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Politics in Dark Times
Encounters with Hannah Arendt
Edited by Seyla Benhabib
Politics in Dark Times

Encounters with Hannah Arendt

This outstanding collection of essays explores Hannah Arendt's thought

against the background of world-political events unfolding since Septem­
ber n, 200I. It engages in a contentious dialogue with one of the
greatest political thinkers of the past century, with the conviction that
she remains contemporary. Themes such as moral and political equality,
action, natality, judgment, and freedom are reevaluated with fresh insight
by a group of thinkers who are themselves well known for their origi­
nal contributions to political thought. Other essays focus on novel and
little-discussed themes in the literature by highlighting Arendt's views on
sovereignty, international law and genocide, nuclear weapons and revolu­
tions, imperialism and Eurocentrism, as well as her contrasting images
of Europe and America. Each essay displays not only superb Arendt
scholarship but also stylistic flair and analytical tenacity.

Seyla Benhabib is the Eugene Meyer Professor of Political Science and

Philosophy at Yale University. She is the author of Critique, Norm and
Utopia: A Study of the Normative Foundations of Critical Theory ( I986);
Situating the Self: Gender, Community and Postmodernism in Contem­
porary Ethics (2002); Feminist Contentions: A Philosophical Exchange
(coauthored with Judith Butler, Drucilla Cornell, and Nancy Fraser, I996);
The Reluctant Modernism of Hannah Arendt (I996); The Claims of Cul­
ture: Equality and Diversity in the Global Era (2002); The Rights of Oth­
ers: Aliens, Citizens and Residents (2004); and Another Cosmopolitanism:
Hospitality, Sovereignty and Democratic Iterations (2006). She has edited
and coedited seven volumes, most recently with Judith Resnik, Mobility
and Immobility: Gender, Borders and Citizenship (2009). Her work has
been translated into fourteen languages, and she was the recipient of the
2009 Ernst Bloch Prize for her contributions to cultural dialogues in a
global civilization.
Politics in Dark Times

Encounters with Hannah Arendt

Edited by
SEYLA BENHABffi
Yale University

With the assistance of

ROYT. TSAO
PETER J. VEROVSEK
Yale University

CAMBRIDGE
UNIVERSITY PRESS
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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Sao Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo, Mexico City

Cambridge University Press

32. Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 1001 3 -2.473, USA

www .cambridge.org
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© Cambridge University Press :z.ox o

This publication is i n copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published :z.o x o

Printed i n the United States of America

A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data

Politics in dark times : encounters with Hannah Arendt I edited by Seyla Benhabib.
p. em.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-o-s:z.x-763 70-7 (hardback) - ISBN 978-o-p1-1 2.72.2.-6 (paperback)

x. Arendt, Hannah, I906-I975· 2.. Political science - Philosophy.

I. Benhabib, Seyla. n. Title.
]C2.5 1 .A74P66 2.01 0
3 2.0.5092.-dcu :z.o x oo2.4 3 7 5

ISBN 978-o-52.r-763 70-7 Hardback

ISBN 978-o-52.I-I 2.72.2.-6 Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLS for
external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee
that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.

This publication has been supported by a generous grant from the John K. Castle Fund housed in
Yale's Program on Ethics, Politics and Economics. The Castle Fund was established in honor of
Reverend James Pierpont, one of Yale's original founders.
Contents

Notes on Contributors page vii

Introduction I
Seyla Benhabib

PART I. FREEDOM, EQUALITY, AND RESPONSIBILITY

I Arendt on the Foundations of Equality I7

Jeremy Waldron
2 Arendt's Augustine 39
Roy T. Tsao
3 The Rule of the People: Arendt, Arche, and Democracy 58
Patchen Markell
4 Genealogies of Catastrophe: Arendt on the Logic and Legacy
of Imperialism 83
Karuna Mantena
5 On Race and Culture: Hannah Arendt and Her Contemporaries . II3
Richard H. King

PART II. SOVEREIGNTY, THE NATION-STATE, AND THE RULE OF LAW

6 Banishing the Sovereign ? Internal and External Sovereignty

in Arendt I3 7
Andrew Arato and Jean L. Cohen
7 The Decline of Order: Hannah Arendt and the Paradoxes of
the Nation-State I72
Christian Voik
8 The Eichmann Trial and the Legacy of Jurisdiction I98
Leora Bilsky

v
v1 Contents

9 International Law and Human Plurality in the Shadow of

Totalitarianism: Hannah Arendt and Raphael Lem.kin 2I9
Seyla Benhabib

PART III. POLITICS IN DARK TIMES

IO In Search of a Miracle: Hannah Arendt and the Atomic Bomb 247

jonathan Schell
I I Hannah Arendt between Europe and America: Optimism in
Dark Times 259
Benjamin R. Barber
I2 Keeping the Republic: Reading Arendt's On Revolution after
the Fall of the Berlin Wall 277
Dick Howard

PART IV. JUDGING EVIL

I3 Are Arendt's Reflections on Evil Still Relevant? 293

Richard]. Bernstein
I4 Banality Reconsidered 305
Susan Neiman
1 5 The Elusiveness of Arendtian Judgment 316
Bryan Garsten
I6 Existential Values in Arendt's Treatment of Evil and Morality 342
George Kateb

Index 375
Notes on Contributors

Andrew Arato is Dorothy H. Hirshon Professor in Political and Social The­

ory at the New School for Social Research. He is the author of Constitution
Making under Occupation: The Politics of Imposed Revolution in Iraq ( 2009 );
Civil Society, Constitution and Legitimacy ( 2ooo) ; and From Neo-Marxism to
Democratic Theory ( 1 993 ) and coauthor of Civil Society and Political Theory
( 1992). He is currently working on a book on constituent authority and an
essay volume on dictatorship and modern politics.
Benjamin R. Barber is a Distinguished Senior Fellow at Demos in New York
and Walt Whitman Professor Emeritus at Rut�rs University. His seventeen
books include the classic Strong Democracy ( r9S4 ), issued in a new twentieth­
anniversary edition in 2004; the international best-seller Jihad vs. McWorld,
now in thirty languages ( 199 5 ); and, most recently, Consumed: How Markets
Corrupt Children, Infantilize Adults and Swallow Citizens Whole ( 2oo 8 ) . He is
president and founder of CivWorld, the nongovernmental organization (NGO)
that since 2003 has convened the annual Interdependence Day Forum and
Celebration in a global city on September r 2.
Seyla Benhabib is Eugene Meyer Professor of Political Science and Philosophy
at Yale University. Some of her books include The Reluctant Modernism of
Hannah Arendt ( 19 9 6; reissued in 2003 ); The Rights of O thers: Aliens, Citizens
and Residents ( 2004; winner of the Ralph Bunche Award of the American
Political Science Association); Another Cosmopolitanism, with responses by
Jeremy Waldron, Bonnie Honig, and Will Kymlicka, based on her Berkeley
Tanner Lectures and edited by Robert Post ( 2oo6); and most recently Mobility
and Immobility: Gender, Borders and Citizenship ( 2009 ), edited with Judith
Resnik.
Richard}. Bernstein is Vera List Professor of Philosophy at the New School for
Social Research. His books include Hannah Arendt and the Jewish Question

vii
viii Notes on Contributors

( 1996); Freud and the Legacy of Moses ( 1998); Radical Evil: A Philosophi­
cal Interrogation ( 2002); and The Abuse of Evil: The Corruption of Politics
and Religion since 9/rz ( 200 5 ) . His most recent book is The Pragmatic Turn
(2010).
Leora Bilsky i s Professor o f Law a t Tel-Aviv University and the author of
Transformative Justice: Israeli Identity on Trial ( 2004 ) .
Jean L. Cohen i s Professor of Political Theory a t Columbia University. She is
the author of Class and Civil Society: The Limits of Marxian Critical Theory
( 19 8 2) ; Civil Society and Political Theory ( 1992) with Andrew Arata; and
Rethinking Intimacy: A New Legal Paradigm (2002) . She is completing a book
for Cambridge University Press on legality and legitimacy in the epoch of
globalization.
Bryan Garsten is Professor of Political Science at Yale University and author of
Saving Persuasion: A Defense of Rhetoric and Judgment ( 2oo6). He has also
written articles on themes related to representative government in the thought
of Hobbes, Rousseau, Tocqueville, and Benjamin Constant.
Dick Howard is Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the State Univer­
sity of New York at Stony Brook. He is the author of fourteen books, most
recently The Specter of Democracy ( 2002); La naissance de Ia pensee politique
americaine (2oo 5 ) ; and La democratie a l'epreuve: Chroniques americaines
( 2oo6). The Primacy of the Political: A History of Political Thought from the
Greeks to the American and French Revolutions was published in 201 0.
George Kateb is William Nelson Cromwell Professor of Politics Emeritus
at Princeton University. His books include Hannah Arendt: Politics, Con­
science, Evil ( 1 9 84 ); The Inner Ocean: Individualism and Democratic Cul­
ture ( 1992); Emerson and Self-Reliance ( 199 4 , 2002) ; John Stuart Mill, On
Liberty, coedited with David Bromwich ( 2003 ); and Patriotism and Other
Mistakes ( 2oo6).
Richard H. King is Professor Emeritus of American Intellectual History at the
University of Nottingham, UK. He is the author of Race, Culture and the
Intellectuals, I940-I970 ( 2004) , and coeditor of Hannah Arendt and the Uses
of History: Imperialism, Nation, Race and Genocide ( 2007) . He is currently
at work on The American Arendt, which will focus on Arendt's impact on
American thought and the impact of her experience in America on her own
thought.
Karuna Mantena is Assistant Professor of Political Science at Yale University.
She has researched and written on empire and imperialism in modern polit­
ical thought and, especially, on nineteenth-century British imperial ideology.
She is the author of Alibis of Empire: Henry Maine and the Ends of Liberal
Imperialism ( 20 1 0 ) .
Notes on Contributors ix

Patchen Markell is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University

of Chicago and the author of Bound by Recognition (2003 ). He is currently
writing a book-length study of Hannah Arendt's The Human Condition and
is pursuing a longer-term project on conceptions of power, agency, and rule in
democratic theory.
Susan Neiman is Director of the Einstein Forum in Berlin, Germany. Her most
recent books are Evil in Modern Thought ( 2004), which has been translated
into nine languages, and Moral Clarity: A Guide to Grown-Up Idealists (2008 ) ,
a New York Times Notable Book.
Jonathan Schell is the author of The Fate of the Earth (r9 82) and The Uncon­
querable World: Power, Nonviolence, and the Will of the People (2004), among
other books. His most recent book is The Seventh Decade: The New Shape of
Nuclear Danger (2oo 8 ) . He is a Peace Fellow at the Nation Institute and a
lecturer in international studies and ethics, politics, and economics at Yale
University.
Roy T. Tsao has taught political theory at Yale, Georgetown, and Brown
universities. He has published numerous articles on aspects of Arendt's thought.
Peter J. Verovsek is a Ph.D. candidate in political science at Yale Univer­
sity. Before coming to Yale, he spent a year on a Fulbright Grant researching
how memories of World War II continue to affect politics within the former
Yugoslavia and in the relations of its successor states with Italy. His dissertation
examines the connection between memory and political community through
the development of the European Union. _�·

Christian Volk received his doctoral degree from Aachen University ( Germany)
in 2009 . He is the author of Die Ordnung der Freiheit. Recht und Politik im
Denken Hannah Arendts (2oro) . He currently holds a postdoctoral position at
the Humboldt-University in Berlin and is working on his Habilitationsprojekt
"The Paradigm of Post-Sovereignty: Law and Democracy in a Global Order."
Jeremy Waldron is University Professor at New York University School of Law.
He is the author of Law and Disagreement (r999) and God, Locke and Equa­
lity ( 2002) among other books. He is the author of "Arendt's Constitutional
Politics " in Dana Villa (ed. ) , The Cambridge Companion to Hannah Arendt
(2oor) and "What Would Hannah Say?" in The New York Review of Books,
March rs, 2007 .
Introduction

Seyla Benhabib

Few if any political thinkers of the twentieth century have attracted public
attention and scholarly discussion as wide-ranging as has Hannah Arendt. Her
theoretical reflections on the human condition have attained classic status in
political philosophy, while her writings on the political crises of her time are a
continuing source of intellectual inspiration and provocation.
A former student of Martin Heidegger and Karl Jaspers and a comrade in
exile from Nazi Germany with Walter Benjamin, Arendt first came to public
prominence ten years after her emigration to the United States, with the publi­
cation of The Origins of Totalitarianism ( 19 5 1 ) . That celebrated work's highly
original analyses of antisemitism, imperialism;-and totalitarianism immediately
established her as a leading commentator on the political upheavals and catas­
trophes of the era. With that book, she not only offered a uniquely clear-sighted,
broad account of twentieth-century totalitarian politics and their antecedents;
she also provided an exceptionally subtle and penetrating analysis of the mod­
em mentalities that gave succor to those politics. Within those same pages, she
also made a landmark contribution to the discourse of international human
rights, with a strong critique of the misuse of the institution of citizenship
in the modern nation-state. She followed that achievement with even more
far-reaching analyses of the exhausted traditions and neglected resources of
Western political thought, culminating in her books The Human Condition
( 1 9 5 8 ) and On Revolution ( 1 9 63). Her fearlessness in exploring the nature of
political evil and personal responsibility found further expression in Eichmann
in Jerusalem ( 1963 ), the source of her famous, much-misunderstood phrase,
"the banality of evil. " All of these books - along with the numerous other vol­
umes, essays, and lectures that constitute the corpus of Arendt's work - were
the focus of extensive critical notice and often controversy in her lifetime, and in
more recent years they have gained an ever-widening circle of attentive readers,

I
 2 Seyla Benhabib

both within and outside the academy. 1 With the passage of time, her stature as
a major thinker of the twentieth century has received ample confirmation.
In the fall of 2006, the centenary of Hannah Arendt's birth was cele­
brated with conferences from New York to Istanbul, from Paris to Lima,
from Berlin to Sofia and beyond. These not only marked her worldwide
recognition and reputation, 1 they also revealed an urgent need, an intellec­
tual hunger, "to think with Arendt, against Arendt. " 3 This need was increased
by the global struggles that ensued after the September II, 2oo r, attacks on
the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, and the subsequent American-led
wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. Many have presented the conflict between the
resurgent forces of an Islamist Jihadi movement, spearheaded by al-Qaeda,
against the 'West,' as a confrontation between liberal democracies and the
new face of totalitarianism in the twenty-first century. In this context, Arendt's
epochal analysis of Nazi and Stalinist totalitarianism has often been invoked
as a source of analytical insight about current problems and also to support
entrenched ideological positions, with which Arendt most likely would not have
agreed.4
The month of October 2006 was a particularly dark one for the Ameri­
can republic in Arendtian terms: With congressional midterm elections only a
month away, it appeared to many that nothing less than the future of consti­
tutional government in the United States was at stake. Guantanamo and Abu
Ghraib were only the most infamous of the sites of illegality where the U.S.
Constitution was hemorrhaging in the hands of those who claimed that exec­
utive power, beyond the rule of domestic and international law, would deter­
mine the status of enemy combatants. Evidence was mounting daily that

1 See Samantha Powex, "Introduction," The Origins of Totalitarianism (New York: Schocken,
2004), pp. ix-xxiv.
:>.
See the two volumes published by Social Research documenting these confexences: Hannah
Arendt's Centennary: Political and Philosophical Perspectives, Part I, edited by Arienne Mack
and Jerome Kohn, 74, 3 (Fall 2007); Hannah Arendt's Centennary: Political and Philosophical
Perspectives, Part II, edited by Arienne Mack and Jerome Kohn, 74, 4 (Winter 2007).
3 I introduced this phrase in Seyla Benhabib, "Preface to the New Edition," The Reluctant Mod­
ernism ofHannah Arendt (new edition, New York: Rowman and Littlefield, 200 3 ; first published
by Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 199 6), pp. xix-xx.
4 In the fall of 2oox, shortly after the Septexnbex I I atracks on the World Trade Center, a confexence

was held at the New School for Social Research that had been originally planned to mark the
fiftieth annivexsary of the publication of The Origins of Totalitarianism. Impassioned participants
debated whether the al-Qaeda movement and IslamicJihadism could be considered "totalitarian"
in the way spelled out by Hannah Arendt. Cf. The Origins of Totalitarianism. Fifty Years Later,
Social Research, edited by Arienne Mack and Jerome Kohn, 69, 2 (Summer 2002).
The thesis of "Islamo-fascism" has been put forward by Paul Berman, who has called for an
"anti-totalitarian war." Paul Berman, Terror and Liberalism (New York: W.W. Norton, 2003 );
Cf. also Christopher Hitchens, A Long-Short War: The Postponed Liberation of Iraq (London:
Penguin, 2003); and Thomas Cushman, Simon Cottee, and Christopher Hitchens, Christopher
Hitchens and His Critics: Terror, Iraq and the Left (New York and London: New York University
Press, 2008 ).
Cf. Chapter II in this book, by Benjamin Barber, who radically disagrees with these views of
Islam.
Introduction 3

torture, including waterboarding, was used by the American military as well as

paramilitary contractors working for Blackwater Security in Iraq. U.S. Attor­
ney General Alberto Gonzales issued a memo that declared that all acts besides
those leading to severe organ failure and malfunctioning did not constitute
torture - again, in violation of international covenants.S The " Global War on
Terror, " which had murky legal and even strategic justifications at best, was
under way. Jonathan Schell observes that " . . . the President's bid to achieve
global military dominance by the United States [was] presented to the public as
a kind of colossal footnote to the war on terror. The interplay, enacted on the
electoral stage, between the attempt at dominance abroad and one-party rule
at home, "6 was probably the most important generator of this constitutional
crisis.
Although the chapters in this book were composed with the vivid memory of
these political crises in the background, their engagement with Arendt's work

s Cf. the article, Scott Shane, David Johnston, and James Riesen, "Secret U.S. Endorsement
of Severe Interrogations," New York Times (October 4, 2007): "From the secret sites in
Mghanistan, Thailand and Eastern Europe where C.I.A. teams held al-Qaeda terrorists, ques­
tions for the lawyers at C.I.A. headquarters arrived daily. Nervous interrogators wanted to know:
Are we breaking the law against torture?"
Several controversial memos and briefs of the G. W. Bush Administration sought to establish
that neither Article m of the Geneva Convention ( I 949), to which the United States was a High
Contracting Party, nor the War Crimes Act (I996) applied to a non-state actor such as the
al-Qaeda organization. See "Memorandum for Alberto Gonzales, Counsel to the President and
William J. Haynes, IT, General Counsel of the Department of Defense," prepared by the Office of
the Assistant Attorney General, Bybee, on January 2.2., 2002: a!t'd the Alberto R. Gonzales Memos
of January 25, 2002 and August I, 2002. Once the protection of al-Qaeda and of captured Tal­
iban prisoners under the Geneva Conventions and the War Crimes Act was lifted, they became
fair game to be tortured and the U.S. government avoided the onus of violating international
obligations and customary international law. The August I memo states with respect to "Stan­
dards of Conduct for Interrogation under I 8 U.S.C. #234o-2340 A that . . . certain aets may be
cruel, inhuman or degrading, but still not produce pain and suffering of the requisite intensity to
fall within section 2340A's proscription against torture . . . . Physical pain amounting to torture
must be equivalent in intensity to the pain accompanying serious physical injury, such as organ
failure, impairment of bodily function or even death. For purely mental pain or suffering to
amount to torture under Section 23 40, it must result in significant physical harm of significant
duration, e.g. lasting for months or even years. "
Gonzales' memo in effect sanctioned the use of torture by the United States. That the reasoning
of the Office of the U.S. Attorney General was faulty is widely accepted in the legal community
and has been proven by subsequent U.S. Supreme Court decisions to close down the Guantanamo
Bay Prison. In a series of related decisions over a number of years, the U.S. Supreme Court has
concluded that "United States courts have jurisdiction to consider challenges to the legality of the
detention of foreign nationals captured abroad in connection with hostilities and incarcerated
at Guantanamo Bay. Ouly 2004 ). See http://news.bbc.co.ukf2.lhilamericas/3 8 67067.stm. And on
December I S, 2008, the justices ordered a Washington appeals court to review its January 2008
ruling quashing the lawsuit against former defense secretary Donald Rumsfeld and ten senior
U.S. military officers. This decision was the latest in a string of legal rebukes to the military justice
system set up by the administration of President George W. Bush to try "enemy combatants"
seized as part of the government's "war on terrorism. "
6 Jonathan Schell, "The Torture Election," The Nation, October 3 0, 2006. Accessible online at
http://www.thenation.com/doc/2.oo6I I I 3/schell.
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