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Renzo Rosso

The Decline
and Renaissance
of Universities
Moving from the Big Brother University
to the Slow University
The Decline and Renaissance of Universities
Renzo Rosso

The Decline
and Renaissance
of Universities
Moving from the Big Brother University
to the Slow University
Renzo Rosso
Politecnico di Milano
Milano, Italy

ISBN 978-3-030-20384-9 ISBN 978-3-030-20385-6 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20385-6

# Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or
information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt
from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors
or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims
in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
Freedom in research and training is the
fundamental principle of university life, and
governments and universities, each as far
as in them lies, must ensure respect for this
fundamental requirement.
Magna Charta Universitatum, 1988
Acknowledgment

Grateful thanks are due to all my students who endured me with patience and
mildness. They gave me back more than I have given them. And the single greatest
cause of happiness is gratitude.

vii
Contents

1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 The Resistible Rise of Utilitarian University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
The End of the Traditional Academy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
The Utilitarian Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
The Primacy of Management Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3 The Big Brother University . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
The Evaluation of Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Prize and Punishment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
The Atrophy of Decision-Making Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
The Evaluation of Universities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
The Focus on Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
The Rise of Conformism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Fragmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
The Focus on Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
The Educational Bias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
The Rise of Authoritarianism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
The Value of Loyalty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
In the Power of Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
University Autonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Is the Utilitarian Turn Reversible? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4 The Fall of the Utilitarian Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
The Labor Chimera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
The Challenge of Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Bureaucracy and Stupidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
5 The Renaissance of Universities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Transdisciplinarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Democracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

ix
x Contents

6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Magna Charta Universitatum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
The Slow University Manifesto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
About the Author

Renzo Rosso has been a Professor at the Department of Civil and Environmental
Engineering at the Politecnico di Milano, Italy, since 1986. He received the Borland
Award for Hydrology in 2005 and the Henry Darcy Medal from the European
Geosciences Union in 2010 for his research contributions to water science and
engineering. He has been an advisor to national and international scientific agencies,
an elected member of the Academic Senate and the head of the Faculty of Environ-
mental Engineering at the Politecnico di Milano, and director of an interuniversity
Doctoral Program in Water Engineering and of an International Master’s Program in
Water Resources Management. The author of 8 research books, 3 university-level
textbooks, 5 essays, 1 novel and over 400 papers (more than 100 in SCI journals) in
the fields of hydrology, water resources, river engineering, climate and glaciology,
fluvial geomorphology, reliability analysis, stochastic processes, nonlinear dynamics
and fractals. His current activities include science and higher education communica-
tion as a columnist for national newspapers and magazines.

xi
Introduction
1

Culture is not a well-stocked warehouse of news, but it is the

ability that our mind has to understand life, the place we hold,
our relationships with other men.
Antonio Gramsci

The ninth centennial of the oldest university in the Western world, the Alma Mater
Studiorum or the Universitas Bononiensis, fell 30 years ago. It was 1988, and on that
occasion, the rectors of almost 500 European universities met in Bologna to sign the
Magna Charta Universitatum, the solemn summa of the European principles of
knowledge.1 From then on, these principles were to have addressed educational
policies. After six decades, have the universities, European or otherwise, moved in
the wake of these principles?
I am not really sure. During the last 30 years, the traditional model of universities,
under allegation because of being old-fashioned and inadequate, has been
demolished. This was replaced by a more “modern” model, in tune with global
markets and its needs. Is it a good outcome for humanity? Has the new model kept its
promises? And does it respond to the needs of the future? This essay rejects the
positive answers—often taken for granted by both experts and ordinary people—to
these three questions.

1
One must not confuse the Magna Charta, signed in Bologna in 1988, with the Bologna Declaration
in 1999, i.e., the Joint Declaration of the European Ministers of Education convened in Bologna on
June 19, 1999. The latter is the main guiding document of the Bologna process, adopted by
ministers of education of 29 European countries in order to establish a European Higher Education
Area in which students and graduates could move freely between countries.

# Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019 1

R. Rosso, The Decline and Renaissance of Universities,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20385-6_1
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to 49

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