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A Mathematical
Companion to
Quantum Mechanics
Copyright
Copyright © 2019 by Shlomo Sternberg
All rights reserved.
Bibliographical Note
A Mathematical Companion to Quantum Mechanics is a new work, first
published by Dover Publications, Inc., in 2019.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Sternberg, Shlomo, author.
Title: A mathematical companion to quantum mechanics / Shlomo Sternberg
(professor of mathematics emeritus, Harvard University).
Description: Mineola, New York : Dover Publications, Inc., 2019.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018044258 | ISBN 9780486826899 | ISBN 0486826899
Subjects: LCSH: Quantum theory. | Mathematical physics.
Classification: LCC QC174.12 .S8445 2019 | DDC 530.12—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018044258
Manufactured in the United States by LSC Communications
82689901 2019
www.doverpublications.com
To
Aviva Green
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
2 The Fourier Transform
2.0.1 Conventions
2.1 Basic Facts about the Fourier Transform Acting on S
2.1.1 The Fourier Transform on L2
2.2 Tempered Distributions
2.3 The Laplace Transform
2.3.1 The Mellin Inversion Formula
3 The Spectral Theorem, I
3.1 The Exponential Series for a Bounded Operator
3.2 The Functional Calculus A → f (A)
3.3 Gelfand’s Formula for the Spectral Radius
3.3.1Normal Operators
3.3.2The Spectrum of an Element in an Algebra
3.3.3The Spectral Radius
3.3.4Gelfand’s Proof of the Spectral Theorem for Bounded
Self-adjoint Operators
3.4 Non-negative Operators
4 Unbounded Operators
4.1 Unbounded Operators
4.1.1 Linear Operators and Their Graphs
4.1.2 The Resolvent and the Resolvent Set
4.1.3 The Adjoint of a Densely Defined Linear Operator
5 Semi-groups, I
5.1 The Bounded Case
5.1.1 The Resolvent from the Semi-group
5.1.2 The Semi-group from the Resolvent
5.1.3 The Two Resolvent Identities
5.2 Sectorial Operators
5.2.1 Definition of et A When A Is Sectorial
5.2.2 The Integral Converges and Is Independent of r
5.2.3 The Semi-group Property
5.2.4 Bounds on et A
5.2.5 The Derivatives of et A, Its Holomorphic Character
5.2.6 The Limit of et A as t → 0+
5.2.7 The Resolvent as the Laplace Transform of the Semi-
group
6 Self-adjoint Operators
6.1 Recall about Unbounded Operators and Their Spectra
6.2 The Spectrum of a Self-adjoint Operator Is Real
7 Semi-groups, II
7.1 Equibounded Continuous Semi-groups
7.1.1 The Infinitesimal Generator
8 Semi-groups, III
8.1 Using the Mellin Inversion Formula
8.2 The Hille-Yosida Theorem
8.2.1 Contraction Semi-groups
8.3 The Spectral Theorem, Functional Calculus Form
8.3.1 The Functional Calculus for Functions in S
8.4 The Dynkin-Helffer-Sjöstrand Formula
8.4.1 Symbols
8.4.2 Slowly Decreasing Functions
8.4.3 Stokes’ Formula in the Plane
8.4.4 Almost Holomorphic Extensions
8.4.5 The Dynkin-Helffer-Sjöstrand Formula
8.4.6 The Dynkin-Helffer-Sjöstrand Formula for the
Resolvent
8.4.7 Davies’ Proof of the Spectral Theorem
8.5 Monotonicity
8.6 Dissipative Operators, the Lumer-Phillips Theorem
8.7 The Key Points of the Preceding Chapters
9 Weyl’s Theorem on the Essential Spectrum
9.1 An Example, the Square Well in One Dimension
9.2 The Kato-Rellich Theorem, the Notion of a Core
9.3 The Spectrum as “Approximate Eigenvalues”
9.3.1 An Alternative Approach Using the Born
Approximation
9.3.2 There Is No Spectrum of the Square Well
Hamiltonian below −K
9.4 The Discrete Spectrum and the Essential Spectrum
9.4.1 Characterizing the Essential Spectrum
9.4.2 A Slightly Different Characterization of the Essential
Spectrum
9.5 The Stability of the Essential Spectrum
9.5.1 Preview: How We Will Use Weyl’s Theorem
9.5.2 Proof That A + B Is Self-adjoint
9.5.3 Proof That the Essential Spectrum of A Is Contained
in the Essential Spectrum of A + B
9.5.4 Proof That the Essential Spectrum of A Contains the
Essential Spectrum of A + B
9.6 The Domain of H0 in One Dimension
9.7 Back to the Square Well (in One Dimension)
9.7.1 The Eigenvalues for the Square Well Hamiltonian
9.7.2 Tunneling
10 More from Weyl’s Theorem
10.1 Finite Rank Operators
10.1.1 A Compact Operator Is the Norm Limit of Finite Rank
Operators
10.2 Compact Operators
10.3 Hilbert Schmidt Operators
10.3.1 Hilbert Schmidt Integral Operators
10.3.2 A More General Definition of Hilbert Schmidt
Operator
10.3.3 An Important Example
10.4 Using Weyl’s Theorem for H0 + V
10.4.1 Applications to Schrödinger Operators
10.5 The Harmonic Oscillator
10.5.1 Weyl’s Law
10.5.2 Verifying Weyl’s Law for the Harmonic Oscillator
10.6 Potentials in L2 ⊕ L∞ in R3
10.6.1 The Hydrogen Atom
11 Extending the Functional Analysis via Riesz
11.1 Integration According to Daniel
11.2 A Riesz Representation Theorem for Measures
11.3 Verifying That f ↦ O(f) Is a Functional Calculus
12 Wintner’s Proof of the Spectral Theorem
12.1 Self-adjoint Operators and Herglotz Functions
12.1.1 Herglotz Functions
12.1.2 The Borel Transform or the Stieltjes Transform
12.2 The Measure μx.x
12.2.1 The Measure μx.y
12.3 The Spectral Theorem via Wintner
12.4 Partitions of Unity or Resolutions of the Identity
12.5 Stone’s Formula and the Stieltjes Inversion Formula
13 The L2 Version of a Spectral Theorem
13.1 The Cyclic Case
13.1.1 Cyclic Vectors
13.1.2 The Isometry U in the Cyclic Case
13.1.3 The General Case
13.2 Fractional Powers of a Non-negative Operator
13.2.1 Non-negative Operators
13.2.2 The Case 0 < λ < 1
13.2.3 The Case λ = , the Quadratic Form Associated with a
Non-negative Self-adjoint Operator
13.3 The Lax-Milgram Theorems
13.3.1 Gelfand’s Rigged Hilbert Spaces
13.3.2 The Hermitian Case—Lax-Milgram-III
13.4 Semi-bounded Operators and the So-called Friedrichs
Extension
13.4.1 Semi-bounded Operators
13.4.2 The Friedrichs Extension
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