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 CHRIS BOBEL

The
Managed
Body
DEVELOPING GIRLS
AND MENSTRUAL HEALTH
IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH
The Managed Body
 Chris Bobel

The Managed Body

Developing Girls and Menstrual
Health in the Global South
Chris Bobel
Department of Women’s, Gender and Sexuality Studies
University of Massachusetts Boston
Boston, MA, USA

ISBN 978-3-319-89413-3    ISBN 978-3-319-89414-0 (eBook)

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89414-0

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018953033

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether
the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and trans-
mission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or
the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any
errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Cover illustration: BOTOBOX and stellalevi

Cover design: Tom Howey

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature
Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 To Craig and Zoe:
Who are more than good enough just the way they are.
And to Gracie:
Who was, too, but didn’t believe it.
 Acknowledgments

I number so many kind, wise, and generous people in my writer’s room,

a place at once terribly isolating and profoundly communal. As I sat alone
pounding out the paragraphs on the keyboard, the voices of informants,
the vivid memories of time in the field, and the words of scholars buzzed
around my brain. Added to these are people who fed and watered my
mind, body, and soul.
In my list of appreciations, I must start here. Dozens of generous peo-
ple said yes when I or one of my eager assistants wrote and asked—out of
the blue—for (sometimes multiple) interviews. They didn’t have to say
yes, but they did. Several of them extended themselves further and hosted
me when I visited their organizations to collect data. They opened their
offices and often their homes and allowed me to shadow them for hours
and, in some cases, days. This book is a tribute to you, my critique offered
in service of your pathbreaking efforts. For going above and beyond, I
thank Sinu Joseph of Mythri; Dhirendra Singh of Milaan; Vinod Mishra
of WSSCC; Kathy Walking, Jessamijn Miedema, Harishini Mugundan,
and Ilana Cohen of Eco Femme; Golda Sawala Ayodo of the Golden
Girls Foundation; Anshu and Meenakshi Gupta of Goonj; Megan White
Mukuria, Alice Pang, Annie Smith, and additional members of the staff
of ZanaAfrica (who brought me to see the elephants!); and Rachel Starkey
of Transformation Textiles.

vii
viii Acknowledgments

My second greatest debt of gratitude goes to my students in my

Feminist Research Methods class who captured and coded screen upon
screen of MHM organizations’ online materials and conducted and inter-
preted in-depth interviews. Both exercises expanded the data pool I ulti-
mately analyzed. I took a risk when I designed the class around my own
project, but your enthusiasm for the topic (and skill!) as on-the-job train-
ees quadrupled my own excitement for the potential of this study.
Engaging you each in my research was a joy. Your fingerprints are all over (the
good parts of ) this book. These incredible emerging scholars are Sarah
Bolden, Naisha Murphy, Taylor Burns, Yoli Navas, Brandon Gorham,
Roxanne Hope Randall, Yoely Lugo, Jumanaa Shareef, Jocelyn Figlock,
Christina Ramos, Lakshmi Myones, Cecilia Sosa-Patterson, Julieth
Jaramillo-Rodriguez, Arusa Zama, Xuci (Christine) Chen, Johaisi Reyes,
Vanessa Y. Velasquez, Esther Nagadya, Deirdre Coughlin, and Takia
Myers.
Archana Patkar and Danielle Keiser have both served as sounding
boards and touchstones throughout the lifespan of this project. You are
both synonymous with responsible and forward-thinking menstrual
health advocacy and I am grateful that I continue to learn from you both.
Another group of fine folks stepped up when I asked for help at critical
times in manuscript drafting, offering incisive feedback that guided my
revisions. Each review was purely a labor of love (read: totally uncompen-
sated), and for that I am indescribably grateful. You are Inga Winkler, Liz
Kissling, Sinu Joseph, Amy Den Ouden, Rebecca Calder, Sharra Vostral,
Rajini Srikanth, Elora Chowdhury, Kay Standing, Kyle Daniels, Eugenia
Tarzibachi, Breanne Fahs, Danielle Keiser, and Chella Quint. Extra spe-
cial thanks to Jean Humez, Sarah Hussein, Sarah Bolden, and my BFF
Pam Watts who held their noses and read multiple chapter drafts. And
Jax Gonzalez, thank you—yet again—for your ceaselessly creative mind
and hands. And to you, Perri Schenker, my calm in the storm who kept
the writing and revising moving. There is a special place in heaven for
talented (and patient) editors like you. To everyone on this list: let the
returning of favors begin.
My writing buddies along the way—Peter Taylor, Elizabeth Simpson,
Wendy Leiserson, and especially the truest of all, Shoshanna Ehrlich—
thank for keeping my eyes on the screen and my endless font of
 Acknowledgments ix

anxieties in check. In a similar vein, the incredibly wise and resourceful

participants in Peter Taylor’s New England Workshop on Science and
Social Change and the fierce feminists of the Group on Reproductive
Health and Rights pushed my thinking in the right directions at the right
times. And the good people of UMB’s Mid-Career Faculty Research
Seminar, thank you for the space to whine, to worry, to dream, and to
plan.
I’ve been privileged to work with a bounty of research assistants since
the early days of the project, typically at points when I was not sure what
the book was about: Naisha Murphy, Taylor Burns, Takia Myers, Corinne
Singer, Cali Panesis, Dina Beauchamp, sleuth extraordinaire Amy
Epperhart, expert numbers genius Thomas Hartl, Mamta Kandari,
Goddess of the Nectars Denise Reck, Jessica Hopkins, Caitlin Hoey, and
Lydia Grasso. Your industry, flexibility, genuineness, and graciousness are
unmatched. You are the spine of this book.
I must acknowledge the generous funding from a Joseph P. Healey
Grant, the Office for Global Programs, and the College of Liberal Arts
Dean’s Fund, all at the University of Massachusetts Boston (UMB). These
grants are evidence of the fact that everything good I’ve grown was nur-
tured in the rich soil of UMB, especially my beloved department of
Women’s, Gender, and Sexuality Studies where my colleagues have
inspired, challenged, and cheered me for the last 17 years. A special
shout-out to our Department Manager, Brittany Downey, who makes
simply everything better.
My humble gratitude goes to Holly Tyler, who caught “menstrua-
tion fever” and offered me the contract (and engaged reviewer Amy
Agigian who affirmed the idea of the book; thank you, Amy, for
being such a champion of menstrual health and rights, my friend!),
and Josh Pitt who picked up the project and carried it across the fin-
ish line.
I end my reverie of thanks with the people I call family, the ones given
and the ones acquired. Nobody, I mean nobody has a better tribe. My
siblings Jane Bobel, Betsy Bobel Zelek, Tim Zelek, and Monika Hartl,
my friece (friend + niece) Anne Bobel Zelek, and especially my late par-
ents John and Sally Bobel all instilled in me a killer work ethic and a sense
of humor. And my chosen family of Andrea Scarpino, Suzanne Cox, Pam
x Acknowledgments

Watts, John Sanbonmatsu, Anna Sandoval, and Zac Cogley—you have

stood by me through thick and too much (figurative) thin. We all know
listening to my whining about this project is the least of it, but thanks for
having my back on this, too. A special hug to my “moms” Diane Coveney,
Katherine Krister, and Mary Dunne. Together, we understand “the thin”
better than anyone else. Even though we wished we didn’t.
Finally, to my three-chambered heart that wanders outside my body—
Craig Hartl, Zoe Habel, and Gracie James—I see you. And Thomas
Hartl: you are the one that keeps it beating. You embody unconditional
love.
 Contents

1 Introduction: What a Girl Needs …   1

Menstrual Activism Goes Big    5
The Zoom and the Wide Angle: Discourse, Frame Analysis,
and MHM   7
The Culture of Concealment, the Menstrual Mandate, and the
Indelible Menstrual Mark   9
Problems, Solutions, and What Lies Beneath   13
Snapshot One: “I Couldn’t Imagine…”   16
Snapshot Two: “Whose Daughter Is the One Who Is
Careless?”  19
The Tech Fix and the Good Body   23
Theoretical Framework: From the Ground Up   27
The Managed Body? Developing Girls?  33
Plan of the Book   35
References  36

Part I Context   43

2 The Girling of Development  45

“The Most Powerful Force of Change on the Planet Is a Girl”   46

xi
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