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0465010240-Donald.qxd:Layout 1 8/25/08 5:36 PM Page i

Lion in the
White House
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Lion in the
White House
A Life of

Theodore Roosevelt

Aida D. Donald

A Member of the Perseus Books Group

New York


0465010240-Donald.qxd:Layout 1 8/25/08 5:36 PM Page iv

All photos in this book are from the Theodore Roosevelt Collection, Harvard
College Library.

Copyright © 2007 by Aida D. Donald

Hardcover edition first published in 2007 by Basic Books,
A Member of the Perseus Books Group
Paperback edition first published in 2008 by Basic Books

All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. No part of this
book may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permis-
sion except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and re-
views. For information, address Basic Books, 387 Park Avenue South, New
York, NY 10016-8810.

Books published by Basic Books are available at special discounts for bulk pur-
chases in the United States by corporations, institutions, and other organiza-
tions. For more information, please contact the Special Markets Department
at the Perseus Books Group, 2300 Chestnut Street, Suite 200, Philadelphia,
PA 19103, or call (800) 810-4145, ext. 5000 or e-mail special.markets@perseus
books.com.

Designed by Jeff Williams

Set in 12-point Adobe Caslon

The Library of Congress has catalogued the hardcover as follows:

Donald, Aida DiPace.

Lion in the White House : a life of Theodore Roosevelt / Aida D. Donald.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-465-00213-9 (alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-465-00213-7 (alk. paper)
1. Roosevelt, Theodore, 1858-1919. 2. Presidents—United States—
Biography. 3. United States—Politics and government—1901-1909. I. Title.

E757.D658 2007
973.91'1092—dc22
2007034122
Paperback ISBN: 978-0-465-01024-0

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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For my family with love—

David, Bruce, Jenni, Aleta, Maia


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It is not the critic who counts. . . . The credit

belongs to the man in the arena, whose face is
marred by dust and sweat and blood; who strives
valiantly . . . who knows the great enthusiasms,
the great devotions; who spends himself in a
worthy cause; who at best knows in the end the
triumph of high achievement, and who at worst,
if he fails, at least fails while daring greatly.
— Th e od ore R o o s e v e lt
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Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

1 Born in a Cocoon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 From Cocoon to the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3 “I Rose Like a Rocket”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4 The Arc of Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
5 Man of the Hour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6 The Accidental President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
7 A Mandate at Last . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
8 The Imperial Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
9 Too Much Fame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
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Introduction

We were following Teddy. . . . We had been ordered to

retreat before that, but it wasn’t authenticated. Teddy didn’t
pay any attention to it anyhow. We went ahead and started
up the hill. We got everybody together—cavalry and some
infantry. . . . We went up the hill . . . it was wide open. We
didn’t run in a regular line. . . . It was just like a mob going
up there. . . . We were exposed to the Spanish fire. . . . Roo-
sevelt went on and overran the trenches, and he was maybe
seventy-five yards ahead of us—he was always ahead of us.

 T his is how a seventeen-year-old

trooper in Theodore Roosevelt’s Rough Rider
regiment described his leader.
In this account, as in all other stories about Roosevelt—
and there were scores over the years—he “was his own
limelight,” as the novelist Owen Wister, who knew him,
acutely observed. An incandescent figure, by the age of
forty he seemed invincible, with his jutting jaw, too-large
teeth, gleaming eyes, spectacles, and a muscular body

xi
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Introduction

poised like a cat ready to strike. A steam engine of a man,

he had already established a reputation for himself in multi-
ple, and overlapping, realms: writer, cowboy, politician, en-
vironmentalist. Now he added soldier. Soon enough, he
would add president and world leader to the list. In every
realm he mastered whatever task he took on. He was, quin-
tessentially, a reformer in a turbulent age.
Roosevelt was the most popular man in the country
when he was president and was the most renowned world
figure by the time he retired. Realizing this extraordinary
man has always been a challenge. Perhaps it is best to think
of his story in three dimensions: the man himself, the na-
tional leader, a world leader. The dimensions, happily, allow
for a narrative that is chronological.
Roosevelt was born into wealth and position in New
York City in 1858. As a child he watched Abraham Lin-
coln’s bier pass by his grandfather’s mansion in 1865. The
martyred president became Roosevelt’s hero and silent
mentor in his public life. He often referred to him in ex-
plaining his positions to Republicans and others. During
his severest trials, Lincoln was his touchstone.
When he was a boy, Roosevelt was sickly, and how he
transformed himself into an athletic and confident man is
the stuff of legends. By his twenties, his daunting frame
housed an immense intellect and literary talent. His father
loved and encouraged him and sent him to Harvard, where
he picked up a scientific and secular outlook that guided
him in his multiple interests as an adult. On graduating
from college, he married the romantic love of his life, but
after an idyllic three years, he lost her in childbirth. He
gave his infant daughter to his sister to raise and fled to the
West to recover from his devastation.

xii
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Introduction

At twenty-three years old, Roosevelt had decided to be-

come a politician, not a usual gentleman’s profession. He
was elected to the New York State Assembly three times
but was thwarted as a reformer. When he returned from the
West, after two years of mourning, he picked up his public
life, so strong was his call to public service. His sojourn out
West, however, was forever imprinted on him. Later, he
would make many more trips there. He became a rancher
and an early and prodigious environmentalist.
Roosevelt married his dear childhood friend, Edith
Carow, in 1886. During the early years of their marriage,
he combined his government work with a career as a
writer. He alternated between writing ordinary biogra-
phies for income and true masterpieces, such as The Win-
ning of the West, which made him small fortunes. He
became a civil service commissioner in Washington for
six years and then police commissioner in New York City
for two years, serving in both posts as a reformer cleaning
up corruption. He then became assistant secretary of the
navy, where he built a modern American fleet. When war
with Spain over Cuba seemed imminent in 1898, Roose-
velt resigned to be lieutenant colonel in a regiment he
formed called the Rough Riders. He quickly became a
heroic warrior in a short and profitable war for America.
At forty years old, he was the master of men and a shaper
of destinies.
That “splendid little war” made Roosevelt the popular
candidate for governor of New York, despite the fears of Re-
publican Party bosses that he would be independent and too
reformist. He was a progressive in his outlook, and he made
it clear during his campaign that he intended to improve the
lives of working men, break up business monopolies, sever

xiii
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