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Building Web Applications
with Python and Neo4j

Develop exciting real-world Python-based

web applications with Neo4j using frameworks
such as Flask, Py2neo, and Django

Sumit Gupta

BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI
Building Web Applications with Python and Neo4j

Copyright © 2015 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written
permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in
critical articles or reviews.

Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy
of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is
sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt
Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages
caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.

Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the
companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals.
However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.

First published: July 2015

Production reference: 1100715

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

Livery Place
35 Livery Street
Birmingham B3 2PB, UK.

ISBN 978-1-78398-398-8

www.packtpub.com
 Credits

Author Copy Editors

Sumit Gupta Vikrant Phadke
Alpha Singh
Reviewers
Adarsh Deshratnam Project Coordinator
Gianluca Tiepolo Izzat Contractor
Tsanyo Tsanev
Manuel Vives Proofreader
Safis Editing

Commissioning Editor
Kunal Parikh Indexer
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Acquisition Editor
Larissa Pinto Production Coordinator
Aparna Bhagat

Content Development Editor

Anish Sukumaran Cover Work
Aparna Bhagat

Technical Editors
Novina Kewalramani
Ryan Kochery
Manal Pednekar
 About the Author

Sumit Gupta is a seasoned professional, innovator, and technology evangelist,

with over 100 months of experience in architecting, managing, and delivering
enterprise solutions that revolve around a variety of business domains, such as
hospitality, healthcare, risk management, insurance, and so on. He is passionate
about technology, with over 14 years of hands-on experience in the software
industry. Sumit has been using big data and cloud technologies for the past
4 to 5 years to solve complex business problems.

He is also the author of Neo4j Essentials (http://neo4j.com/books/neo4j-

essentials/).

I want to acknowledge and express my gratitude to everyone

who supported me in authoring this book. I am thankful for their
inspiring guidance and valuable, constructive, and friendly advice.
 About the Reviewers

Adarsh Deshratnam is a senior consultant (big data and cloud) whose focus is
on designing, developing, and deploying Hadoop solutions for many MNCs. In
this position, he has worked with customers to build several Hadoop applications
with multiple database technologies, providing a unique perspective on moving
customers beyond batch processing. An avid technologist, he focuses on technological
innovations. Since 2006, he has been working full time and part time with big data and
multiple database technologies. Adarsh completed his engineering at Staffordshire
University with a computing major.

I would like to thank Packt Publishing for giving me the wonderful

opportunity to review a book on one of the quickly evolving graph
databases (Neo4j).

Gianluca Tiepolo has been programming since Windows 3.11 was around.
As a cofounder of Sixth Sense Solutions, a start-up that is a global leader in retail
solutions, he has worked with some of the world's biggest brands to deliver engaging,
interactive experiences to their customers. He specializes in high-performance
implementations of database services and computer vision. Currently, he's deeply
involved in the open source community and has a lot of interest in big data.

I want to thank my wonderful wife, Adele; my awesome teammates;

and my friend Marco for their support and inspiration.
Tsanyo Tsanev is a senior web developer at Dressler LLC in New York, USA.
From the whiteboard to production, he has experience in building a variety of web
applications. He began experimenting with Neo4j for the social networking website
SongSilo and has since found many other uses for it. Tsanyo's passion is coding;
he does it both for a living and as a hobby.

Manuel Vives is a software engineer, who focuses on Python and C++.

He specializes in backend parts of distributed software and NoSQL databases.
He used to work in France for a company that specializes in cybersecurity and
training, and he now works in Canada.
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 Table of Contents
Preface v
Chapter 1: Your First Query with Neo4j 1
Thinking in graphs for SQL developers 2
Comparing SQL and Cypher 3
Evolving graph structures from SQL models 5
Licensing and configuring – Neo4j 8
Licensing – Community Edition 8
Licensing – Enterprise Edition 8
Installing Neo4J Community Edition on Linux/Unix 9
Installing as a Linux tar / standalone application 10
Installing as a Linux service 11
Installing Neo4j Enterprise Edition on Unix/Linux 12
Using the Neo4j shell 14
Introducing the Neo4j REST interface 16
Authorization and authentication 16
CRUD operations 17
Running queries from the Neo4j browser 20
Summary 21
Chapter 2: Querying the Graph with Cypher 23
Basic anatomy of a Cypher query 24
Brief details of Cypher 24
Cypher execution phases 25
Parsing, validating, and generating the execution plan 25
Locating the initial node(s) 26
Selecting and traversing the relationships 26
Changing and/or returning the values 26
The structure of Cypher 26
The read operations 27

[i]
Table of Contents

The create or update operations 30

The delete operation 32
Pattern and pattern matching 32
Sample dataset 32
Pattern for nodes 34
Pattern for labels 34
Pattern for relationships 34
Pattern for properties 35
Using the where clause with patterns 35
Using patterns in the where clause 36
Using general clauses with patterns 36
The order by clause 37
The limit and skip clauses 37
The WITH clause 37
The UNION and UNION ALL clauses 38
Working with nodes and relationships 39
Summary 43
Chapter 3: Mutating Graph with Cypher 45
Creating nodes and relationships 46
Working with nodes 46
Single node 46
Multiple nodes 48
Node with labels 48
Node with properties 49
Working with relationships 51
Single relationships 51
Multiple relationships 52
Relationships with properties 54
Nodes and relationships with full paths 55
Creating unique nodes and relationships 55
CREATE UNIQUE and MERGE 55
Working with constraints 56
Transforming nodes and relationships 57
Updating node properties 57
Updating a label 58
Updating relationships 58
Cypher query optimizations 58
Indexes 59
Index sampling 61
Understanding execution plans 62
Analyzing and optimizing queries 64
Summary 66

[ ii ]
 Table of Contents

Chapter 4: Getting Python and Neo4j to Talk Py2neo 67

Installing and configuring py2neo 68
Prerequisites 68
Installing py2neo 69
Exploring the py2neo APIs 70
Graph 70
Authentication 71
Node 72
Relationship 75
Cypher 77
Transactions 80
Paths 81
Creating a social network with py2neo 83
Batch imports 86
Unit testing 88
Summary 91
Chapter 5: Build RESTful Service with Flask and Py2neo 93
Introducing (and installing) Flask 94
Setting up web applications with Flask and Flask-RESTful 96
Your first Flask application 96
Displaying static content 98
Displaying dynamic content 99
Your first Flask RESTful API 101
JSON processing 102
REST APIs for social network data using py2neo 104
ORM for graph databases py2neo – OGM 104
Social network application with Flask-RESTful and OGM 106
Creating object model 106
Creating REST APIs over data models 110
Summary 114
Chapter 6: Using Neo4j with Django and Neomodel 115
Installing and configuring Neomodel 116
Declaring models and properties 118
Defining nodes 118
Defining properties 119
Persisting and querying a social data model 121
Adding relationships to models 125
Running Cypher queries 129
Using Neomodel in a Django app 130
Signals in Neomodel 131
Summary 132

[ iii ]
Table of Contents

Chapter 7: Deploying Neo4j in Production 133

Neo4j logical architecture 134
Disk/filesystem 135
Record files 135
Transaction logs 137
Caches 137
Core Java API 139
Traversal framework 140
REST API 141
Neo4j physical architecture 142
High availability 142
Fault tolerance 144
Data replication and data locality 145
Advanced settings 146
Monitoring the health of the Neo4J nodes 147
Neo4j browser 148
Webadmin 148
JMX beans 149
Backup and recovery 152
Summary 153
Index 155

[ iv ]
 Preface
Relational databases have been one of the most widely used and most common
forms of software systems for the storage of data since the 1970s. They are highly
structured and store data in the form of tables, that is, with rows and columns.
Structuring and storing data in the form of rows and columns has its own
advantages; for example, it is easier to understand and locate data, reduce data
redundancy by applying normalization, maintain data integrity, and much more.

But is this the best way to store any kind of data?

Let's consider an example of social networking:

Mike, John, and Claudia are friends. Claudia is married to Wilson. Mike and Wilson
work for the same company.

Here is one of the possible ways to structure this data in a relational database:

[v]
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