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Llewellyn Ellardus Van Zyl
Sebastiaan Rothmann Sr. Editors

Theoretical Approaches
to Multi-Cultural
Positive Psychological
Interventions
Theoretical Approaches to Multi-Cultural Positive
Psychological Interventions
Llewellyn Ellardus Van Zyl •

Sebastiaan Rothmann Sr.

Editors

Theoretical Approaches
to Multi-Cultural Positive
Psychological Interventions

123
Editors
Llewellyn Ellardus Van Zyl Sebastiaan Rothmann Sr.
Department of Industrial Engineering Optentia Research Focus Area
and Innovation Sciences, North-West University
Human Performance Management Group Vaal Triangle Campus
Eindhoven University of Technology Vanderbijlpark, South Africa
Eindhoven, Noord-Brabant, The Netherlands
Optentia Research Focus Area
North-West University
Vaal Triangle Campus
Vanderbijlpark, South Africa

ISBN 978-3-030-20582-9 ISBN 978-3-030-20583-6 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20583-6
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019
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Preface

Positive psychological interventions (PPIs) have emerged as popular mechanisms to

facilitate the development of positive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors across
functional discipline domains. In recent years, the applicability of PPIs has trans-
posed the boundaries of clinical practice, into a wide array of complementary
domains such as law, education, business, and even design sciences such as
architecture. These interventions target the enhancement of positive psychological
capacities (e.g., strength identification and use, high-performance learning, appre-
ciative design, and job crafting) in order to not only improve individual functioning,
well-being, and the treatment of various forms of psychopathology, but also
enhance team functioning/performance, organizational growth, and community
development. Albeit its importance, little research has been done on how the
content of PPIs should be designed to be applicable to multi-cultural contexts. The
purpose of this volume is to provide theoretical perspectives on and approaches to
the development or enhancement of positive psychological capacities within
multi-cultural contexts. Specifically, the aim is to present theoretical frameworks for
the identification, development, and optimization of positive psychological capac-
ities through a contemporary, multi-cultural, and multi-disciplinary lens.
This volume provides 24 seminal papers on approaches to the development of
positive psychological capacities within multi-cultural contexts. The focus is on
presenting cutting-edge theoretical advancements in the content of PPIs. However,
it also addresses the unique focus which PPIs should have in order to be useful
within multi-cultural contexts. The volume aims to provide a multi-disciplinary
view of PPI frameworks, which is lacking in the current positive psychological
lexicon.
Chapter “Moving Forward in Fostering Humour: Towards Training Lighter
Forms of Humour in Multicultural Contexts” reviews forms of humor, how humor
can serve virtues, humor and well-being, and humor interventions. It outlines
important future directions of humor intervention research. Chapter “Taking a
Strengths-Based Approach to Address Discrimination Experiences in a Clinical
Context” investigates how positive psychological practices can enhance cultural
competence in a clinical context. It highlights how positive psychological

v
vi Preface

assessments and interventions help clients offset the effects of discrimination in

building a culturally informed sense of resilience and well-being. Chapter “Self-
determination and Positive Psychology Interventions: An Extension of the Positive
Activity Model in the Context of Unemployment” contends that PPIs should be
developed for and implemented in the unemployment context because they may
facilitate the well-being of unemployed people. The chapter focuses on how
the effectiveness of PPIs can be enhanced by using theoretical frameworks, such
as the self-determination theory. Chapter “Creating and Disseminating Positive
Psychology Interventions That Endure: Lessons from the Past, Gazing Toward the
Future” reviews the history of the development of several positive psychology
interventions. It reports specifically on forgiveness interventions as a case study.
Chapter “The Potential of Job Demands-Resources Interventions in Organizations”
investigates the motivational potential of job demands-resources interventions from
both an organizational (top-down) and an employee (bottom-up) perspective and
their effectiveness.
Chapter “The Effectiveness of Positive Psychology Interventions in the
Workplace: A Theory-Driven Evaluation Approach” synthesizes the empirical
evidence demonstrating the efficacy of PPIs using a theory-driven evaluation
(TDE) approach. TDE refers to the systematic use of substantive knowledge (i.e.,
social science theory, stakeholder theory, or some combination of both) about the
intervention under consideration to improve, produce knowledge, or determine its
merit, value, and worth. Chapter “The Theory of Planned Behaviour as a Frame for
Job Crafting: Explaining and Enhancing Proactive Adjustment at Work” proposes
the theory of planned behavior (TPB) as a framework to design positive psychology
interventions aiming to enhance adaptive job crafting behaviors.
Chapter “Forgiveness Interventions from a Multicultural Perspective: Potential
Applications and Concerns” provides a systematic review of the literature on for-
giveness in multi-cultural contexts with a focus on three dimensions of identity:
race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and gender. Chapter “Positive Leadership:
Moving Towards an Integrated Definition and Interventions” outlines the findings
of a review of the literature on conceptualizations, definitions, descriptions,
behaviors, characteristics, or principles of positive leadership. Chapter “Virtue
Interventions and Interracial Interactions” examines how PPIs, and specifically
virtue interventions, could increase emotion regulation capabilities in response to
race-based stress, alleviate threat, and result in higher engagement in interracial
contact. Chapter “Exploring Positive Psychological Interventions as Race, Gender
and Disability Intersect” applies a positive psychology framework useful for
counseling individuals toward healthy social identity development with the inter-
sectionality of race and ethnicity with gender and disability.
Chapter “Adventure Therapy and Positive Psychology: A Match Made in …
Nature” introduces the deliberate and strategic combination of adventure therapy
and positive psychology as one possible answer to the World Health Organization’s
call for the development of novel, integrated interventions that develop with pop-
ulations, strive to both prevent disease and facilitate mental health, and make
optimal use of resources within the person and his/her environment.
Preface vii

Chapter “High Performance Learning: Towards a Theory for Optimising Potential

in Multi-cultural Education Contexts” elaborates on the conceptualization of
multi-cultural education as the holistic development of potential and critical abilities
of all students regardless of their differences. It also scrutinizes high-performance
learning (HPL) theory to identify beneficial, practical pathways for achieving higher
levels of human potential and enabling all students to benefit from positive edu-
cation interventions in multi-cultural contexts. Chapter “Well-Being at Work:
Applying Dynamics of Affect in Positive Psychological Interventions” focuses on
how dynamic properties of affect can be applied in PPIs with the aim of improving
employee well-being at work. Chapter “Gratitude in Sport: Positive Psychology for
Athletes and Implications for Mental Health, Well-Being, and Performance”
investigates the potential benefits of gratitude cultivation and expression in the
sports context, as it pertains to the positive mental health and well-being of indi-
vidual athletes and teams. Chapter “Is Coaching a Positive Psychology
Intervention? Exploring the Relationships Between Positive Psychology, Applied
Positive Psychology, Coaching Psychology, and Coaching” explores the relation-
ships between positive psychology, applied positive psychology, coaching, and
coaching psychology. It draws lessons about how positive psychology interacts
with kinship fields, and what it means to identify something as a positive psy-
chology intervention.
Chapter “Giving Positive Psychology Interventions Depth: A Jungian Approach”
shows how two seemingly different approaches, positive psychology and depth
psychology with different theoretical foundations and different methodologies, have
the potential to complement, enhance, and enrich each other, especially regarding
interventions. Chapter “The Origin, Development, Validation and Application of the
Positivity Projective and Enactment Technique” provides an overview of the current
state of the positivity projection and enactment technique. It reflects on the experi-
ence of flourishing in the form of post-traumatic growth. Chapter “Positive
Arts Interventions: Creative Tools Helping Mental Health Students Flourish”
highlights the extent toward which positive arts interventions could be employed to
form cultural identity, identify character strengths, gain insight into creative self-care
interests, and examine career anchors. Chapter “Positive Self-leadership:
A Framework for Professional Leadership Development” reports on the develop-
ment of positive self-leadership and focuses on the optimization of character
strengths, interests and aspirations, abilities and talents, as well as environmental
strengths. Chapter “Strengths Based Coaching—A Positive Psychology
Intervention” reviews three popular questionnaires for strengths assessment and in
coaching and explores positive psychology coaching as an intervention using
questionnaires and strengths cards, before reviewing the research evidence and
opportunities for future research. Chapter “Building Bridges Through Talk:
Exploring the Role of Dialogue in Developing Bridging Social Capital” examines
the role of dialogue in building connections across sociocultural and ideological
divides by exploring the crossroads of two related yet separated areas of scholarship,
namely social capital and dialogue studies. Chapter “SOAR: A Framework to Build
Positive Psychological Capacity in Strategic Thinking, Planning, and Leading”
viii Preface

introduces SOAR (strengths, opportunities, aspirations, and results), an evidence-

based framework that is a profoundly positive approach to strategic thinking,
planning, and leading used by hundreds of international organizations to build
strategic capacity at the individual, team, and the organization level. Finally,
Chapter “Brief Positive Psychological Interventions Within Multi-cultural
Organizational Contexts: A Systematic Literature Review” provides a systematic
literature review on multi-cultural BPPIs within organizational contexts and to
present an overview of advances to date.
Through integrating the knowledge generated in the 24 chapters in this manu-
script, it is clear that a profound amount of work has been done to professionalize
the practical application of positive psychology during the last two decades. PPI
research has evolved from its rudimentary beginnings in 2001, into a fully fledged
subdiscipline of positive psychology. This subdiscipline merges the scientific
curiosity of researchers, with real-world problems, in order to make a practical
difference to the lives of individuals, teams, organizations, families, and societies.
We hope that the 24 theoretical approaches in this book will provide consumers
with practical guidelines on how to capitalize on the power of positive psychology.

Eindhoven, The Netherlands/Vanderbijlpark, Prof. Llewellyn Ellardus Van Zyl

South Africa
Vanderbijlpark, South Africa Prof. Sebastiaan Rothmann Sr.
March 2019
Acknowledgements

As the editors of this manuscript, we would like to extend our appreciation to all
those who were involved in making this publication possible. This manuscript is the
end result of the collaboration between more than 100 individuals (49 authors, 48
reviewers, 2 editors, and a team at Springer) and two professional societies (the
Center for Positive Organizational Scholarship and the Canadian Positive
Psychology Association), emanating from various different countries, cultures,
continents, etc., all in the name of the advancement of the science underpinning
positive psychological interventions. Each chapter in this book makes a unique
professional, scientific, and theoretical contribution to the discipline of applied
positive psychology within multi-cultural contexts through the scientific works
of the respective authors and the valuable investment of the independent, blind peer
reviewers.
Firstly, we would like to acknowledge the investment of our reviewers. Each
of the 24 chapters in this manuscript was subjected to an independent, double- (and
in some instances a triple) blind peer-reviewed process. The reviewers not only
aided in shaping the individual manuscripts, but also in enhancing the credibility
and scientific quality of the overall manuscript. This book and the quality of its
contents would not have been possible if not for the selfless investment of both the
time and expertise of these reviewers. We would like to take the opportunity to
extend our personal thanks and heartfelt appreciation to the following reviewers
who participated in enhancing the quality of this manuscript:
Dr. Lizelle Brink Prof. Mark van Vuuren
Dr. Marita Heyns Prof. Elrie Botha
Dr. Marloes Postel Dr. Rhelda Krugel
Prof. Mias de Klerk Prof. Helena Marujo
Prof. Fons van de Vijver Dr. Jacqueline Bosman
Dr. Antonia Kaluza Prof. Pascal Le Blanc
i.r Piet Gool Prof. Llewellyn Ellardus Van Zyl
Prof. Jeff Kilbert Prof. Tanya Bondarouk
Dr. Gioia Chilton Prof. Aldona Glińska-Neweś

ix
x Acknowledgements

Sonet du Toit Dr. Lara Roll

Prof. Frans Cilliers Prof. Nathaniel Wade
Prof. Stefan Kruger Dr. Markus Talvio
Prof. Jan De Jong Prof. Everett L. Worthington
Prof. Reinard Stelter Kgomotso Mokalake
Prof. Josette Gevers Prof. Marissa Salanova
Prof. Matthew Cole Prof. Fred Bryant
Prof. Rudi Oosthuizen Prof. Bright Mahembe
Dr. Olina Darewych Dr. Sonja Rispens
Prof. Sandy Gordon Prof. Stewart Donaldson
Janna Behnke Prof. Michelle May
Prof. Freddie Crous Prof. Ederick Stander
Dr. Leander van der Meij Dr. Leah Dickens
Rene Pretorius Prof. Jonathan Passmore
Dr. Megan Hayes Dr. Leoni van Der Vaart
Secondly, we would like to extend our gratitude to the Center for Positive
Organizational Scholarship and the Canadian Positive Psychology Association for
their support in the distribution of our call for chapters in their networks, as well as for
both adding us in the identification of qualified reviewers. Their support in this
process is unquantifiable, and we are truly grateful for their investment in this project.
Thirdly, we would like to thank the authors who contributed to this manuscript.
We received overwhelming support for this (and two other) manuscripts from our
contributors. Contributing authors allowed us to showcase some of the most
cutting-edge advancements in PPI research in this manuscript. Their contribution
and commitment to the advancement of the science underpinning PPIs are
humbling.
Fourthly, we would like to thank Springer for their patience, diligence, and
continued support throughout this process. The planning of this book (and two
others) started as far back as 2016 with tremendous guidance of Stefan Einarson,
Shinjini Chatterjee, and Christopher Wibly. We are grateful for the opportunity to
contribute this manuscript to Springer’s collection and thankful for all those at
Springer who made this possible.
Finally, we would like to extend our gratitude to all those individuals who will
read, appreciate, and consume the contents of this manuscript.
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