AS/NZS 1158.3.

1:1999

Australian/New Zealand Standard™

Road lighting

Part 3.1: Pedestrian area (Category P)

lighting—Performance and installation
design requirements
Accessed by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 12 Apr 2002
 AS/NZS 1158.3.1:1999

This Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard was prepared by Joint Technical

Committee LG/2, Road Lighting. It was approved on behalf of the Council of
Standards Australia on 21 September 1999 and on behalf of the Council of Standards
New Zealand on 6 September 1999. It was published on 5 November 1999.

The following interests are represented on Committee LG/2:

Australian Electrical and Electronic Manufacturers Association
Australian Industry Group
Electricity Supply Association of Australia
Illuminating Engineering Society of Australia and New Zealand
Institute of Municipal Engineering, Australia
Land Transport Safety Authority, New Zealand
Main Roads Department, Queensland

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withdrawals, Standards Australia and Standards New Zealand offer a number of update
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This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR 98380.

 AS/NZS 1158.3.1:1999

Australian/New Zealand Standard™

Road lighting

Part 3.1: Pedestrian area (Category P)

lighting—Performance and installation
design requirements

Originated in Australia as part of AS CA19 — 1939.

Originated in New Zealand in part as NZCP 54:1962.
Final Australian edition part of AS 1158.1 — 1986.
Final New Zealand edition part of NZS 6701:1983.
AS 1158.1 — 1986 and NZS 6701:1983 jointly revised
Accessed by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 12 Apr 2002

and redesignated in part as AS/NZS 1158.3.1:1999.

COPYRIGHT
© Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written
permission of the publisher.
Jointly published by Standards Australia International Ltd, PO Box 1055, Strathfield, NSW
2135 and Standards New Zealand, Private Bag 2439, Wellington 6020
ISBN 0 7337 3018 3
 AS/NZS 1158.3.1:1999 2

PREFACE

This Standard was prepared by the Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand
Committee LG/2, Road Lighting, to supersede (in part) AS 1158.1 — 1986, The lighting of
urban roads and other public thoroughfares Part 1: Performance and installation design
requirements and NZS 6701:1983, Code of practice for road lighting.
This Standard forms Part 3.1 of the AS/NZS 1158 series which collectively covers
lighting requirements for the generality of roads and outdoor public areas, for the
movement of vehicles and pedestrians. The AS/NZS 1158 series is progressively replacing
the AS 1158 series, and NZS 6701.
At the date of publication of this Standard, the following Standards had been issued in the
AS/NZS 1158 series:
AS/NZS
1158 Road lighting
1158.0 Part 0: Introduction
1158.1.1 Part 1.1: Vehicular traffic (Category V) lighting — Performance and
installation design requirements
1158.1.3 Part 1.3: Vehicular traffic (Category V) lighting — Guide to design,
installation, operation and maintenance
1158.3.1 Part 3.1: Pedestrian area (Category P) lighting — Performance and installation
design requirements (this Standard)
For the application of Standards in the AS/NZS 1158 series, a number of lighting
categories are defined in AS/NZS 1158.0 which may be broadly described as follows:
(a) Category V lighting Lighting that is applicable to roads on which the visual
requirements of motorists are dominant, e.g. traffic routes.
(b) Category P lighting Lighting that is applicable to roads and other outdoor public
areas on which the visual requirements of pedestrians are dominant, e.g. local roads,
outdoor shopping precincts.
The objective of this Standard is to set out requirements for Category P lighting, as
described in Item (b), having regard to the degree of activity (of pedestrians and vehicles),
the risk of crime and the need to enhance the prestige of the locality.
The changes of significance that have been introduced, in comparison with
AS 1158.1 — 1986 and NZS 6701:1983, are summarized below in terms of their
implications for Australian and New Zealand designers.
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For Australian designers: The lighting categories B and C previously in

AS 1158.1 — 1986 have been combined in an expanded categorization of lighting under
the new designation, Category P. The new lighting categories P4 and P5 have been
selected to be comparable to the former categories B1 and B2 in AS 1158.1 — 1986 (the
maintained values P4 and P5 being obtained by multiplying the initial values B1 and B2,
respectively, by 0.7), to facilitate continuity of practice, excepting that the value of Emaint
for P4 has been increased from an initial value of 0.1 lx to a maintained value of 0.14 lx
(corresponding to an increased initial value of 0.2 lx) to sufficiently differentiate
category P4 from P5.
For New Zealand designers: In comparison to NZS 6701:1983, for roads described in
that Standard as ‘minor roads’, this Joint Standard introduces a performance-based
approach to design, in terms of the illuminance in a horizontal plane over the entire road
reserve, in contrast to the prescriptive method that previously applied in the New Zealand
Standard.
 3 AS/NZS 1158.3.1:1999

For Australian and New Zealand designers:

(i) Maintained values of the average illuminance, E , are specified as the basis for
design, together with several other parameters.
(ii) For certain applications, limiting values of vertical illuminance are specified, as in
the following examples:
(A) Within areas involving pedestrian movement where higher illuminances are
selected with the objective of reducing the risk of crime. Minimum values
of Ev apply at specified locations, heights and vertical plane orientations for
this purpose.
(B) On properties abutting a road reserve, to minimize the potential obtrusiveness
of the lighting. Maximum values of Eve apply at specified locations, heights
and vertical plane orientations for this purpose.
(iii) A closer-spaced calculation grid is specified for local roads, i.e. categories P3, P4
and P5. This should result in a more accurate determination of the light technical
parameters, and avoidance of possible anomalies.
Categories P4 and P5 are generally based on categories B1 and B2 respectively from
AS 1158.1 — 1986, with the maintained values of Eh maint and Eh maint for P4 and P5
being obtained by multiplying the corresponding (initial) values for B1 and B2
by 0.7. The exceptions to this principle are:
(A) For category P4, the value of Eh maint was set at 0.14 lx (corresponding to a
category B1 of 0.2 lx instead of the existing 0.1 lx) to sufficiently
differentiate category P4 from P5.
(B) To ensure that the luminaire spacings remain similar to those resulting from
the use of the calculation grid in AS 1158.1 — 1986, the value of Eh maint for
P4 was set at 0.85 rather than 1.05.
(iv) More detailed conditions are set out for illuminance calculations for certain
elements of local roads and for other areas, such as pathways and public activity
areas, including outdoor car parks.
(v) A new parameter, upward waste light ratio (UWLR), is specified for the luminaires
with a view to limiting the overall impacts on the night sky environment by control
of the emission of light from luminaires in upward directions.
The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the
application of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral
part of a Standard, whereas an ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and
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guidance.
Statements expressed in mandatory terms in notes to tables and figures are deemed to be
requirements of this Standard.
 AS/NZS 1158.3.1:1999 4

CONTENTS
Page

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 LIGHTING CATEGORIES AND THEIR APPLICATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

SECTION 2 OBJECTIVES AND LIGHT TECHNICAL PARAMETERS

2.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2 DESIGN OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.3 LIGHT TECHNICAL PARAMETERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4 MAINTENANCE OF LIGHT TECHNICAL PARAMETERS . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.5 BASIS OF COMPLIANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

SECTION 3 INSTALLATION DESIGN METHODS AND REQUIREMENTS

3.1 APPLICATION OF SECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2 BASIS FOR ILLUMINANCE CALCULATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3 LOCAL ROADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.4 PATHWAYS FOR PEDESTRIANS OR CYCLISTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.5 PUBLIC ACTIVITY AREAS (INCLUDING OUTDOOR CAR PARKS) . . . 28
3.6 CONNECTING ELEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

SECTION 4 PROVISION OF LUMINAIRE AND INSTALLATION DATA

4.1 LUMINAIRE DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.2 INSTALLATION DESIGN DATA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

APPENDICES
A SELECTION OF LIGHTING CATEGORY BASED ON RISK OF
CRIME OR NEED TO ENHANCE PRESTIGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
B BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
C DOCUMENTATION REQUIRED FOR DEMONSTRATING COMPLIANCE
WITH THIS STANDARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
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D PREFERRED FORMAT FOR LUMINAIRE SPACING TABLE FOR

CATEGORY P LIGHTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
E TEST DATA FOR EVALUATING THE SUITABILITY OF
COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR ILLUMINANCE CALCULATIONS . . . . . . 41
 5 AS/NZS 1158.3.1:1999

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA / STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

Australian / New Zealand Standard

Road lighting

Part 3.1: Pedestrian area (Category P) lighting —

Performance and installation design requirements

S E C T I O N 1 S C O P E A N D G E N E R A L

1.1 SCOPE This Standard sets out requirements for electric lighting systems for roads
and other outdoor public areas, primarily to provide a safe and comfortable visual
environment for pedestrian movement at night. Generically, such lighting is described in
this Standard as Category P lighting.
NOTES:
1 Lighting provided principally for vehicular traffic, e.g. on traffic routes, is described in
AS/NZS 1158.0 as Category V lighting and requirements for such lighting are set out in the
AS/NZS 1158.1 series.
2 Category P lighting supersedes the former Categories B and C in AS 1158.1 — 1986 and
lighting of the type previously categorized as ‘minor road lighting’ in NZS 6701:1983.
This Standard applies to areas that are devoted solely to pedestrian use and to other areas
where there is a mix of pedestrians and vehicles or cyclists. It provides a multi-level
specification of lighting performance for selection according to the degree of activity (of
pedestrians and vehicles or cyclists), the risk of crime and the need to enhance the
prestige of the locality.
The Standard does not cover the special lighting requirements needed where video
surveillance is employed for security or other purposes.

1.2 LIGHTING CATEGORIES AND THEIR APPLICATION For the purpose of

this Standard the lighting categories set out in the following tables shall apply:
(a) For roads in local areas — Table 1.1.
(b) For pathways — Table 1.2.
(c) For public activity areas (excluding car parks) — Table 1.3.
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(c) For connecting elements — Table 1.4.

(d) For outdoor car parks (including roof-top car parks) — Table 1.5.
Tables 1.1 to 1.5 describe the general application and operating characteristics of the
roads or areas to which the lighting categories apply. Figure 1.1 illustrates indicative
lighting categories for a range of road/area types on a schematic locality plan.
Section 2 sets out details of the light technical parameters that apply for the selected
lighting category.
NOTE: Appendix A provides information on the criteria used in Tables 1.1 to 1.3 to determine
the applicable lighting category, based on the risk of crime or the need to enhance the prestige
of the locality. The Appendix also includes an example of the selection procedure.

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 AS/NZS 1158.3.1:1999 6

1.3 REFERENCED DOCUMENTS The following documents are referred to in this

Standard:
AS
4282 Control of the obtrusive effects of outdoor lighting
AS/NZS
1158 Road lighting
1158.0 Part 0: Introduction
1158.1.1 Part 1.1: Vehicular traffic (Category V) lighting — Performance and installation
design requirements
1158.1.3 Part 1.3: Vehicular traffic (Category V) lighting — Guide to design, installation,
operation and maintenance
1680 Interior lighting
1680.0 Part 0: Safe movement
1680.2.1 Part 2.1: Circulation spaces and other general areas
3827 Lighting systems performance — Accessories and tolerances
3827.2 Part 2: Compliance requirements
CIE*
27 Photometry of luminaires for street lighting
121 The photometry and geniophotometry of luminaires

NOTE: Appendix B provides a listing of other documents that are considered useful sources of
information on the subject of this Standard.

1.4 DEFINITIONS For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions given in
AS 1158.0 and those given below apply.
1.4.1 Horizontal illuminance (Eh) — the value of illuminance on a designated horizontal
plane at ground level. Unit: lux (lx).
1.4.2 Horizontal illuminance uniformity (UP) — a measure of the uniformity of the
illuminance within a defined area of the carriageway or road reserve, being the ratio of
the maximum horizontal illuminance to the average horizontal illuminance within a
specified area of the road reserve i.e. Eh max./ E h .
1.4.3 Vertical illuminance (Ev) — the value of illuminance on a designated vertical
plane at a height of 1.5 m above ground level. Unit: lux (lx).
NOTE: Where the vertical illuminance is considered in the situation of potentially intrusive
light at a property boundary it is referred to as Environmental vertical illuminance (E ve) .
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* International Commission on Illumination, Vienna

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7 AS/NZS 1158.3.1:1999

FIGURE 1.1 ILLUSTRATION OF ROAD/AREA TYPES AND INDICATIVE LIGHTING CATEGORIES

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AS/NZS 1158.3.1:1999 8

TABLE 1.1
LIGHTING CATEGORIES FOR ROADS IN LOCAL AREAS

1 2 3 4 5 6
Type of road or pathway Selection criteria* Applicable
Pedestrian/cycle Risk of Need to enhance lighting
General description Basic operating characteristics category†
activity crime prestige
Collector roads or non-arterial roads
which collect and distribute traffic in an Mixed vehicle and pedestrian Medium Low Medium P3
area, as well as serving abutting traffic Low Low N/A P4‡
properties
Local roads or streets used primarily for Medium Low Medium P3
Mixed vehicle and pedestrian
access to abutting properties, including Low Low N/A P4‡
traffic
residential properties Low Low N/A P5‡
Common areas, forecourts of cluster Mixed vehicle and pedestrian Medium Low Medium P3
housing traffic Low Low N/A P4‡

* The selection criteria of Columns 3 to 5 should be separately evaluated. The highest level of any of the selection criteria that is deemed appropriate
for the road will determine the applicable lighting category.
† Lighting categories P3, P4 and P5 apply across the whole of the road reserve width. Lighting categories P1 or P2 in Table 1.2 may be selected
where there is a significant risk of crime or need to enhance the prestige of the area, however, such lighting only applies over the physical extent of
any formed pathway.
‡ The lighting categories P4 and P5 are comparable to the superseded categories B1 and B2 as set out in AS 1158.1 — 1986.

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 9 AS/NZS 1158.3.1:1999

TABLE 1.2
LIGHTING CATEGORIES FOR PATHWAYS (INCLUDING CYCLEWAYS)

1 2 3 4 5 6

Type of pathway Selection criteria*

Applicable
Pedestrian/ Need to lighting
Basic operating Risk of
General description cycle enhance category
characteristics crime
activity prestige
Pedestrian or cycle orientated Pedestrian/cycle traffic N/A High N/A P1
pathways, e.g. footpaths, only
including those along local High Medium High P2
roads† and arterial roads‡,
walkways, lanes, park paths, Medium Low Medium P3
cycleways
Low Low N/A P4

* The selection criteria of Columns 3 to 5 should be separately evaluated. The highest level of any of the
selection criteria that is deemed appropriate for the pathway will determine the applicable lighting
category.
† Where the footpath is along a local road and Category P1 or P2 is selected, the light technical parameters
for that category only apply to the formed footpath. Where Category P3 or P4 is selected, the light
technical parameters apply to the whole road reserve, including the footpath.
‡ Footpaths associated with arterial roads are deemed not to require separate lighting provided that —
(a) the road is lit to at least the applicable level of Category V lighting complying with
AS/NZS 1158.1.1; and
(b) the footpath is unshaded, e.g. there are no substantially continuous building awnings, and the footpath
is contiguous with the carriageway.
If the footpath is shaded, or is separated from the carriageway by an extensive nature strip or a service
road, it shall be provided with lighting to at least Category P4.

TABLE 1.3
LIGHTING CATEGORIES FOR PUBLIC ACTIVITY AREAS
(EXCLUDING CAR PARKS)

1 2 3 4 5 6

Type of area or activity Selection criteria*

Applicable
Night time Need to lighting
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Basic operating Risk of

General description vehicle enhance category
characteristics crime
movements prestige
Areas primarily for pedestrian Generally pedestrian N/A High High P6
use, e.g. city, town, suburban movement only
centres, including outdoor Medium Medium Medium P7
shopping precincts, malls, open
arcades, town squares, civic Low Low N/A P8
centres
Transport terminals and Mixed pedestrian and High High High P6
interchanges, service areas vehicle movement
Medium Medium Medium P7
Low Low N/A P8

* The selection criteria of Columns 3 to 5 should be separately evaluated. The highest level of any of the
selection criteria that is deemed as appropriate for the area type will determine the applicable lighting
category.
NOTE: See Table 1.5 for lighting categories applicable to outdoor car parks, including roof-top car parks.

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 AS/NZS 1158.3.1:1999 10

TABLE 1.4
LIGHTING CATEGORIES FOR
CONNECTING ELEMENTS

Applicable lighting
Type of area
category
Steps and stairways, ramps,
P9
footbridges, pedestrian ways
Subways, including
P10
associated ramps or stairways

NOTE: Subways are listed as a separate category because of a

high risk of crime.

TABLE 1.5
LIGHTING CATEGORIES FOR OUTDOOR
CAR PARKS
(INCLUDING ROOF-TOP CAR PARKS)

Applicable lighting
Type of area
category
Parking spaces, aisles and
P11
circulation roadways
Designated parking spaces for
people with disabilities or for P12
prams
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 11 AS/NZS 1158.3.1:1999

S E C T I O N 2 O B J E C T I V E S A N D L I G H T
T E C H N I C A L P A R A M E T E R S

2.1 GENERAL OBJECTIVES The major purposes of the lighting covered in this
Standard are to assist pedestrians to orientate themselves and detect potential hazards and
to discourage fear of crime and crime against the person. The lighting may also be used to
enhance the prestige and amenity of the location but should be designed to minimize any
obtrusive effects.
The lighting, with certain exceptions, is not meant to provide drivers with adequate
visibility if motor vehicle traffic is present at the location; for this the vehicle headlights
are used. The exceptions are where there is interactive pedestrian and vehicular activity
present in designated areas, e.g. transport interchanges, car parks.

2.2 DESIGN OBJECTIVES The design objectives for Category P lighting are to
provide the following:
(a) Illuminance and uniformity of illuminance over the designated area to at least a
specified level (see Tables 2.1 to 2.4).
(b) Glare control to at least a specified level (see Clause 2.3.3.2 and Table 2.5).
(c) Limitation of upward waste light (see Clause 2.3.3.3 and Table 2.5).
(d) Limitation of the light spilled into properties that abut the lit area (see
Clause 2.3.3.4).
These objectives are realized by a combination of the choice of relevant lighting category
and appropriate design procedure, leading to luminaire light output distribution and
installation geometry appropriate to the location being lit.
In contrast to what applies for Category V lighting, road surface reflection properties are
not taken into account in the design of Category P lighting for roads.

2.3 LIGHT TECHNICAL PARAMETERS

2.3.1 General The design objectives outlined in Clause 2.2 are formally specified in
terms of various light technical parameters. These parameters are divided as follows:
(a) Parameters that relate to the attainment of the required level of lighting
performance.
(b) Parameters that limit the adverse effects of the lighting on —
(i) users of the lit space, e.g. pedestrians, vehicle drivers;
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(ii) night sky viewing conditions, i.e. by reducing consequent sky glow; and
(iii) occupants of properties that abut the lit area.
Details of the applicable parameters are set out in Clauses 2.3.2 and 2.3.3 respectively.
The design procedures necessary to determine compliance with the required values of the
light technical parameters shall be as specified in Section 3.
2.3.2 Assessment of lighting performance The performance of Category P lighting
shall be assessed in terms of the following light technical parameters:

Parameter Symbol
Average horizontal illuminance Eh
Horizontal illuminance Eh
Horizontal illuminance uniformity UP
Vertical illuminance Ev

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 AS/NZS 1158.3.1:1999 12

The applicable values for these four parameters shall be as set out in Tables 2.1 to 2.4 for
the lighting categories established in accordance with Clause 1.2. The values required in
each of these tables are minima except for the parameter UP for which the values given
are the maximum permissible.
Values of E h , Eh and Ev given represent the lowest values of the parameter that shall
apply throughout the life of the lighting system, and serve as the basis for evaluating the
‘through life’ performance of a road lighting design.
2.3.3 Environmental parameters
2.3.3.1 General The adverse effects of the lighting system shall be controlled by
application of the light technical parameters set out in Clauses 2.3.3.2 to 2.3.3.4. For the
purpose of those Clauses, luminaires shall be classified in accordance with Table 2.5
according to the characteristics of their light output distribution.
2.3.3.2 Glare Glare from the luminaires shall be controlled by the specification of
maximum values of the luminous intensity or of the average luminance in specified
directions, appropriate to the luminaire type, as well as by limiting the use of certain
types of luminaires according to the area type.
The selected luminaires shall be one of the permissible types for the application in terms
of Tables 2.1 to 2.4, and shall comply with the maximum values of luminance or
luminous intensity set out in Column 3 of Table 2.5.
2.3.3.3 Upward waste light The amount of light emitted by the luminaires in directions
above the horizontal shall be controlled by the specification of maximum values for the
upward waste light ratio (UWLR).
The UWLR for the selected luminaires shall be not more than the applicable value given
in Column 4 of Table 2.5.
2.3.3.4 Light spilled onto abutting properties The lighting system shall limit the light
spilled onto properties that abut the road/area in accordance with the following:
(a) For pathways and cycleways provided with lighting categories P1 or P2 For
pathways and cycleways provided with lighting categories P1 or P2, no
requirements are specified for control of spill light since the relatively high
illuminances associated with these categories are generally installed in response to a
specific community need, e.g. for the security of people in areas where there is a
high risk of crime.
(b) For roads and pathways provided with lighting categories P3, P4 or P5 For roads
and pathways provided with lighting categories P3, P4 or P5, spill light can be
advantageous in lighting the surrounds, for example to reduce the fear of crime.
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However, where it is considered by the relevant parties involved that a limit is

required on the amount of spill light, the environmental vertical illuminance (Eve)
shall be not more than 1 lx when calculated in accordance with Clause 3.2.3.2.
NOTE: It is not intended that this requirement necessarily be applied to every P3, P4 or P5
installation, but that it provides a design parameter in cases where one or more of the
relevant parties, such as the designer, client or adjacent landowner, expresses a concern over
the amount of spill light. The requirement can thus be applied before, during or after the
design and installation, or not at all if appropriate.
(c) For other applications Lighting systems for applications other than those defined
as public lighting within AS 4282 shall comply with the applicable requirements of
that Standard.
NOTE: Public lighting is, for the purposes of AS 4282, defined as ‘lighting provided for the
purposes of all-night safety and security on public roads, cycle paths, footpaths and
pedestrian movement areas within public parks and gardens, but not including car parks’.

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 13 AS/NZS 1158.3.1:1999

2.4 MAINTENANCE OF LIGHT TECHNICAL PARAMETERS Significant

reductions in the light technical parameters will occur in service, primarily as a result of a
gradual depreciation in lamp light output and an accumulation of dirt on the transmitting
or reflecting surfaces of the luminaires. In order to limit the depreciation of a lighting
installation in service, Tables 2.1 to 2.4 require compliance with maintained values of E h ,
Eh and Ev (see also Clause 2.3.2). It is therefore essential that a maintenance regime be
formulated as part of the lighting design.
The maintenance factor associated with the formulated maintenance regime shall be not
greater than 0.7 (see Clause 2.5).
If the equipment selected and maintenance practices adopted are such that a maintenance
factor of less than 0.7 applies, then the lower maintenance factor shall be used in the
calculation.
NOTES:
1 The adoption of maintenance factors of greater than 0.7 is not permitted as such
maintenance factors are considered unrealistic and not attainable in practice.
2 Similar considerations will apply to those for the maintenance of Category V lighting.
Reference should therefore be made to the advice on maintenance given in
AS/NZS 1158.1.3.

2.5 BASIS OF COMPLIANCE

2.5.1 Compliance of the design The lighting system shall be deemed to comply with
this Standard if, when designed in accordance with the relevant procedures of Section 3, it
satisfies the applicable light technical parameters of Tables 2.1 to 2.4 subject to the
following:
(a) In any design calculation the maintenance factor shall be not greater than 0.7.
(b) The maintenance regime adopted for the design shall be such that, throughout the
maintenance cycle, the calculated value of each of E h , Eh and Ev will not fall below
the relevant maintained value given in Tables 2.1 to 2.4.
(c) The design shall be based on luminaire data conforming with Clause 4.1.
(d) The documentation listed in Appendix C shall be provided in order to demonstrate
compliance with the requirements of this Standard.
2.5.2 Compliance of the installed system After installation of a lighting system
complying with Clause 2.5.1, the system shall only continue to comply with this Standard
if the maintenance regime referred to in Clause 2.5.1(b) is carried out. (Refer to
AS 1158.1.3 for details on maintenance.)
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AS/NZS 1158.3.1:1999 14

TABLE 2.1
VALUES OF LIGHT TECHNICAL PARAMETERS AND PERMISSIBLE LUMINAIRE TYPES FOR
ROADS IN LOCAL AREAS AND FOR PATHWAYS

1 2 3 4 5 6
Light technical parameters
Maintained Maintained Maintained Maintained
average horizontal horizontal vertical Permissible luminaire
Lighting horizontal illuminance illuminance illuminance types
category illuminance uniformity, (see Table 2.5)
(Eh maint) (UP maint) (Ev maint)

lx lx lx
P1* 7 2 10 2 


P2* 3.5 0.7 10 0.7 
 Type 4 where part of

P3‡ 1.75 0.3 10 0.3†  a road reserve or Types
 2, 3 or 4 elsewhere.

P4‡ 0.85 0.14 10 N/A 


P5‡ 0.5 0.07 10 N/A 
* Where there are good vertical reflecting surfaces alongside the pathway, the next lower lighting category may be selected.
†
The vertical illuminance requirement only applies when Category P3 is selected for application to pathways, i.e. it does not apply
for local roads.
‡
In New Zealand, when the luminaires are to be supported on existing reticulation poles, the following reduced levels may be
applied:
For Category P3 - = 1.25; Eh maint = 0.15; no requirement on Ev maint is applicable.
For Category P4 - = 0.7; Eh maint = 0.07;
Category P5 lighting shall not be used in this situation.

NOTES:
1 The values in Columns 2 to 5 are provided primarily for calculation purposes and are rounded. These values were derived after
multiplication by a maintenance factor of quantities that were previously expressed as initial values. It is noted that the smaller
values will be difficult to validate by field measurements.
2 See Section 3 for the installation design methods and requirements for use in assessing compliance with the specified light technical
parameters.

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15 AS/NZS 1158.3.1:1999

TABLE 2.2
VALUES OF LIGHT TECHNICAL PARAMETERS AND PERMISSIBLE LUMINAIRE TYPES FOR
PUBLIC ACTIVITY AREAS (EXCLUDING CAR PARKS)

1 2 3 4 5 6
Light technical parameters
Maintained Maintained Maintained Maintained Permissible
horizontal horizontal horizontal vertical luminaire
Lighting average illuminance illuminance illuminance types
category illuminance uniformity (see Table 2.5)
(Eh maint) (UP maint) (Ev maint)

lx lx lx
P6 21 7 10 7 


P7 14 4 10 4  Types 2, 3

 4 or 5
P8 7 2 10 2 



NOTE: See Section 3 for the installation design methods and requirements for use in assessing compliance with the
specified light technical parameters.

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AS/NZS 1158.3.1:1999 16

TABLE 2.3
VALUES OF LIGHT TECHNICAL PARAMETERS AND PERMISSIBLE LUMINAIRE TYPES
FOR CONNECTING ELEMENTS

1 2 3 4 5 6
Light technical parameters
Maintained Maintained Maintained Maintained
horizontal horizontal illuminance vertical Permissible
Lighting
illuminance* illuminance uniformity illuminance luminaire
category
(Eh maint) (UP maint) (Ev maint) types
(see Table 2.5)
lx lx lx

Same as for highest lighting category applying to areas that abut the connecting element but, where forming
P9
part of a road or pathway, to be not less than Category P8 in Table 2.2†
P10† 35 17.5 10 17.5 Types 3, 4 or 5

* For steps, the requirements assume that the noses of the treads are clearly delineated by a contrasting stripe or other equally
effective means. If this does not apply, the illuminance should be at least twice the value specified.
† It is recommended that the walls of subways be finished in a light colour to facilitate interreflection of light within the space.
Such interreflected light may be taken into account in the achievement of the specified light technical parameters.
NOTE: See Section 3 for the installation design methods and requirements for use in assessing compliance with the specified
light technical parameters.

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17 AS/NZS 1158.3.1:1999

TABLE 2.4
VALUES OF LIGHT TECHNICAL PARAMETERS AND PERMISSIBLE LUMINAIRE TYPES
FOR OUTDOOR CAR PARKS (INCLUDING ROOF-TOP CAR PARKS)

1 2 3 4 5 6
Light technical parameters
Maintained Maintained Maintained Maintained Permissible
horizontal horizontal horizontal vertical luminaire
Lighting illuminance illuminance illuminance illuminance types
category uniformity, (Ev maint) (see Table 2.5)
(Eh maint) (UP maint)

lx lx lx
P11 14 3 10 3 

 Types 3, 4 or 5
P12 35 7 10 7 


NOTES:
1 See Section 3 for the installation design methods and requirements for use in assessing compliance with the specified
light technical parameters.
Compliance with the light technical parameters in Table 2.4 is based on an open, unoccupied car park, i.e. free of
vehicles. However, it is important that the design of the lighting system (e.g. numbers, locations, heights and outputs of
the luminaires) be such that adequate light is provided between parked vehicles.
2 Where raised obstructions are present, e.g. to limit vehicle movement in parking areas, these obstructions present
potential hazards for pedestrians. Such obstructions should therefore be of such a material, or so finished, as to provide
a high visual contrast with the paved surface.
3 See Table 2.3 for the requirements that apply to connecting elements, including steps, ramps and pedestrian crossing
points, within car parks.
4 The luminaires should be positioned to highlight physical obstructions or other similar hazards to pedestrian and
vehicular traffic.
5 Lighting requirements for indoor car parks are set out in AS 1680.2.1.

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TABLE 2.5
CLASSIFICATION OF LUMINAIRES AND ASSOCIATED CRITERIA
FOR CONTROL OF GLARE AND UPWARD WASTE LIGHT

1 2 3 4
Luminaire Characteristics of luminaire Maximum
Glare control criteria*
classification light distribution UWLR†
Approximately uniform light
distribution in azimuth with
maximum intensities at or
near the horizontal
Type 1‡ A clear or translucent ‡ ‡

enclosure which neither

disperses the lamp outline nor
diminishes the brightness of
the lamp
Similar light distribution to
Type 1 but the outline of the The average luminance of the enclosure
lamp is either dispersed or shall not exceed 10 kcd/m2 at γ (vertical)
Type 2 shielded from direct view, 40%
angles of between 70 degrees and
providing an enclosure of a 90 degrees
reasonably uniform brightness
Approximately uniform light
distribution in azimuth with
maximum intensities directed
below the horizontal. Like
Type 3 Type 2, the outline of the As specified for Type 2 25%
lamp is either dispersed or
shielded from direct view,
providing an enclosure of a
reasonably uniform brightness

An asymmetric light (a) The peak intensity shall not exceed

distribution in azimuth in 400 cd per 1000 lamp lumens
which — (b) The γ (vertical) angle of the peak
(a) the maximum intensities intensity shall not exceed 75 degrees
Type 4 12%
(see Note) are directed below the (c) The luminous intensity at γ angle of
horizontal; and 90 degrees, in the vertical plane in
(b) in directions along the which the peak intensity lies, shall
road to either side of the not exceed 120 cd per 1000 lumens
luminaire
For each luminaire in as installed
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A predominantly position, the intensity shall be not more

uni-directional light output, than —
with a symmetrical or (a) 1000 cd at a γ (vertical) angle of
Type 5 asymmetric beam distribution, 90°; and 10%
capable of being adjusted
(b) 2500 cd at a γ (vertical) angle of
with respect to the direction
80°;
of aiming, e.g. floodlight
at any angle of azimuth

* The requirements apply to the luminaire in the position photometered, and are based on the initial (100 h)
lamp output.
† The requirements apply to each luminaire in the attitude in which they are installed.
‡ Type 1 luminaires produce excessive glare and upward waste light and are not suitable for use in the
applications covered by this Standard.
NOTE: It is intended that, from 5 November 2001, the glare control criteria for Type 4 luminaires be altered
to specify maximum intensities of 180 cd/1000 lamp lumens and 80 cd/1000 lamp lumens at γ (vertical)
angles of 80° and 90° respectively, for any angle of azimuth.

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S E C T I O N 3 I N S T A L L A T I O N D E S I G N
M E T H O D S A N D R E Q U I R E M E N T S

3.1 APPLICATION OF SECTION This Section sets out the installation design
methods and requirements which apply for the assessment of compliance with the light
technical parameters specified in Section 2.

3.2 BASIS FOR ILLUMINANCE CALCULATIONS

3.2.1 General Illuminance calculations shall be made on the basis of providing values
of horizontal and vertical illuminance that satisfy the requirements for the relevant
lighting category in Tables 2.1 to 2.4.
An appropriate maintenance schedule shall be developed and documented for the design
which will ensure that the values of E h , Eh and Ev will not fall below the applicable
maintained values for these parameters throughout the maintenance cycle.
The maintenance factor assumed for the formulated maintenance regime shall be not
greater than 0.7. If the equipment selected and the maintenance regime adopted are such
that a maintenance factor of less than 0.7 applies, that lower value shall be used in the
design calculation.
3.2.2 Calculations of horizontal illuminance For calculations of the horizontal
illuminance at the surface of the area/element under evaluation, the following
requirements shall apply:
(a) Calculations shall be made for the grid of points specified in this Section applicable
to the particular area/element.
(b) Luminaire photometric data used in the calculations shall comply with Clause 4.1.
The luminous intensity directed towards a particular grid point shall be linearly
interpolated between known values in the C and γ co-ordinates of the photometric
data.
(c) The calculation method shall use the inverse square law of illumination.
NOTES:
1 Derivation of the illuminance from zonal flux calculations is not acceptable.
2 Although formal assessment of compliance with the light technical parameters in Section 2
is based on illuminance calculations, design aids such as luminaire spacing tables and isolux
diagrams may be used for the preliminary evaluation of trial designs.
3 An example involving a calculation of the horizontal illuminance at a point is given in
Appendix E.
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The light technical parameters E h , Eh and UP shall be determined from the calculated
illuminance values for comparison with the applicable values in Section 2.
Except where specifically stated otherwise in Clause 3.3.2(b), for the purpose of
determining the illuminance uniformity (U P), the maximum horizontal illuminance (Eh maint)
shall be taken to be the highest of the horizontal illuminance values calculated for the
specified grid points.
3.2.3 Calculations of vertical illuminance
3.2.3.1 For pathways, cycleways and public activity areas (including outdoor car
parks) For pathways, cycleways and public activity areas, including outdoor car parks,
the following conditions for the calculation of the vertical illuminance, Ev, shall apply:
(a) Calculations shall be made —
(i) at positions corresponding to those of the grid points adopted for calculations
of horizontal illuminance, except as stated in Clause 3.5; and

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(ii) for the vertical plane orientations specified in this Section applicable to the
particular area/element.
(b) Luminaire photometric data used in the calculations shall comply with Clause 4.1.
The luminous intensity directed towards a particular grid point shall be linearly
interpolated between known values in the C and γ co-ordinates of the photometric
data.
(c) The calculation method shall use the inverse square law of illumination except that,
for subways, the calculations may take into account the interreflected illuminance
component.
The calculated values of Ev shall be compared for compliance with the applicable limiting
values specified in Section 2.
NOTES:
1 Derivation of the illuminance from zonal flux calculations is not acceptable.
2 An example involving a calculation of the vertical illuminance at a point is given in
Appendix E.
3.2.3.2* For assessments of obtrusiveness to abutting properties Where an assessment
of obtrusiveness to abutting properties is required (see Clause 2.3.3.4), the following
conditions for the calculation of the environmental vertical illuminance, Eve, shall apply:
(a) Calculations shall be made —
(i) normal to a vertical plane that is parallel to the property line;
(ii) at a distance of 10 m behind the property boundary;
(iii) for a series of points, equally spaced along the vertical plane, corresponding
to the position of the grid points adopted for calculations of horizontal
illuminance for the applicable road or pathway.
(b) Luminaire photometric data used in the calculations shall comply with Clause 4.1.
The luminous intensity directed towards a particular grid point shall be linearly
interpolated between known values in the C and γ co-ordinates of the photometric
data.
(c) The calculation method shall use the inverse square law of illumination.
The calculated values of Eve shall be compared for compliance with the applicable limiting
values specified in Section 2.
NOTES:
1 Derivation of the illuminance from zonal flux calculations is not acceptable.
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2 An example involving a calculation of the vertical illuminance at a point is given in

Appendix E.
3 Calculations of E ve are made at a nominal distance behind the property boundary as
specified in Item (ii), rather than the actual distance of the building from the property line,
because of the range of distances that will apply.
3.2.4 Assessment of compliance Calculated values shall be rounded in accordance
with the procedure in AS/NZS 3827.2 before a comparison is made with the specified
values. Uncertainties of calculation shall be taken into account in the assessment of
compliance, as specified in AS/NZS 3827.2.

* This requirement takes effect from 5 November 2001.

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3.3 LOCAL ROADS

3.3.1 General For Categories P3, P4 and P5, compliance with the values of E h , Eh
and UP in Table 2.1 shall be assessed on the basis of Clauses 3.3.2 to 3.3.7, as applicable
to the particular road element. Where the local road incorporates a designated, formed
pathway that justifies the provision of a higher lighting category (i.e. P1 or P2), only the
pathway and not the whole of the road reserve shall be lit to the applicable category in
accordance with Clause 3.4.
Luminaire spacings slightly in excess of those determined for compliance with
Clauses 3.3.2 to 3.3.7 shall be permissible at isolated points in the installation, subject to
the conditions specified in Clause 3.3.8.
3.3.2 Straight sections For straight sections of road, compliance with E h , Eh and UP
shall be based on calculations of horizontal illuminance at ground level, from property
line to property line, at each point of a grid comprised, at least, of the following:
(a) For Categories P1 to P4 lighting: (Refer also to Figure 3.1(a))
(i) Grid points across the road reserve A total of 11 equally-spaced points shall
be selected, beginning at one property line and extending to the opposite
property line, i.e. 10 equal spacings between the first and last point, property
line to property line.
(ii) Grid points along the road reserve A series of points shall be selected,
equally spaced at increments of S/20, beginning at one luminaire and
extending to one grid increment before the next luminaire.
(b) For Categories P5: A grid as set out in Clause 3.3.2(a) except that, prior to
5 November 2001 calculations may be made for E h and Eh maint at the points of a
grid defined as in Clause 3.3.2(a) but consisting of, at least, 5 × 4 points instead of
11 × 20 points respectively. In this case, the values used to determine UP shall be
determined independent of the grid. (Refer also to Figure 3.1(b)).
The calculations shall take into account only the luminous flux contributed from two
luminaires, one at either end of the calculation grid, positioned at a distance of one
quarter of the road reserve width from the property line.
NOTE: Where post-top luminaires are to be used, care should be taken to ensure that the
calculation program does not assign an illuminance of zero for the calculation point immediately
underneath the luminaire.

3.3.3 Curves For curved sections of road, compliance with Emin. , Eh maint and UP maint
shall be deemed to have been achieved if the luminaire spacings —
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(a) do not exceed those required for a straight section of the same road reserve width;
and
(b) a straight line joining successive luminaires lies within the road reserve.

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FIGURE 3.1 MINIMUM NUMBER OF CALCULATION POINTS FOR ASSESSING

COMPLIANCE WITH ILLUMINANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR LOCAL ROADS

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3.3.4 Intersections and junctions

3.3.4.1 Roads with Category P lighting For intersections and junctions of roads
provided with Category P lighting, a luminaire associated with one of the intersecting
roads shall be located within the hatched area shown in Figure 3.2 or Figure 3.3, as
applicable. The luminaire spacing for the through roads, across the intersection or
junction, shall be not more than that determined for compliance with Clause 3.3.2.
Where the intersecting roads are provided with, or justify the provision of, different levels
of Category P lighting, the luminaire installed within the hatched area shall be of a type
that satisfies the requirements applicable to the higher of the lighting categories.
For junctions, the first luminaire in the joining road shall be located at a distance of not
more than 50% of the maximum spacing for the road determined for compliance with
Clause 3.3.2, from the limits of the junction defined by the prolongation of the property
lines.
NOTE: See Figure 3.3 for an illustration of this requirement.
3.3.4.2 Roads with Category P lighting intersecting or joining roads with Category V
lighting Where a road that is to be provided with Category P lighting intersects a road
with Category V lighting, or a road for which Category V lighting is appropriate, the
requirements for such intersections in Section 3 of AS/NZS 1158.1.1 shall apply. The first
Category P luminaire shall be installed as follows:
(a) Where no channelization exists in the minor road The Category P luminaire shall
be located at a distance of not more than 50% of the spacing for the road
determined for compliance with Clause 3.3.2, from the limits of the intersection or
junction defined by the prolongation of the property lines.
(b) Where channelization exists and a Category V luminaire is installed on the minor
road* The Category P luminaire shall be at a distance of not greater than that
determined for compliance with Clause 3.3.2, from the Category V luminaire.
NOTE: The requirements of Items (a) and (b) are illustrated in Figure 3.4.
3.3.5 Pedestrian refuges Where pedestrian refuges are located on roads requiring
Category P lighting, the maintained horizontal illuminance over the surface of the refuge,
within the design area shown in Figure 3.5, shall be not less than 3.5 lx.
3.3.6 Cul-de-sacs A luminaire, of a type that is appropriate for the road reserve width
in terms of Clause 3.3.2, shall be installed as close as practicable to the point where any
increase in carriageway width takes place, but shall be not more than 40% of the
applicable maximum spacing from the property line at the end of the cul-de-sac.
3.3.7 Local area traffic management devices (including roundabouts) Where
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discrete traffic control devices, e.g. slow points, roundabouts are installed on the
carriageway as part of a local area traffic management system, the maintained horizontal
illuminance over the surface of the carriageway, within the design area, shall be not less
than 3.5 lx. For the purpose of this Clause, the design area shall comprise —
(a) for roundabouts — the area illustrated in Figure 3.6; or
(b) for other traffic management devices — the area illustrated in Figure 3.7.
NOTE: The objective of the lighting required by this Clause is to reveal the form and extent of
the traffic management device to facilitate the safe negotiation of the device by motorists during
the hours of darkness. In cases where spill light or glare are anticipated to be a problem, it
might be necessary to choose luminaires with particular photometric properties that address
these problems.

* As required to comply with Section 3 of AS/NZS 1158.1.1.

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NOTE: A luminaire associated with one of the roads is to be located within the hatched area (see
Clause 3.3.4.1).
DIMENSIONS IN METRES

FIGURE 3.2 LOCATION OF LUMINAIRES AT INTERSECTIONS

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NOTE: A luminaire associated with one of the roads is to be located within the hatched area (see
Clause 3.3.4.1).
DIMENSIONS IN METRES

FIGURE 3.3 LOCATION OF LUMINAIRES AT JUNCTIONS

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NOTE: The above diagrams illustrate the requirements of Clause 3.3.4, which controls the locations of
Category P luminaires on minor roads relative to intersections with roads that are provided with
Category V lighting.

FIGURE 3.4 ILLUSTRATION OF THE LOCATIONS OF CATEGORY P LUMINAIRES

ON MINOR ROADS RELATIVE TO INTERSECTIONS WITH ROADS PROVIDED WITH
CATEGORY V LIGHTING

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DIMENSIONS IN METRES

FIGURE 3.5 MINIMUM DESIGN AREA FOR PEDESTRIAN REFUGES

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FIGURE 3.6 MINIMUM DESIGN AREA FOR ROUNDABOUTS

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FIGURE 3.7 MINIMUM DESIGN AREA FOR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT DEVICES

(OTHER THAN ROUNDABOUTS)

3.3.8 Departures from design spacing Calculations of illuminance in accordance with

Clauses 3.3.1 and 3.3.2 will result in the determination of a design spacing which is the
nominal maximum for a particular luminaire, mounting height and road reserve width that
ensures compliance with the applicable light technical parameters. However, in practice,
road features such as intersections, junctions, driveways, trees or power distribution poles
may prevent the location of lighting poles in positions that will enable precise
achievement of the design spacing.
Where necessitated at isolated points in the installation, e.g. due to the fixed position of
an existing power distribution pole or to a physical obstruction preventing a lighting pole
being sited in the desired location, the spacing in individual spans may exceed the design
spacing by not more than 10%, provided that such non-complying spacings do not occur
for more than two consecutive spans.

3.4 PATHWAYS FOR PEDESTRIANS OR CYCLISTS

3.4.1 General Where the pathway forms part of a local road that is to be lit to
Category P3, P4 or P5, no special lighting requirements apply other than those for the
whole of the road reserve in terms of Clauses 3.3.1 and 3.3.2.
Where a pathway within a road reserve justifies, or is to be provided with, a higher
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lighting category, i.e. P1 or P2, or the pathway does not form part of a road reserve, the
requirements of Clauses 3.4.2 and 3.4.3 shall apply.
NOTE: Where a pathway that forms part of a road reserve is lit to Category P1 or P2, the
specified lighting requirements apply only to the physical extent of the pathway and not to the
whole of the road reserve.
3.4.2 Horizontal illuminance requirements For the assessment of compliance with
the values of E h , Eh and UP in Table 2.1, calculations shall be made in accordance with
Clause 3.2.2 over the area of the pathway as follows:
(a) For pathways less than or equal to 2 m in width — a series of points along the
centre-line of the pathway, equally spaced within each span of lighting, at intervals
of not more than 2 m.
(b) For pathways greater than 2 m in width — a grid of points, uniformly spaced within
each span of lighting, at intervals of not more than 2 m apart across its width and
not more than 2 m apart along its length.

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There shall be at least two grid points across the width and the outermost points
shall be not more than half the grid spacing from the edge of the pathway.
NOTE: Figure 3.8 illustrates the arrangement of the calculation points described in Items (a)
and (b).
3.4.3 Vertical illuminance requirements For the assessment of compliance with the
values of Ev maint in Table 2.1, calculations shall be made in accordance with
Clause 3.2.3.1 —
(a) at locations corresponding to the grid points adopted for compliance with
Clause 3.4.2; and
(b) for the vertical plane orientations and directions illustrated in Figure 3.8.
In assessing Ev values for the span of lighting under consideration, the illuminance
contributed by the luminaire serving the adjoining span of lighting may be taken into
account.

3.5 PUBLIC ACTIVITY AREAS (INCLUDING OUTDOOR CAR PARKS)

3.5.1 General The requirements of Clauses 3.5.2 and 3.5.3 apply to the design of
lighting for public activity areas, such as city, town or suburban centres, and to outdoor
car parks including roof-top car parks.
3.5.2 Horizontal illuminance requirements For assessment of compliance with the
values of E h , Eh and UP in Tables 2.2 and 2.4, calculations of horizontal illuminance shall
be made in accordance with Clause 3.2.2 based on a uniformly spaced grid of points
complying with the following:
(a) In each direction, the grid of points shall be equally spaced with the interval
between the points being not greater than 5 m.
(b) The grid points shall be arranged so that the outermost points are not more than half
the grid spacing from the extremities of the area under consideration.
NOTE: Figure 3.9 illustrates the arrangement of the calculation points described in Items (a)
and (b).
3.5.3 Vertical illuminance requirements For the assessment of compliance with the
values of Ev maint in Tables 2.2 and 2.4, calculations shall be made in accordance with
Clause 3.2.3.1 for —
(a) locations corresponding to the grid points adopted for the horizontal illuminance
calculations in accordance with Clause 3.5.2 excepting that any point equal to or
less than 7.5 m from the outer extremities of the area under consideration shall be
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excluded from the Ev calculations; and

(b) both sides of a vertical surface at each location, the vertical surface being in any
selected, but uniformly adopted, orientation.
NOTE: The intention of the requirements of Items (a) and (b) is to ensure that, as far as is
practicable, light reaching a given point will come from several widely divergent directions,
which should ensure reasonable modelling, and therefore recognition, of persons viewed from
any orientation.

3.6 CONNECTING ELEMENTS

3.6.1 Stairways
3.6.1.1 General The requirements of Clauses 3.6.1.2 and 3.6.1.3 apply to the design of
lighting for stairways in outdoor public areas.
NOTE: Requirements and recommendations for the lighting of indoor stairways are given in
AS/NZS 1680.0 and AS/NZS 1680.2.1 respectively.

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3.6.1.2 Horizontal illuminance requirements For assessment of compliance with the

values of Emin. , Eh and UP in Table 2.3, calculations of horizontal illuminance shall be
made in accordance with Clause 3.2.2 on the noses of the highest and lowest steps in the
run, and at intervals of not more than five steps between, in accordance with the
following:
(a) Stairways less than or equal to 1.5 m in width — the illuminance calculations shall
be made down the centre-line, at each of the locations specified above.
(b) Stairways greater than 1.5 m in width — the illuminance calculations shall be made
at each of the locations specified above, for a series of points across the applicable
steps, equally spaced at intervals of not more than 2 m. The outermost calculation
points shall be not more than half the adopted spacing from the sides of the
stairway.
NOTE: Figure 3.10 illustrates the arrangement of the calculation points described in Items (a)
and (b).
3.6.1.3 Vertical illuminance requirements For assessment of compliance with the
values of Ev in Table 2.3, calculations of vertical illuminance shall be made in accordance
with Clauses 3.2.3.1 for —
(a) each of the locations specified in Clause 3.6.1.2 for the calculation of horizontal
illuminance; and
(b) both sides of a vertical surface, at each calculation point, perpendicular to the path
of pedestrian movement.
3.6.2 Ramps, footbridges, subways and pedestrian ways For ramps, footbridges,
subways and pedestrian ways, compliance with the values of E h , Eh and UP in Table 2.3
shall be assessed in the same manner as for pathways, in accordance with Clause 3.4.
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NOTES:
1 For the determination of illuminance uniformity (UP), the maximum horizontal illuminance (Eh max.) is
taken as the highest of the values calculated for the grid points.
2 For calculations of Ev, the above diagrams assume that the luminaires have a symmetrical light
distribution with respect to either direction of travel. Also, the illuminance contributed by the
luminaire of the adjoining span, i.e. next luminaire to the left of Luminaire 1, may be taken into
account.

FIGURE 3.8 EXAMPLES ILLUSTRATING LOCATIONS FOR ILLUMINANCE

CALCULATIONS ON PATHWAYS

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NOTES:
1 For the determination of illuminance uniformity (UP), the maximum horizontal illuminance (Eh max.) is
taken as the highest of the values calculated for the grid points.
2 Calculations of Ev are made only for locations that are equal to or greater than 7.5 m from the
extremities of the lit area.

DIMENSIONS IN METRES

FIGURE 3.9 EXAMPLE ILLUSTRATING LOCATIONS FOR ILLUMINANCE

CALCULATIONS ON PUBLIC ACTIVITY AREAS (INCLUDING OUTDOOR CAR PARKS)

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NOTES:
1 For the determination of illuminance uniformity (UP), the maximum horizontal illuminance (Eh max.) is
taken as the highest of the values calculated for the grid points.
2 For stairways less than or equal to 1.5 m in width, only a single row of points down the centre-line of
the stairway is required (see Clause 3.6.1).
3 Calculations of Ev are made 1.5 m above the surface of each of the measurement locations shown, on
both sides of a vertical surface perpendicular to the path of pedestrian movement.

FIGURE 3.10 EXAMPLE ILLUSTRATING LOCATIONS FOR

ILLUMINANCE CALCULATIONS ON STAIRWAYS

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S E C T I O N 4 P R O V I S I O N O F L U M I N A I R E
A N D I N S T A L L A T I O N D A T A

4.1 LUMINAIRE DATA The following luminaire data shall be provided to facilitate
derivation of the installation design data specified in Clause 4.2 and other calculations
required for the design of Category P lighting in accordance with Section 3:
(a) A luminous intensity distribution table, i.e. an I-table, for the luminaire/lamp
combination, prepared in accordance with the requirements of CIE Publication
Nos 27 and 121. The I-table shall incorporate a unique identification number and
the date of issue.
NOTES:
1 See Table E1, Appendix E, for an example of an I-table conforming to the requirements
of CIE Publication No. 27.
2 A statement should be made on the I-table as to the generic type and wattage range of
the lamps for which the table is applicable.
(b) A statement of the maximum luminous intensity at a γ (vertical angle) of 93°. The
intensity shall be stated for a specific lamp type, size and lumen output, and for
upcast angles of 0° and 5°.
NOTE: The above information is required so that compliance with regulations of the Civil
Aviation Authority in Australia may be checked.
(c) Position of the fixing spigot entry during photometry (see above).
(d) The type of luminaire in terms of the classification in Table 2.5. In addition, the
luminaire photometric data necessary to assess compliance with the glare control
criteria in Table 2.5 applicable to the luminaire type.
(e) For side-entry luminaires, the upcast angle at which the luminaire just satisfies the
maximum UWLR in Table 2.5 applicable to the luminaire type.
The data shall be prepared using the photometric test procedures specified in
CIE Publication No. 27 with the luminaire mounted in the photometer with the axis of the
fixing spigot entry horizontal for side-entry luminaires (i.e. 0° upcast) or vertical for post-
top luminaires.
The photometric data shall be accompanied by a statement of the type, nominal wattage,
relevant dimensions, shape and envelope finish of the lamps used in the luminaire for
which the data is quoted, together with the lamp operating parameters, i.e. voltage, current
and wattage, both in the luminaire during testing and in free air. Any special
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characteristics affecting photometric performance shall be stated.

The photometric data shall be accompanied by a statement on the source of the data.
NOTE: The photometric data should be substantiated by reference to test reports from a
laboratory that is accredited by NATA* or IANZ†, or an overseas laboratory that is
accredited under a mutual recognition agreement with NATA or IANZ.

4.2 INSTALLATION DESIGN DATA

4.2.1 General When computer processed data are supplied for use in accordance with
Section 3, the following information shall be given as part of the data:
(a) The name and source of the computer program.

* National Association of Testing Authorities, Australia

† International Accreditation New Zealand

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(b) The origin of the computer processed installation design data.

(c) The origin of the photometric data of the luminaire to which the installation design
data refers.
(d) Luminaire designation, lamp type and luminous flux.
Data in the form of luminaire spacing tables or isolux diagrams shall comply with the
requirements of Clauses 4.2.2 or 4.2.3 respectively.
4.2.2 Luminaire spacing tables For the design of lighting categories P3, P4 and P5,
luminaire spacing tables shall be available showing the combinations of spacing and road
reserve width which, for a specific luminaire and mounting height, will satisfy all of the
light technical parameters specified in Table 2.1 for the relevant lighting category.
Luminaire spacing tables shall be generated by calculations using the method specified in
Clause 3.2.1.2 for the following conditions:
(a) Road reserve widths — from 8 m to 28 m, in increments of 4 m.
(b) Luminaire mounting heights — from 4.5 m to 7.5 m, in increments of 0.5 m.
(c) Luminaire positions — located at a notional kerb at a distance of W/4 from the
property line, as shown in Figure 3.1.
(d) Luminaire orientation —
(i) in azimuth — with the C0/C180 vertical plane parallel to the road axis and the C90
plane directed towards the far side of the road.
(ii) in vertical — for side-entry luminaires, with an upcast angle of 5° unless
otherwise specified by the luminaire manufacturer or the client.
NOTES:
1 The C-planes described above are those defined in CIE Publication No. 27. Some computer
programs may change the C-plane angle origin to suit other photometric formats. In these
programs it may be necessary to specify C-angles differently when calculating, to achieve
the correct orientation.
Programs that use the North American Illuminating Engineering Society (NAIES) format
often reorient the C-plane origin of ‘CIE streetlighting’ data to suit this format. The NAIES
format requires angles to be in ascending order which does not allow data for a symmetric
‘CIE file’ to be stored in its original form. Commonly, the C-angles are reoriented such that
C90-0-270 becomes C0-90-180. How the C-angles are arranged is not important as long as
the luminaire is correctly oriented, hence the advice given above.
2 The preferred format for luminaire spacing tables is shown in Appendix D.
(e) Maintenance factor — normally assumed to be 0.7 unless otherwise specified.
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4.2.3 Isolux diagrams When requested, isolux diagrams shall be provided. Each isolux
diagram shall—
(a) be displayed on a scale of 1:500;
(b) provide contours of equal illuminance (isolux lines) on the plane of the road
surface;
(c) preferably display isolux diagrams corresponding to 50 lx, 20 lx, 10 lx, 5 lx, 2 lx,
0.5 lx, 0.2 lx, 0.1 lx and 0.05 lx, together with maximum illuminance value;
(d) be for a specific luminaire and lamp combination with a stated lumen output;
(e) be derived from photometric data for the specified luminaire and lamp combination
which complies with the requirements of Clause 4.1;
(f) for side-entry luminaires, be for a upcast angle of 5 degrees; and
(g) be for a nominated mounting height.

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4.2.4 Vertical illuminance in front and behind luminaire A statement shall be made
of the minimum distance in front of, and behind, the luminaire that the vertical
illuminance falls to 1 lx. Calculations for this purpose shall be conducted —
(a) for a series of equally-spaced points, 1.5 m above the ground, extending to a
distance of S/2 to either side of the luminaire; the interval between such points
being the same as the grid adopted for the calculation of the maximum luminaire
spacing (S) in accordance with Clause 3.3.2;
(b) for luminaire mounting heights of from 4.5 m to 7.5 m in increments of 0.5 m;
(c) for a luminaire spacing of 55 m; and
(d) for side-entry luminaires, with an upcast angle of 5°.
The minimum distances stated shall be those for which the vertical illuminance at all
calculation points is equal to or below 1 lx.
NOTE: The arrangements that apply for the calculations of vertical illuminance are illustrated in
Figure 4.1.
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NOTE: The minimum distance in front of, or behind, the luminaire is the distance at which the vertical
illuminance at all calculation points, in front or behind, as applicable, are equal to or below 1 lx.

FIGURE 4.1 ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CALCULATION OF

VERTICAL ILLUMINANCE AS REQUIRED FOR CLAUSE 4.2.4

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APPENDIX A
SELECTION OF LIGHTING CATEGORY BASED ON RISK OF
CRIME OR NEED TO ENHANCE PRESTIGE
(Informative)

A1 INTRODUCTION This Appendix provides information to assist in applying criteria

adopted in Tables 1.1 to 1.3 for the selection of an appropriate lighting category based
on —
(a) the need to lessen the fear of crime; and
(b) the need to enhance the prestige of the locality.

A2 RISK OF CRIME This criterion has been introduced so that a level of lighting
may be selected in order to mitigate actual or perceived crime. The lighting will generally
be one of a number of anti-crime measures to be implemented at a location.
Two interconnected aspects are involved, actual crime and fear of crime. If a community
has a heightened perception of crime occurrence or risk (which may be unjustified) it will
lead to a general fear of personal involvement. This in itself reduces the quality of life for
individuals and also leads to changes in lifestyle, including not going out on the streets at
night. The less occupied streets then can become more attractive to wrongdoers and more
dangerous to those still wishing to use them. As a result the police recognize that
dispelling fear of crime as well as actual crime is a major objective.
With regard to lighting, a poorly lit street creates just such a situation. On the other hand,
a street with a relatively high level of illumination, good uniformity and the consequent
high range and quality of visibility creates an increase in both the perceived and actual
level of safety, leading to greater use and the accompanying further increase in safety.
Relatively large increases in both light level and uniformity over that normally associated
with local roads in Australia and New Zealand, together with attention to the illumination
on vertical surfaces, are necessary to enhance prestige and reduce crime risk.
The selection of the appropriate lighting category involves a qualitative assessment of the
selection criteria; many factors make any detailed quantitative assessment unfeasible,
e.g. community standards and expectations, equity, the imprecise numerical relationship
between lighting and crime reduction.

A3 NEED TO ENHANCE PRESTIGE This criterion has been introduced so that a

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level of lighting may be selected where a higher degree of prestige and amenity is desired,
e.g. in a new housing development or in a refurbishment of a civic area. The lighting will
often be one of a number of items being implemented to enhance prestige.

A4 EXAMPLE OF PROCEDURE The following example illustrates the procedure to

be followed in applying the selection criteria to obtain the applicable lighting category.
The example assumes a formed path through a small park which offers a short cut
between a railway station and a housing development in a suburb; it is proposed to light
the path. To determine the applicable lighting category, the following steps are taken:
(a) Select the appropriate Table in Section 1. In this case it will be Table 1.2 based on
the following:
(i) General description: Park paths (Column 1).
(ii) Basic operating characteristic: Pedestrian/cycle only (Column 2).

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(b) Evaluate the selection criteria separately (Columns 4, 5 and 6) as follows:

(i) Activity — medium: High density (cluster housing) development generating
commuter traffic accessing the station by foot due to its close proximity.
(ii) Crime risk — medium: Generally low crime occurrence in suburban area but is
adjacent to station and is potential crime spot, plus the isolated and unlit path
deters use.
(iii) Need to enhance prestige — not applicable: Lighting not required to show off
the park.
(c) Select the applicable lighting category (Column 7) as follows:
(i) Activity — medium: Category P3.
(ii) Crime — medium: Category P2.
(iii) Prestige — not applicable: Category P4.
The applicable lighting category is the highest placed one in the Table and, in this
case, is Category P2 determined by the assessment of crime risk.
(d) Determine the required lighting values from the appropriate table in Section 2, in
this case Table 2.1. Enter P2 in Column 1.
The example shows the need for much initial information from the client (e.g. the
developers and through them, the possible stake holders — community, local government,
railway authority and police) and a continuing client/designer interaction in order to
achieve the clients aspirations but also to understand the implications in terms of the
necessary lighting level involved.
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APPENDIX B
BIBLIOGRAPHY
(Informative)

1 BS 5489.3:1992 Road lighting — Part 3: Code of practice for the lighting of

subsidiary roads and associated pedestrian areas. British Standards Institution.
2 BS 5489.9:1992 Road lighting — Part 9: Code of practice for the lighting of urban
centres and public amenity areas. British Standards Institution.
3 CIE Publication No. 92 (1992) Guide to the lighting of urban areas. International
Commission on Illumination, Vienna.
4 CIE Publication No. 115 (1995) Recommendations for the lighting of roads for
motor and pedestrian traffic. International Commission on Illumination, Vienna.
5 FISHER, A.J., Lighting to deter fear and crime. Lighting, 1997. Vol.17, No.6.
6 ILE Publication, Crime and lighting. The Institution of Public Lighting Engineers.
United Kingdom, 1994.
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APPENDIX C
DOCUMENTATION REQUIRED FOR DEMONSTRATING COMPLIANCE
WITH THIS STANDARD
(Normative)

The following documentation shall be provided when demonstrating compliance with this
Standard (see also Clause 2.5):
(a) Essential details of all elements of the road or area to be lit.
(b) Selected lighting category.
(c) Details of the lighting arrangement and installation geometry, e.g. spacing,
mounting height, overhang, upcast angle.
(d) Details of the luminaires and lamps to be used, e.g. luminaire classification in terms
of Table 2.5 and other identification details, lamp type, rating and luminous flux.
(e) Origin of the photometric data for the luminaires and lamps.
(f) For each area or road element involved, the design method used and the values of
the light technical parameters obtained, compared to the limiting values given in
Tables 2.1 to 2.4.
(g) Name and source of the computer program used.
(h) Details of the maintenance factor assumed in the calculations and the associated
schedule of maintenance to be adopted, e.g. luminaire cleaning and lamp
replacement intervals.
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APPENDIX D
PREFERRED FORMAT FOR LUMINAIRE SPACING TABLE
FOR CATEGORY P LIGHTING
(Informative)

Lighting category Lamp:

(for E = ...lx):
Luminaire: Lamp luminous flux:
Upcast angle: Maintenance factor:

metres

Maximum spacing (S)

Mounting
height Road reserve width (W)
(H)

NOTES:
1 The table should only contain maximum spacings which, for the specified
luminaire and lamp, provide compliance with the light technical parameters of
Table 2.1.
2 Luminaire spacing tables should be compiled in the above format for the
required combinations of H, W, overhang and upcast angle.
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APPENDIX E
TEST DATA FOR EVALUATING THE SUITABILITY OF
COMPUTER PROGRAMS FOR ILLUMINANCE CALCULATIONS
(Informative)

E1 INTRODUCTION This Appendix sets out example calculations of horizontal and

vertical illuminance, the inputs and outputs of which may be used as test data for
evaluating the suitability of computer programs for calculating the illuminance-based
parameters specified in Section 2.

E2 EXAMPLE HORIZONTAL ILLUMINANCE CALCULATIONS

E2.1 For local roads
E2.1.1 General This Paragraph sets out, by way of example, the input and output data
for calculations of the illuminance in a horizontal plane at ground level, for a straight
section of a local road. The calculations were made using computer programs based on the
algorithms set out in Paragraph E2.2 for the calculation conditions specified in this
Standard; specifically in Clauses 3.2.1, 3.2.2, 3.3.1 and 3.3.2.
E2.1.2 Assumed input data The situation assumed for the example is illustrated in
Figure E1 and the following input data were assumed for the purpose of the example
calculations:
(a) Luminaire intensity distribution — in accordance with Table E1.
(b) Lamp — 80 W high-pressure mercury vapour.
(c) Rated initial lamp luminous flux — 3800 lm.
(d) Maintenance factor — 0.7.
(e) Upcast angle — 5°.
(f) Luminaire mounting heights — 6.5 m and 7.5 m.
(g) Road reserve widths — 8 m, 10 m, 12 m, 14 m, 16 m, 18 m, 20 m, 22 m, 24 m,
26 m and 28 m.
E2.1.3 Calculated output data The example illuminance calculations were made to
determine the maximum luminaire spacings, for the assumed combinations of mounting
height and road reserve width, that provide compliance with the light technical parameters
specified in Table 2.1 for Lighting Categories P4 and P5 respectively. The following
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output data were obtained:

(a) Maximum spacings for Lighting Category P4 — see Table E2.
(b) Maximum spacings for Lighting Category P5 — see Table E3.

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FIGURE E1 ILLUSTRATION OF SITUATION ASSUMED IN PARAGRAPH E2.1.2

FOR THE CALCULATION OF HORIZONTAL ILLUMINANCE

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43 AS/NZS 1158.3.1:1999

TABLE E1
INTENSITY DISTRIBUTION (I-TABLE) FOR LUMINAIRE USED IN EXAMPLE ILLUMINANCE CALCULATIONS
γ Luminous intensity (I), cd/1000 lamp lumens
angle C angle, degrees
degrees 270 285 300 310 315 320 325 330 335 340 345 350 355 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 60 75 90
0 172 172 172 172 172 172 172 172 172 172 172 172 172 172 172 172 172 172 172 172 172 172 172 172 172 172 172
10 153 154 160 165 168 172 174 178 179 184 187 191 192 195 197 197 200 198 198 198 197 194 195 191 188 182 180
20 134 134 145 156 162 169 176 185 193 203 212 222 231 235 244 245 248 245 244 237 229 222 215 205 192 178 172
30 118 121 134 146 152 157 165 174 183 193 207 220 234 245 258 264 265 261 254 242 232 219 208 195 177 161 157
35 111 115 130 140 145 148 154 162 170 178 190 204 219 233 247 257 260 254 248 232 218 203 192 181 165 153 150
40 100 105 122 131 136 138 141 148 153 160 173 189 211 234 258 276 277 269 253 230 210 191 178 168 153 144 143
45 90 94 111 120 124 124 127 132 137 144 162 193 232 271 298 312 306 289 264 234 209 185 168 156 141 131 129
47.5 85 88 105 113 117 117 119 124 129 138 163 202 248 287 312 324 314 294 265 234 205 182 164 150 133 124 120
50 79 82 99 106 109 110 112 116 122 134 167 211 259 296 322 332 321 296 263 231 203 177 158 142 124 114 111
52.5 75 77 92 100 103 103 106 110 115 129 170 216 264 301 327 339 330 297 259 225 197 173 151 134 114 105 103
55 69 71 86 95 97 98 100 104 109 126 172 218 263 301 330 343 331 291 252 218 190 165 145 127 105 95 93
57.5 64 65 79 90 93 94 96 100 105 122 169 214 258 299 327 337 326 282 243 209 183 157 137 122 97 87 85
60 57 59 72 85 87 88 90 94 99 113 160 205 248 289 316 321 308 268 233 200 175 150 130 114 90 79 79
62.5 50 53 66 78 80 82 84 88 92 104 145 188 230 269 290 294 282 252 221 189 164 142 122 106 83 73 73
65 44 45 60 72 74 75 78 81 85 94 125 166 207 242 264 268 255 229 201 172 148 127 108 97 76 68 69
67.5 37 38 52 64 67 70 72 74 77 82 105 139 176 210 232 234 225 203 179 152 129 107 93 87 70 64 66
70 30 31 45 56 59 63 66 66 68 72 87 109 138 167 184 190 185 170 151 128 108 88 80 76 63 58 61
72.5 23 23 39 49 51 55 57 58 58 61 69 84 105 130 145 148 144 132 117 97 81 70 65 65 54 51 54
75 16 16 31 40 42 45 46 48 49 52 57 66 78 93 103 107 105 96 83 71 61 54 52 52 45 43 46
77.5 12 11 25 32 34 36 38 41 41 42 46 50 58 66 71 74 73 69 60 52 45 41 40 41 36 36 39
80 9 8 21 26 28 29 30 32 33 33 36 38 42 46 49 50 48 46 40 36 33 31 31 32 28 28 32
82.5 7 6 16 21 22 22 22 24 25 26 27 29 31 33 36 36 35 33 29 26 23 22 21 23 21 22 25
85 6 5 11 15 15 14 14 15 17 18 20 21 22 23 25 24 23 21 19 16 15 13 14 15 15 15 18
87.5 5 4 7 10 9 8 8 9 11 12 13 15 15 16 17 16 14 13 12 10 9 7 7 8 10 10 13
90 5 4 5 5 5 4 4 5 6 7 9 9 10 11 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 4 5 6 7 9
92.5 5 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 8 8 8 6 6 5 4 4 3 3 4 4 5 8
95 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 5 7 7 7 7 7 6 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 5 7
97.5 4 3 2 3 2 2 3 3 3 4 5 7 7 8 8 7 6 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 4 7
100 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 6 7 7 8 8 7 6 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 5
102.5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 5 6 6 7 7 6 5 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 3 3 4
105 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 5 5 6 6 6 6 5 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 3 4
120 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 4 7 8 11 13 13 13 14 11 10 8 6 4 3 2 2 2 3
135 1 0 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 6 6 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 5
150 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2
165 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
180 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

NOTE: The I-table data is for the luminaire assumed for the example illuminance calculations in Paragraphs E2 and E3.

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TABLE E2
MAXIMUM LUMINAIRE SPACINGS FOR LIGHTING
CATEGORY P4 FOR EXAMPLE OF PARAGRAPH E2.1
metres

Maximum spacing (S)

Mounting
height Road reserve width (W)
(H)
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
6.5 50 49 48 48 47 46 43 38 35 30 22
7.5 54 53 53 52 51 50 49 45 41 37 31

NOTES:
1 The luminaire spacings shown in the Table are the maximums which provide
compliance with the values of the light technical parameters for Category P4
in Table 2.1.
2 The above spacings have been rounded to whole numbers and are indicative
of spacings achieved. Spacings calculated by computer programs may be
expressed to one decimal place and show a minor variance due to
interpolation and rounding.

TABLE E3
MAXIMUM LUMINAIRE SPACINGS FOR LIGHTING
CATEGORY P5 FOR EXAMPLE OF PARAGRAPH E2.1
metres

Maximum spacing (S)

Mounting
height Road reserve width (W)
(H)
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28
6.5 59 58 58 57 56 56 55 53 49 45 42
7.5 64 63 62 62 61 60 60 59 57 53 49

NOTES:
1 The luminaire spacings shown in the Table are the maximums which
provide compliance with the values of the light technical parameters for
Category P5 in Table 2.1.
2 The above spacings have been rounded to whole numbers and are
indicative of spacings achieved. Spacings calculated by computer
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programs may be expressed to one decimal place and show a minor

variance due to interpolation and rounding.

E2.2 For areas other than local roads The following example shows the calculation
of the illuminance in a horizontal plane at ground level, at a test point (P), from a single
luminaire (L).
The situation assumed for the example is illustrated in Figure E1 and the input data
assumed for the calculation is as follows:
(a) Luminaire with an intensity distribution (I-table) in accordance with Table E1.
(b) Rated initial lamp luminous flux — 3800 lm.
(c) Maintenance factor = 1.0.
(d) Luminaire mounting height (H) — 7.5 m.

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(e) Test point located 7.5 m (1H) out from, and 15 m (2H) in front of, the luminaire, in
the C0 − C90 quadrant of the light distribution.
The horizontal illuminance (Eh) at point P in Figure E1 is given by the following
equation:
I(Cγ) cos θ
Eh = . . . E1
d2
where
I(Cγ) = the luminous intensity directed towards P
d = the distance LP
θ = the angle of incidence, i.e. the angle between the direction of the incoming
light and the normal to the relevant plane containing the point, at that point.
but
H
d = . . . E2
cos γ
and
θ = γ . . . E3
then
I(Cγ) cos3 γ
Eh = . . . E4
H2
and
H = 7.5 m
H
C = tan−1 . . . E5
2H
= 26.6°
[(2H)2 H 2] ½
γ = tan−1 . . . E6
H
= 65.9°
From Table E1 by linear interpolation —
I = 184 cd/1000 lamp lumens
= 184 × 2.65 cd
= 488 cd
By substitution in Equation E4 —
Eh = 0.59 lx
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E3 EXAMPLE VERTICAL ILLUMINANCE CALCULATIONS The following

example shows the calculation of the vertical illuminance in a given plane, at a test point
(P1), from a single luminaire (L). The situation assumed for the example is illustrated in
Figure E2 and the input data assumed for the calculation is as follows:
(a) Luminaire details as for the example of Paragraph E2.2.
(b) Mounting height (H) of 7.5 m.
(c) Test point located 1.8 m above ground level (see Clause 3.2.2), in a vertical plane
with origin 7.5 m (1H) out from, and 15 m (2H) in front of, the luminaire; this
plane lying parallel to and facing the C90 plane of the luminaire light distribution.
The vertical illuminance (Ev) at point P1 in Figure E2 is given by the following equation:
I(Cγ)
Ev = . cos θ . . . E7
d2
where symbols have the same meaning as in Equation E1
but
H1
d = . . . E8
cos γ
NOTE: In this case, unlike the situation applying in the example of Paragraph E2.2, the angle θ
is not equal to γ.
then
I(Cγ)
Ev = . cos2 γ . cos θ . . . E9
2
H1
and
H1 = (H − 1.8)
= 5.7 m . . . E10
H
C = tan−1 . . . E11
2H
= 26.6°
[(2H)2 H 2]½
γ = tan−1 . . . E12
(H − 1.8)
= 71.2°
[(H − 1.8)2 H 2] ½
θ = tan−1 . . . E13
2H
Accessed by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 12 Apr 2002

= 32°
From Table E1 by linear interpolation —
I = 128 cd/1000 lamp lumens
= 128 × 2.65 cd
= 339 cd
By substitution in Equation E9 —
Ev = 0.92 lx

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 47 AS/NZS 1158.3.1:1999
Accessed by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 12 Apr 2002

FIGURE E2 ILLUSTRATION OF SITUATION ASSUMED IN PARAGRAPH E2.2

FOR THE CALCULATION OF VERTICAL ILLUMINANCE

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Accessed by RMIT UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 12 Apr 2002