GREEK
8TH CENTURY B.C. – 2ND CENTURY B.C.
TIMELINE
Near-East Greek Early
Christian
Pre-historic
Egyptian Roman Byzantine
01
INFLUENCES
GEOGRAPHICAL INFLUENCE
➢ The rugged nature of the Greek
Peninsula and its widespread
islands, made communication
difficult.
➢ It was bounded on two sides by
Black Sea and the Mediterranean
Sea, Athens as its center kingdom
contains the upper city known as
Citadel.
GEOLOGICAL INFLUENCE
Marble
chief building materials, they also had
ample supplies of building stones
CLIMATIC INFLUENCE
● Climate was intermediate between cold & hot, which favored an outdoor
life dramatic presentation; most of public ceremonies took place in an
open air, even in religious rites, due to limited public buildings other than
temples.
● On the mainland, rugged mountains made communication difficult
● Mountains separated inhabitants into groups, clans, and states
● Archipelago and islands: sea was the inevitable means of trade and
communications
● Between rigorous cold and relaxing heat
RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE
Aegeans
➢ Primitives worship nature
➢ Tags of nature worship
➢ Priestesses conducted religious rites, sacred
games, ritual dances, worship on sacrificial
altars
Greeks
➢ Represents their deities by large statues.
➢ They worship natural phenomena
➢ Gods as personifications of natural elements,
or deified mortals
➢ Gods could influence events in the human
world
➢ X- Greeks sought advice from oracles – oracle
at Delphi
RELIGIOUS INFLUENCE
Aegeans
➢ Primitives worship nature
➢ Tags of nature worship
➢ Priestesses conducted religious rites, sacred games,
ritual dances, worship on sacrificial altars
Greeks
➢ Represents their deities by large statues.
➢ They worship natural phenomena
➢ Gods as personifications of natural elements, or
deified mortals
➢ Gods could influence events in the human world
➢ X- Greeks sought advice from oracles – oracle at
Delphi
RELIGOUS INFLUENCE
GREEK GODS AND GODDESSES
SOCIAL & POLITICAL INFLUENCE
➢ Cycladic art encompasses the visual art of the ancient
Cycladic civilization, which flourished in the islands of
the Aegean Sea from 3300 - 2000 BCE. Along with the
Minoans and Mycenaeans, the Cycladic people are
counted among the three major Aegean cultures.
Cycladic art therefore comprises one of the three main
branches of Aegean art.
➢ Chief diversions were music, dancing, wrestling, boxing,
gymnastic, and bull fighting often with religious
connection.
➢ Women took part in hunting and more strenuous games,
as well as in craftwork.
➢ Tyrannical, aristocratic, & democraticwere the forms of
government. Pericles one of leaders in Athens.
HISTORICAL INFLUENCE
Periods of Development
HISTORICAL INFLUENCE
Early Period (3000 B.C – 700 B.C.)
➢ Aegeans
➢ Minoans
➢ Mycenaeans
➢ Continuation of Cretan ideas and craftsmanship on mainland Greece
➢ Wealth due to their control of metal trading between Europe and Middle
East
HISTORICAL INFLUENCE
Hellenic Period
➢ Essentially columnar & trabeated in Acropolis, which was crowned by Parthenon
➢ City-states developed on the plains between mountains
➢ Sparta and Athens were most important
➢ The polis (city) emerged as the basis of Greek society
➢ Each had its own ruler, government and laws
➢ A federal unity existed between city states due to common language, customs,
religion
➢ Under Pericles (444 BC to 429 BC), peak of Athenian prosperity
➢ Outburst of building activity and construction, developments in art, law- making,
philosophy andscience
➢ Philosophers- Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
HISTORICAL INFLUENCE
Hellenistic Period
➢ Corresponds to the period between the death of Alexander the Great in
323BC and the annexation of the classical Greek heartlands by Rome in
146 BC.
➢ During the Hellenistic period the importance of Greece proper within the
Greek-speaking world declined sharply
➢ This entry focuses on the history of Greece proper during this period.
02
CHARACTER
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Aegean Architecture Or Early Period
➢ Civilizations on Crete and Greek mainland from
1900 to 1100 BC
➢ The first great commercial and naval power in
the Mediterranean, founded on trade with the
whole eastern seaboard: Asia Minor, Cyprus,
Syria, Palestine, Egypt and Libya, even South
Italy and Sicily on the west
➢ Trade and communications produced a unity of
culture and economic stability
➢ Knossos was the largest city, had a magnificent
palace
ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
Megaron Areas
➢ Enclosed porch
➢ Living apartment or megaron proper
➢ Thalamus or sleeping room
➢ Inclined blocks
➢ stones with inclined blocks
METHODS OF WALLING SURFACE FINISHES
Cyclopean
a masonry made-up of huge stone
blocks laid mortar
Polygonal
a masonry which is constructed
with stones having polygonal
faces
Rectangular
block of stone cut into
rectangular shapes
CHARACTERISTICS OF GREEK ARCHITECTURE
➢ Simplicity & Harmony
➢ Purity of Lines
➢ Perfection of Proportions
➢ Refinement of Details
➢ This Hellenic Period chief
building type were temples
which were built towards the
rising sun (east)
CHARACTERISTICS OF GREEK ARCHITECTURE
➢ They use rectangular plan
➢ Temples gateways propylaea
➢ Collonade surrounds the temple.
➢ Ceiling were omitted & treated with timber
panelled coffers lacunaria
➢ Walls were made up of stones.
➢ Marble sculptures completed the buildings
➢ Mural paintings on the walls of temples were
highly developed.
CHARACTERISTICS OF GREEK ARCHITECTURE
➢ Optical Illusions were corrected from
horizontal lines not to appear dropping or
sagging from the center, a slight covex
outlines were formed for stylobates, cornices
& architraves from the temple Parthenon, the
same with the vertical lines for columns
➢ Fresco is a technique of mural painting
executed upon freshly laid lime plaster.
Water is used as the vehicle for the pigment
and, with the setting of the plaster; the
painting becomes an integral part of the wall.
03
STRUCTURES
EXAMPLES OF STRUCTURES
Gate of Lions, Mycenae
➢ most ancient stone sculpture in Europe.
➢ It was erected during the 13th century BC in
the northwest side of the acropolis and is
named after the relief sculpture of two
lionesses in a heraldic pose that stands above
the entrance
➢ Corbeled Arch
➢ Post and Lintel
PALACES
EXAMPLES OF STRUCTURES
Palace of King Minos, Knossos
➢ The name Knossos survives from ancient
Greek references to the major city of Crete.
➢ The identification of Knossos with the Bronze
Age site is supported by tradition and by the
Roman coins that were scattered over the
fields surrounding the pre-excavation site,
then a large mound named Kephala Hill,
elevation 85 m (279 ft) from current sea level
EXAMPLES OF STRUCTURES
The Palace, Tyrins
Situated near the site of
Mycenae, Tiryns is a
cyclopean fortress on a low
hill in the centre of the
Argolid plain.
TOMBS
EXAMPLES OF STRUCTURES
Tholos
➢ a stone vaulted construction, shaped like an old fashion beehive.
➢ It consists of a long passage known as Dromos leading to domed
chamber
EXAMPLES OF STRUCTURES
Rock-cut or Chamber Tomb
➢ Rectangular chamber, cut with in
➢ The slope hill – side approach by Dromos
EXAMPLES OF STRUCTURES
Temenos
or sacred enclosure, also known as citadel or acropolis or upper city
THEATER or ODEION
EXAMPLES OF STRUCTURES • Carved or hollowed
out of the hillside
• Acoustically-efficient
IMPORTANT STRUCTURE FOUND IN ACROPOLIS
10 structures form a world-famous building group:
• Propylaea
• Pinacotheca
• Statue of Athena Promachos
• Erectheion
• Parthenon
• Temple of Nike Apteros
• Old Temple of Athena
• Stoa of Eumeses
• Theater of Dionysus
• Odeon of Herodes Atticus
IMPORTANT STRUCTURE FOUND IN ACROPOLIS
❖ Agora – Civic Square, square city or market place, the Greek’s political business &
economic life
❖ Stoa - is a term defining, in ancient Greek architecture, covered walkways or porticos,
commonly for public usage.
❖ Temples - were the chief building. Usually the plan is rectangular in shape.
ORDERS OF ARCHITECTURE
➢ Shaft, Capital, and Horizontal entablature (architrave, frieze, cornice)
➢ Originally, Doric and Ionic, named after the two main branches of Greek race
➢ Then there evolved Corinthian, a purely decorative order
DORIC ORDER
• Without base, directly on crepidoma
• Height (including capital) of 4 to 6 times the diameter at
the base
• Shaft diminishes at top from 3/4 to 2/3 of base diameter
• Divided into 20 shallow flutes separated by arrises
• Doric capitals had two parts - the square abacus above and
circular bulbous echinus below
Doric entablature:
• Height is 1 and 3/4 times the lower diameter in height
3 main divisions:
• Architrave, principal beam of 2 or 3 slabs in depth
• Frieze
• Cornice, mouldings
DORIC
ORDER
IONIC ORDER
• Volute or scroll capital (derived from Egyptian lotus and Aegean art)
Ionic column:
• More slender than Doric
• Needed a base to spread load
• Height was 9 times the base diameter
• Has 24 flutes separated by fillets
• Upper and lower torus
Ionic entablature:
• Height was 2 and 1/4 times the diameter of column
Two parts:
• Architrave,with fasciae
• Cornice
• No frieze
IONIC
ORDER
CORINTHIAN ORDER
Decorative variant of Ionic Order
Corinthian column:
• Base and shaft resembled Ionic
• More slender
• Height of 10 diameters
• Capital: much deeper than Ionic, 1 and 1/6
diameters high
• Capital invented by Callimachus, inspired by
basket over root of acanthus plant
3 parts:
• Architrave,
• Frieze,
• Cornice, developed type with dentils
CORINTHIAN
ORDER
GREEK TEMPLE
Temple of Hera, Paestum
The Parthenon, Acropolis
PARTS OF GREEK TEMPLE
Naos- principal chamber containing the statue of the god or goddess, with
porticoes & collonades.
Pronaos - the inner portico in front of naos, or cella of the naos
Epinaos or Opisthodomus - posticum that serves as the treasury chamber.
TWO WAYS OF DESCRIBING TEMPLES
➢ According to the number of columns on the entrance front
➢ By the arrangement of the exterior columns of the temple in relation to naos as below:
MOULDINGS
➢ Architectural devices, which with light and shade, produce definition to a building
➢ Could be refined and delicate in contour, due to fineness of marble and the clarity of
atmosphere and light
MOULDINGS
MOULDINGS
➢ Certain refinements used to correct optical illusions:
➢ Horizontal lines built convex to correct sagging
➢ Vertical features inclined inwards to correct appearance of falling outwards
➢ On columns, entasis was used, swelling outwards to correct appearance of
curving inwards
METHODS OF NATURAL LIGHTING
➢ no windows
➢ clerestory - situated between roof and upper portion of wall
➢ skylight - made of thin, translucent marble
➢ temple door, oriented towards the east
FORMS OF GREEK TEMPLE
➢ In Antis - temples that have one to four columns
between antae at the front.
➢ Amphi- Antis - temples that have one to four columns
between antae at the front and rear. Two is the usual
no.
➢ Prostyle - temples that have a portico of columns at
front.
➢ Amphi – Prostyle - temples that have a portico of
columns at the front & rear.
➢ Peripteral - temples that have single line of columns
surrounding the naos.
➢ Pseudo – Peripteral - temples that have flanked of
columns. Attached to the naos wall.
➢ Dipteral - temples that have a double line of columns
surrounding the naos.
➢ Pseudo – Dipteral - temples are like the last, but the
inner range of columns is omitted on the flanksof the
naos
INTERCOLUMNIATION
● is the spacing between columns in
a colonnade, as measured at the
bottom (diameter) of their shafts
● Pycnostyle – 1.5D
● Systyle – 2D
● Eustyle – 2.25D
● Diastyle - 3D
● Areostyle - 4D
ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES: TEMPLES
The Parthenon, Athens The Temple of Zeus Olympus, Agrigentum
➢ Doric, Peripteral, Octastyle ➢ Doric, Pseudo – Peripteral,
➢ Dedicated to the goddess Athena, considered ➢ Heptastlye
largest Greek Temple. ➢ Second largest Greek temple
➢ Architect: Ictinus & ➢ Used Atlantes, carved male figure
➢ Architect: Theron
➢ Callicrates
➢ Master Sculptor: Phedias
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Flaticon Freepik
incluye iconos de Flaticon, infografías e imágenes de Freepik y contenido de
Eliana Delacour
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