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Oceans and Society
 Oceans and Society:
Blue Planet

Edited by

Samy Djavidnia, Victoria Cheung,

Michael Ott and Sophie Seeyave
 Oceans and Society: Blue Planet
Edited by Samy Djavidnia, Victoria Cheung, Michael Ott and Sophie Seeyave
Contact: [email protected]

This book first published 2014

Cambridge Scholars Publishing

12 Back Chapman Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2XX, UK

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Copyright © 2014 by Samy Djavidnia, Victoria Cheung, Michael Ott, Sophie Seeyave and contributors

All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.

ISBN (10): 1-4438-5639-8, ISBN (13): 978-1-4438-5639-3

 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Foreword ................................................................................................... ix
Barbara J. Ryan

Preface ....................................................................................................... xi
Trevor Platt

Part I: Introduction

Chapter One ................................................................................................ 2

The Blue Planet Initiative
Samy Djavidnia, Sophie Seeyave and Trevor Platt

Chapter Two ............................................................................................... 6

GEO, GEOSS and the 2012–2015 Work Plan
Douglas Cripe

Part II: Sustained Ocean Observations

Chapter Three ........................................................................................... 10

International Coordination of Satellite Observations of the Ocean
Kerry Ann Sawyer

Chapter Four ............................................................................................. 17

GEO High Frequency (HF) Radar
Zdenka Willis

Chapter Five ............................................................................................. 25

An Overview of Long-Term Oceanographic Measurements:
Existing Sites and Emerging Issues
Alexandra Kraberg and Angela Schäfer

Chapter Six ............................................................................................... 31

Global Monitoring of Inland Water Quality and Freshwater Responses
to Environmental Change with Remote Sensing Techniques
Tiit Kutser
vi Table of Contents

Chapter Seven........................................................................................... 37
The Global Network of XBT Temperature Sections in Support
of Oceanographic and Climate Studies
Gustavo Goni, Janet Sprintall, Dean Roemmich, Ann Gronell Thresher,
Rebecca Cowley and Molly Baringer

Part III: Sustained Ecosystems and Food Security

Chapter Eight ............................................................................................ 46

Developing Global Capabilities for the Observation and Prediction
of Harmful Algal Blooms
Stewart Bernard, Raphael Kudela and Lourdes Velo-Suarez

Chapter Nine............................................................................................. 53
Living Marine Resources: Harvesting, Assessment and Management
Cara Wilson and Jeffrey Polovina

Chapter Ten .............................................................................................. 61

Phytoplankton Phenology as an Ecological Indicator for the Pelagic
System in the Ocean
Li Zhai, Trevor Platt and Shubha Sathyendranath

Chapter Eleven ......................................................................................... 68

Importance of Time-Series Studies: The Latin-American Antares Network
Vivian Lutz

Chapter Twelve ........................................................................................ 73

The Chlorophyll Globally Integrated Network (ChloroGIN)
Steve Groom

Part IV: Ocean Forecasting

Chapter Thirteen ....................................................................................... 80

The Global Operational Ocean-Forecasting Network: GODAE OceanView
Kirsten Wilmer-Becker, Mike Bell, Eric Dombrowsky
and Andreas Schiller

Chapter Fourteen ...................................................................................... 89

The GODAE OceanView Coastal Ocean and Shelf Seas Task Team
Pierre De Mey and Villy Kourafalou
 Oceans and Society: Blue Planet vii

Chapter Fifteen ......................................................................................... 97

Operational Oceanography in Brazil: A Contribution to Monitoring
and Predicting the Tropical and South Atlantic
Clemente A.S. Tanajura, Paulo Nobre and Edmo J.D. Campos

Part V: Services for the Coastal Zone

Chapter Sixteen ...................................................................................... 106

Global Ocean Observing System (GOOS) Regional Alliances,
Panel for Integrated Coastal Ocean Observations (PICO): Requirements
for Global Implementation of the Strategic Plan for Coastal GOOS
Zdenka Willis, Laura Griesbauer, Paul DiGiacomo and Jose Muelbert

Chapter Seventeen .................................................................................. 113

The Coastal Zone Community of Practice:
Supporting Integrated Coastal Zone Management with Earth Observations
Milton Kampel, Paul DiGiacomo and Hans-Peter Plag

Chapter Eighteen .................................................................................... 122

Coastal Ocean Colour of Australian Waters: Progress and Outlook
Andrew D.L. Steven, Vittorio E. Brando, Lesley Clementson,
Arnold G. Dekker, Nick Hardman-Mountford, Jonathan Hodge,
Emlyn Jones, Edward King and Thomas Schroeder

Chapter Nineteen .................................................................................... 130

SiMCosta: Brazilian Coastal Monitoring System
Milton Kampel

Part VI: Ocean Climate and Carbon

Chapter Twenty ...................................................................................... 136

Ocean Remote Sensing and Global Climate Change
Carlos Garcia-Soto and José C. Báez

Chapter Twenty-One .............................................................................. 146

Carbon Observations of Oceans and Coastal Waters from Space
Shubha Sathyendranath, Prakash Chauhan, Watson Gregg,
Nicolas Hoepffner, Joji Ishizaka, Johnny Johannessen, Milton Kampel,
Tiit Kutser, Trevor Platt, Joo-Hyung Ryu, Diane E. Wickland
and Mark Dowell
viii Table of Contents

Part VII: Developing Capacity and Societal Awareness

Chapter Twenty-Two.............................................................................. 156

Towards Sustained Ocean Observations in Developing Countries
Sophie Seeyave, Shubha Sathyendranath, Trevor Platt
and Victoria Cheung

Chapter Twenty-Three............................................................................ 163

Satellite Ocean Colour Radiometry and the Role of the International
Ocean Colour Coordinating Group (IOCCG)
Venetia Stuart

Chapter Twenty-Four ............................................................................. 169

Developing Coastal Research in Ghana
Augustus Vogel

Chapter Twenty-Five .............................................................................. 175

Challenges of Training and Capacity Development in Data and Marine
Information Management in the XXIst Century
Ariel H. Troisi

Chapter Twenty-Six................................................................................ 182

GEOWOW: A Framework for Multi-Disciplinary Interoperability
of Ocean Data and Systems
Massimo Craglia and Stefano Nativi

Chapter Twenty-Seven ........................................................................... 191

Conclusions
Samy Djavidnia, Sophie Seeyave and Trevor Platt

Annex I ................................................................................................... 194

The Blue Planet White Paper

Annex II .................................................................................................. 216

Acronyms and Glossary

Annex III ................................................................................................ 223

References and Bibliography

Annex IV ................................................................................................ 254

List of Authors and Affiliations
 FOREWORD

BARBARA J. RYAN

“The sea, once it casts its spell, holds one in its net of wonder forever”
Jacques Cousteau

Oceans cover more than 70 percent of the Earth’s surface, represent 99

percent of the planet’s living space by volume and sustain life for nearly
50 percent of its entire species. The ocean works for us twenty-four hours
a day, seven days a week, all year round, by producing much of the
oxygen we breathe, absorbing the carbon that we create, recycling the
water we drink and providing the majority of all the protein we eat.
Whereas “only” 50 percent of the world population lives within 50 miles
of the coast, we are all dependent on our coasts and ocean for our food,
health, recreation and livelihood. Oceans and society are intricately and
inextricably linked. Although humans benefit tremendously from the life-
sustaining services the oceans provide, we need to increase awareness and
understanding that our everyday actions impact on the ocean and its
resources, and, therefore, on every one of us.
The Group on Earth Observations (GEO) is a voluntary, international,
intergovernmental partnership dedicated to providing leaders in
government, science, industry and civil society with accurate and timely
Earth observation data and information to enable informed decision-
making about the environmental challenges described above. GEO
Member governments include 89 nations and the European Commission,
and 67 Participating Organisations comprising international bodies with an
interest or mandate in Earth observations. The GEO community is creating
a Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS) that will link
Earth observation resources worldwide across multiple Societal Benefit
Areas, including water.
x Foreword

“Oceans and Society: Blue Planet” is an exciting new GEO initiative

designed to:

• Raise public awareness of the role of the oceans in the Earth

system, of their impacts (positive and negative) on humankind and
of the societal benefits of ocean observations;
• Coordinate the various marine initiatives within GEO and develop
synergies among them; and
• Advocate for and advance the establishment and maintenance of a
global observing network for the oceans.

To manage our oceans and maintain ocean health and productivity,

decision makers need clear, relevant, and up-to-date information. Citizens
are both hungry to know, and eager to be involved actively in supporting,
ocean policy and management. Scientists have the responsibility to
provide the necessary building blocks for making intelligent choices and
instituting good governance. We cannot do this important work without
numerous national and international partnerships, collaborations and
networks, and this is where the GEO “Oceans and Society: Blue Planet”
initiative can play a vital role.
Sound decision-making requires that scientific knowledge be shared
with society and, ultimately, with the various national and international
political institutions. This book aims to provide this broader audience with
information on the relevant elements of ocean observations and scientific
research, as well as examples of the multiple ways in which oceans benefit
society. In so doing, it is my hope that this book will contribute to bridging
the existing gaps between oceans and society.

Barbara J. Ryan
Director GEO Secretariat
 PREFACE

TREVOR PLATT

This book is a contribution to the activities of GEO, an

intergovernmental body dedicated to developing the societal benefits of
observing the Earth, either directly (in situ) or through the use of remote
sensing. GEO is structured around nine societal-benefit areas; within each
a series of Tasks is established to accomplish the overall Work Plan.
Although the oceans play important roles in each of the nine societal-
benefit areas, marine affairs were initially less prominent in GEO than
they deserved to be because there was no mechanism to link all of the
ocean-related activities. While “green” is the colour associated with
environmental responsibility and respect for planet Earth, Earth is, in fact,
a “blue” planet. Exercising knowledge-based stewardship requires up-to-
date information about the ocean, as well as the land and atmosphere.
Therefore, it was important that, in setting its agenda, GEO recognise the
importance of oceans in the Earth system.
The Partnership for Observation of the Global Oceans (POGO) lobbied
strenuously over several years to stimulate a greater prominence for
oceans within GEO. In May 2011, POGO submitted to the GEO Work
Plan Symposium the prospectus for a new umbrella Task that would
integrate and coordinate all the marine initiatives then active in GEO, as
well as a number of new ones. The plan was adopted by GEO and the new
Task “Oceans and Society: Blue Planet” was born, with the following
mission:
The “Oceans and Society: Blue Planet Task” of GEO seeks, through
the mobilisation of expert knowledge to:

• Raise public awareness of the role of the oceans in the Earth

system, of their impacts (good and bad) on humankind and of the
societal benefits of ocean observations;
• Coordinate the various marine initiatives within GEO and develop
synergies between them; and
• Advocate and advance the establishment and maintenance of a
global observing network for the oceans.
xii Preface

Already at the kick-off Symposium, held in Ilhabela, Brazil in

November 2012, enthusiasm for Blue Planet was very strong; the new
Task was definitely responding to a need. The Symposium marked the first
time that all marine facets of GEO had been represented in the same room.
It was an unprecedented opportunity to develop synergies among the
different elements, and those who took part really felt that they had
attended a landmark event.
Participants and organisers resolved to write a book showing the scope
and applications of observing the ocean. This book, arising from the
meeting, goes beyond mere conference proceedings. It illustrates the
breadth and vitality of Earth observation in the ocean arena. It should
provide a reference point, not just for marine scientists, but also for all
those concerned with operational oceanography and stewardship of marine
resources. The book provides an overview of the value of Earth
observation in the marine sphere, from scientific advances to societal
applications. It is a rich spectrum.
The Ilhabela Symposium would not have been possible without the
support of the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). CSA had been funding
GEO-related international programmes (SAFARI, Societal Applications in
Fisheries and Aquaculture of Remote-sensing Imagery, and ChloroGIN,
Chlorophyll Globally Integrated Network) for some five years; both
programmes are now important elements of Blue Planet.
As Blue Planet emerged as the most significant activity in Earth
observation for marine applications, CSA readily agreed to a revised
funding plan that supported the Ilhabela Symposium. I am most grateful to
Yves Crevier for his help in bringing this about and I hope the book will
show that it was a wise decision.
Sophie Seeyave (POGO), Keith Alverson (IOC/GOOS), Boram Lee
(WMO) and Douglas Cripe (GEO) helped steer the Blue Planet proposal
through the approval stages at the GEO Work Plan Symposium and I
thank them all. In Canada, I am grateful to Venetia Stuart (IOCCG) and Li
Zhai (BIO) for their help in planning the Symposium. Shubha
Sathyendranath has contributed at every stage in the evolution of Blue
Planet. Milton Kampel was a wonderful local host in Brazil.
Samy Djavidnia played a vital role in helping to structure the outcomes
of the Symposium, including the editing of the book, in which he was
assisted by Sophie Seeyave, Vikki Cheung and Michael Ott. Albert
Fischer (IOC/GOOS) presented the results of the Symposium to the GEO
Plenary meeting that followed and thus helped build credibility for the
fledgling Task. I thank Barbara Ryan, the new Director of GEO, for
finding the time to attend the Symposium in her demanding schedule and
 Oceans and Society: Blue Planet xiii

so contribute to building confidence in Blue Planet. It was highly

gratifying that so many people willingly helped in various ways to make
the Symposium an undoubted success, including as authors of the chapters
in this book. I am indebted to each of them.

Trevor Platt
Blue Planet Task Leader
and POGO Executive Director
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