomas:

Artaud’s lecture was more extraordinary than one could have supposed: it’s
something which has never been heard before, never seen and which one
will never again see. My memory of it is indelible—atrocious, painful, almost
sublime at moments, revolting also and quasi-intolerable.15

Journalist Maurice Saillet described Artaud’s performance in this way,

… when his impetuous hands fluttered like a pair of birds around his face; when
his raucous voice, broken by sobs and stumbling tragically, began to declaim his
splendid—but practically inaudible poems, it was as if we were drawn into the
danger zone, sucked up by that black sun, consumed by that ‘overall combus-
tion’ of a body that was itself a victim of the flames of the spirit.16

André Breton’s comment that at Vieux-Colombier Artaud had reduced

himself to man of the theater, another “performer,” was so insulting that
it was the occasion of Artaud’s final break with him.

A Universe and a Theater of Signs

We must grant Artaud these moments of realization, however fugitive. From
the January, 1948 radio broadcast to his spellbinding performances at Vieux-
Colombier in 1947 or the Sorbonne in 1933,17 to his peyote experience with

14
Qtd. in Sellin. The Dramatic Concepts of Antonin Artaud. p. 110.
15
Qtd. in H.J.Armand-Laroche. Artaud et son Double. Périgueux: Pierre-Franlac, 1964.
p. 31. Gide also wrote about the event for 19 March, 1948 issue of Combat, after Artaud’s
death; the text is included in Antonin Artaud. Oeuvres. Ed. Évelyn Grossman. Paris:
Gallimard/Quarto, 2004. p. 1191.
16
For full text see Oeuvres. p. 1190.
17
A remarkable description of this is contained in Anaïs Nin. The Journals of Anaïs Nin,
1931–1934. London: Peter Owen, 1966. p. 192. Although Artaud here personified and
 1 LIVING HIEROGLYPHS 5

the Tarahumaras—Artaud at times pierced the veils he perceived. And his

image of what he was striving for was invariably vivid. The month after the col-
lapse of The Cenci, Artaud wrote a most enthusiastic review for La Nouvelle
Revue Française of Jean-Louis Barrault’s performance in Autour d’une mère,
his adaptation of the William Faulkner novel As I Lay Dying. Barrault’s perfor-
mance itself had been inspired by his numerous close conversations and
exchanges with Artaud. In Barrault’s circling “marvelous horse-centaur”
Artaud was reminded of his entrancement by the Balinese dancers in 1931,
Barrault’s gestures “are of such beauty that they take on a symbolic sense.”18
Remarkably, Artaud compares the “magic” of Barrault’s mime to the incanta-
tions of “black sorcerers” who bring rain or chase away illness with their
breaths.19 Artaud acclaims the stylized mathematical gestures, the disciplined
movement, the “lively effervescence,” the “concert of screams” at the moment
of the death of the mother; in what Artaud describes as Barrault’s extraordi-
nary spontaneity and vigor, it is “in this sacred atmosphere, that Jean-Louis
Barrault improvises the movements of a wild horse, and one is suddenly sur-
prised to see him turn into a horse,” for Barrault has created an environment
of metamorphoses that theater “should never have lost.”20 It is not too much
to say Barrault has exemplified much, but not all, which Artaud is searching for
in terms of a hieroglyphic language, theatrically expressed:

Certainly, there are no symbols in the spectacle of Jean-Louis Barrault. And

if one is to make a reproach to his gestures, it is that they give us the illusion
of symbol, when they are outlining reality; this is why their action, however
violent it is or active, remains among all without any extensions beyond itself.21

It has no such extension or range, according to Artaud, since is “only

descriptive,” taking account of “exterior facts” where “souls” do not inter-
vene—it is here, he argues, that reproach can be made. Is Artaud, who has just
compared Barrault’s play, where a “concert of screams take life,”22 to

acted out death from the plague, while his largely student audience at first gasped, hissed,
then jeered and left, this lecture became the frontispiece essay for The Theater and Its Double.
Artaud wanted to begin his collection with this essay’s lurid imagery.
18
Artaud IV, 1964, pp. 168, 170.
19
Ibid. p. 168.
20
Ibid. p. 169.
21
Ibid. p. 170. M.C. Richards translates this last phrase, demeure en somme sans prolonge-
ments, perhaps more felicitously, as “has no range beyond itself,” in Artaud. The Theater and
Its Double. Trans. M.C. Richards. New York: Grove Press, 1958. p. 146.
22
Artaud IV, 1964, p. 168.
6 J. MURPHY

ceremonies of shamans or “witch doctors,” already contradicting himself in the

space of this short review? The immense achievement of Barrault, is his play’s
“direct and physical appeal,” its “animated gesticulation,” and “discontinuous
unfolding of figures … which memory will never forget.”23 Theater demands
that a physical field be opened and filled, in which one finds “new relations
between sound, gesture, and voice—and if one is able to say that this is theater,
then Jean-Louis Barrault has made it.”24
Yet Artaud ends with his doubts, deep reservations and a mysterious
yearning. Barrault has “restored magic to us … as if the very spirit of Fable
had descended among us again,” yet “this realization is not the peak”25 of
theater –

I mean the most profound drama, the mystery deeper than souls, the heart-
breaking conflict of souls where gesture is only a path. There where man is
only a point and where lives drink from their source. But who has drunk
from the source of life?26

Artaud acclaims theater while suggesting that it doesn’t probe to the

depths of existence. It is as if he is looking to Nietzsche’s “the world as a
work of art that gives birth to itself,”27 to resolve these antimonies. It is
not so surprising to learn that less than a year after writing these lines
Artaud is headed off across the ocean to experience the peyote rites with
the Tarahumara Indians; in the Sierra Tarahumara Artaud finds a veritable
“mountain of signs” in which the landscape itself becomes the communi-
cating hieroglyphics. Artaud wrote:

At every turn in the road one can find trees deliberately burned in the form
of a cross or in the form of beings, an often these beings are double and they
face one another, as though to manifest the essential duality of things; and
I have seen that duality traced back to its beginnings in a sign in the form of
Ⓗ enclosed in a circle, which I once saw branded on a tall pine with a red-hot
iron; other trees bore spears, trefoils, acanthus leaves surrounded with
crosses; here and there, in sunken places, corridors choked with rocks, rows

Ibid. p. 169.
23

Ibid. p. 170.
24

25
Artaud uses the word tête, or ‘top’, ‘head.’ In using “peak” I’m following M.C. Richards’
rendering.
26
Ibid. p. 171.
27
Friedrich Nietzsche. Note 796, The Will to Power. Trans. Walter Kaufman and
R. J. Hollingdale. New York: Vintage Books, [1884–1888] 1968. p. 419.
 1 LIVING HIEROGLYPHS 7

of Egyptian ankhs deployed in files; and the doors of Tarahumara houses

displayed by the Maya world-symbol: two facing triangles whose points are
joined by a bar; and this bar is the Tree of Life passing through the center
of Reality.28

In the mountains of the Tarahumaras, Artaud felt he had found, among

these people “older than the Flood,” the primordial “science” of being, that
Artaud at this point still associated with the Kabbalah, this “music of num-
bers … which reduces material chaos to its prime elements” and that it “explains
by a kind of grandiose mathematics how Nature orders and directs the birth of
forms she brings forth out of chaos.”29 In at least this part of the journey
Artaud had felt his initial auspicious intimations validated. He had written Jean
Paulhan from Cuba, “Since docking at Havana I have been seeing intellectuals
and artists and already I feel I am in the vein I was seeking. I am even wonder-
ing if this time the illusions will not prove inferior to the reality.”30 Indeed,
Artaud would declare that in the Sierra Tarahumara it was there, “on the entire
geographic area of a race that Nature has wanted to speak.”31 Perhaps Artaud
thought he had found the “sacred speech” that Heraclitus had defined as that
which “neither speaks out nor conceals, but gives a sign.”32 For Maurice
Blanchot, Heraclitus, in referring to the language of Delphi, was citing a lan-
guage that spoke “in the manner of those oracles that are oracles through
signs, scorings and incisions—writing—in the text of things.”33 For Blanchot
this sign is a “difference” that suspends and contains all others, an “original
torsion,” that concentrates the “entanglement” that modes of speech, espe-
cially modes of dialectical speech that seek to “put [language] to use,” as in the
pairs of speech/silence, word/thing, affirmation/negation.34 It indicates a
kind of “immobility,” or suspension, that paradoxically “moves more than any-
thing moving,” producing a “disorientation … that has no bounds.”35
In one of his articles written in Mexico City published on 24 May 1936,
Artaud gave his reasons of why he was seeking this language in Mexico:

28
Artaud IX, 1974, p. 47.
29
Ibid.
30
Artaud V, 1964, p. 274.
31
Artaud IX, 1974, p. 43. Italics in the original.
32
Heraclitus, Fr. 244, in The Pre-Socratic Philosophers. Ed. by G.S.Kirk, J.E. Raven, and
M. Schofield. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983. p. 209. The phrase
“sacred speech” is from Blanchot, not Heraclitus.
33
Maurice Blanchot. The Infinite Conversation. Trans. Susan Hanson. Minneapolis:
University of Minnesota Press, [1969] 1993. p. 31.
34
Ibid. pp. 31–2.
35
Ibid. p. 27.
8 J. MURPHY

I studied at length the Gods of Mexico in the Codices, and it appeared to

me that these Gods were above all Gods in space, and that the Mythology
of the Codices hid a science of space with its Gods like holes of shadows and
its shadows where life growls.
That is to say, without literature, that these Gods were not born by acci-
dent, but that they are in life as in theater, and that they occupy the four
corners of the consciousness of Man in which are tucked sound, gesture, the
word, and the breath which spits forth life.36

These “holes of shadows” sound very much like the “hieroglyphs” in

his theater manifestos, or the discussion of “motif” in the paintings of Van
Gogh by the later Artaud in 1947. Here theater is merged with any notion
of sens or culture altogether; what Artaud in another place called the “lar-
val possibilities that one day formed culture.”37 In this tribe isolated in the
mountains northwest of Mexico City, Artaud sought those who “still pos-
sessed a culture, a culture which was one with life.”38 Calling them in one
text “the race of lost men,”39 Artaud realized that this culture was badly
damaged, and barely extant. “This culture subsists,” Artaud wrote, “it is
in tatters, but it subsists.”40 In this respect, Artaud’s journey parallels that
of filmmaker Maya Deren to Haiti in the late 1940s, where participants in
the voudun rituals would tell her many orishas no longer “came down” to
the ceremonies.41 That the Tarahumara culture in particular, is a stubborn
survival but also decimated in some respects, is documented in the series
of some eleven documentaries made by Paris-based filmmaker Raymonde
Carasco from 1979–2003; her 1999 film Ciguri 99—Tarahumaras, for
instance, is subtitled “the last shaman.”42

36
Artaud. “Le Théatre et les dieux,” Oeuvres. p. 703.
37
Artaud XII, 1974, p. 245.
38
Artaud V, 1964, p. 281.
39
Artaud IX, 1971. pp. 97–100.
40
Artaud V, 1964, p. 281.
41
See Maya Deren. Divine Horsemen. New Paltz: McPherson & Co., [1953] 1985. The
film footage and sound recordings made by Deren in Haiti, also titled Divine Horsemen
(1985), was only edited long after her death in 1961. For further exploration of Deren’s
research and its significance for Artaud, see the discussion “The cross and the crossroads,
redux” in chapter V of my Artaud’s Metamorphosis. London: Pavement Books, 2016.
42
http://raymonde.carasco.online.fr. Carasco combines ethnographic examination and
overview with the methods of experimental filmmaking, making studies of the rhythm and
rhythmic gestures of the Tarahumara Indians, a project primarily inspired by Artaud.
 1 LIVING HIEROGLYPHS 9

This fascination with what he saw as the immediately expressive and

active power characteristic of Mayan, Aztec, or Toltec codices, preceded
Artaud’s trip; his text “Mexico and Civilization,”43 for instance, was writ-
ten in Paris before his trip to Mexico, and his scenario “The Conquest of
Mexico” (1933),44 was his first conception for a doable Theater of cruelty
project. In the ancient Mexican hierograms, the juxtaposition of animal
and human; the presentation in one panel of what would require several in
any temporally linear succession; the frequent depiction of sacrifice (and
certainly of cruelty or action in Artaud’s sense); the achievement of a pro-
foundly dramatic, sacramental effect or stage (mise-en-scène) without
resorting to any normal narrative or regular linguistic script; the vivid
color; their intention as a direct means to activate magick or religious
power, would all have tremendous appeal for Artaud.45 As Theodor-­
Wilhelm Danzel, a visiting scholar at the convocations organized by Carl
Jung at Eranos in Switzerland, wrote, “Scarcely any other people not yet
in possession of phonetic writing has given us such a wealth of symbolic
signs and images … the Mexicans had no phonetic writing: they had no
accurate, literal means of registering the spoken word. Many conceptions
which with us have paled to abstraction were them still image and
symbol.”46 Danzel’s position, “Much that in our culture has grown dim
and conceptual remained for them concrete and visible,”47 would appear
to summarize Artaud’s own. By way of pursuing cultures literally based on
hieroglyphic signs, Artaud was following his own dictates that any true
culture could not be written down, or based on such limited linguistic
constrictions. Bracketing for the moment a discussion concerning the
accuracy and the problematics of the notion that in cultures based on

43
Artaud VIII, 1971, pp. 127–32.
44
Artaud IV, 1964, pp. 151–3, and Artaud V, 1964, p. 21.
45
For similar appreciation of Maya codices, see William S. Burroughs. The Book of Breething.
New York: Blue Wind Press, [1974] 1980; and Ah, Pook Is Here and Other Texts. London:
J. Calder, 1979. An example in science fiction is Neal Stephanson’s Snow Crash, where
ancient Sumerian script is described as a neurolinguistic code that directly “hacks the brain-
stem” of the subcortical limbic system. As in Burroughs’ interpretation of the Mayans, only
an elite class of priests are aware of how the language or codices work, or produce effects;
they preside over a population that behave as automatons. See Neal Stephanson. Snow Crash.
New York: Bantam Books, 1992.
46
Theodor-Wilhelm Danzel, “The Psychology of Ancient Mexican Symbolism,” in
Spiritual Disciplines: Papers from the Eranos Yearbooks. Bollingen Series XXX, vol. 4
New York: Pantheon Books, 1960. p. 102.
47
Ibid.
10 J. MURPHY

hieroglyphic language people perceive differently, or in some more holistic

manner, we can note for now, the prevalence of this idea, at least from
André Malraux’s The Temptation of the West in 1926,48 to Hans Ulrich
Gumbrecht’s Production of Presence49 in 2004. For instance, Jean Gebser’s
view that modern mathematics, with the belief in the potency of its formu-
las, betray its origins in picture-magic, based on the sympathetic action
between picture and reality, mathematics’ “predominantly magical
component;”50 Gebser argues that languages with prominent guttural
sounds, such as those that survive in modern Arabic, Chinese, Spanish and
several Swiss dialects, “permit conclusions about the psychic and vital
structure of the respective peoples, and their closer promixity to the incep-
tual k [according to Gebser a “primordial sound” formed earlier than
many others] and the magic world.”51
Keeping in mind that Artaud often seemed to indiscriminately mix
together all sorts of non-Western hieroglyphic languages, sign-languages,
and languages based on gesture, (although he frequently specifically
envokes the Chinese and Japanese ideogram in the theater manifestos),
Ezra Pound, himself an advocate of the hieroglyph as a potent resource for
poetry, helps to begin to illuminate some of the difficulties here:

The Egyptians finally used abbreviated pictures to represent sounds, but the
Chinese still use abbreviated pictures AS pictures, that is to say, Chinese
ideogram does not try to be the picture of a sound, or to be a written sign
recalling a sound, but it is still the picture of a thing; of a thing in a given
position or relation, or of a combination of things. It means the thing or the
action or situation, or quality germane to the several things that it pictures.52

It could be said Artaud is succumbing to the temptation, not of oppos-

ing one sense to another, but perhaps of what Blanchot described as lan-
guage’s ability to act “as though we were able to see the thing from all
sides.”53 Yet, in his early creed The ABC of Reading, Pound cites the sphere

48
André Malraux. La Tentation de l’occident. Paris: Grasset, 1926; The Temptation of the
West. Trans. R. Hollander. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991.
49
Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht. Production of Presence. Stanford: Stanford University
Press, 2004.
50
Jean Gebser. The Ever-Present Origin. Trans. Noel Barstad with Algis Mickunas. Athens:
Ohio University Press, [1949, 1953] 1985. n. 45 pp. 106–7.
51
Ibid. n. 20 p. 183.
52
Ezra Pound. The ABC of Reading. New York: New Directions, [1934] 1960. p. 21.
53
Blanchot. The Infinite Conversation. p. 28.
 1 LIVING HIEROGLYPHS 11

or cube, in recommending that in the examination of any matter, one

must do just that—keep on until one has seen it from all sides.

Shedding Light on Hieroglyphic Language:

Fenollosa and Pound’s Revolution of the Word
This interpretation of the Chinese character as “relation” was the key for
Pound. And it is important for this project on Artaud to discuss further
Pound and Ernest Fenollosa’s contribution, not in any superficial sense of
analogy, but in regard to what they illuminate about Artaud’s own
searches, for Artaud’s investigation is at the heart of what has remained
important in mid-twentieth century aesthetics and poetics, and his origi-
nality can only be plumbed by looking at some of these parallel lines—in
this instance, Pound and Fenollosa’s use of Chinese to revivify poetics.
The extremely close relationship of Artaud’s search to Pound and Fenollosa
is all the more remarkable in that it has so rarely been expanded upon. As
with Aby Warburg and Sergei Eisenstein, the recent discovery of the
motion picture and the role of the cinematic is of crucial import.
Contrary to the mainstream Western interpretation since the seven-
teenth century in Isaac Newton, Gottfried Leibniz, Francis Bacon, and
others, that the Chinese language was a vast compendium of naming
objects, of things in the world, Pound, following the researches of Ernest
Fenollosa54 in Japan, reclaimed the Chinese ideogram as a language of
verbs-in-motion. Fenollosa’s manuscripts set off an extraordinary “inven-
tion of China”55 in Pound, but it was a lesson he had already been moving
toward steadily, for instance in his poem “In a Station of the Metro”
(1913). A poem of only two lines, it is composed of five different percep-
tions, or phases of perception:

The apparition    of these faces    in the crowd :

Petals     on a wet, black bough .56

54
Ernest Fenollosa. The Chinese Written Character as Medium for Poetry: A Critical
Edition. Ed. Haun Saussy, Jonathan Stalling, and Lucas Klein. New York: Fordham University
Press, [1919] 2008.
55
Hugh Kenner’s phrase in the chapter of the same name in his The Pound Era. Berkeley/
Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1971.
56
Ezra Pound. Poems and Translations. Ed. Richard Sieburth. New York: Library of
America, 2003. p. 287. Sieburth publishes the poem without the “ideogrammic” spacing,
Another Random Scribd Document
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 Technology - Mind Map
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Prepared by: Dr. Johnson

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Chapter 1: Comparative analysis and synthesis

Learning Objective 1: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 1: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 2: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 3: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 5: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 6: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 7: Case studies and real-world applications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 9: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Background 2: Current trends and future directions
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 13: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 15: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 19: Research findings and conclusions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 3: Study tips and learning strategies
Practice Problem 20: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 23: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 26: Ethical considerations and implications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Background 4: Fundamental concepts and principles
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 33: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 36: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
References 5: Research findings and conclusions
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 43: Practical applications and examples
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 45: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
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- Note: Important consideration
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Key terms and definitions
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Important: Practical applications and examples
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
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- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 48: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 49: Research findings and conclusions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 6: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Example 50: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 52: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 54: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 56: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 57: Practical applications and examples
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 58: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 59: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Abstract 7: Experimental procedures and results
Practice Problem 60: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 61: Case studies and real-world applications
• Practical applications and examples
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- Note: Important consideration
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Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Literature review and discussion
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Practice Problem 63: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 64: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Theoretical framework and methodology
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Example 65: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
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Practice Problem 66: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
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[Figure 67: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 67: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Case studies and real-world applications
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Note: Literature review and discussion
• Study tips and learning strategies
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[Figure 69: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
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- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 8: Research findings and conclusions
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 73: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Experimental procedures and results
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- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
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Example 76: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 77: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 77: Literature review and discussion
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice 9: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
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[Figure 83: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
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[Figure 84: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 85: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
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- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 87: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Learning outcomes and objectives
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Important: Key terms and definitions
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Example 89: Current trends and future directions
• Literature review and discussion
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Practice 10: Learning outcomes and objectives
Practice Problem 90: Case studies and real-world applications
• Practical applications and examples
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[Figure 91: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
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[Figure 92: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 92: Study tips and learning strategies
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Example 93: Ethical considerations and implications
• Current trends and future directions
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