Digital Modulation (Lecture 01) — All past

questions from the attached Question Bank

Below is a consolidated list of every question in the attached question bank that directly maps to
the Lecture 01 “Digital Modulation Basics” topic set (ASK/FSK/PSK/QPSK/MSK/OQPSK, M-ary
PSK/QAM, constellation/truth/phasor diagrams, coherent vs non‑coherent detection,
bandwidth/baud/Nyquist, spectra, BER/Eb/N0, matched filter, carrier recovery). Each item
preserves the original wording and gives an explicit reference to its exam set and position.

Level-3 Term-II Final Examination, 2019–20 (Course: EEE-367)

Section-A, Q1(a): What is OQPSK? Briefly explain with constellation diagram how it creates
an advantage to limit the phase shift.
Section-A, Q1(b): Briefly describe the operation of a QPSK receiver.
Section-A, Q1(c): For the QPSK modulator, construct the truth table, phasor diagram, and
constellation diagram.
Section-A, Q2(a): Draw the block diagram of an 8-PSK modulator. For a tribit input of Q = 0,
I = 0, and C = 0, determine the output phase for the 8-PSK modulator.
Section-A, Q2(b): For an 8-PSK modulator with an input data rate equal to 10 Mbps and a
carrier frequency of 70 MHz, determine the minimum double sided Nyquist BW and the
baud.
Section-A, Q2(c): For a QPSK modulator, the input data rate is 10 Mbps and carrier
frequency is 70 MHz. Determine the Nyquist bandwidth and the baud.

B.Sc. Engineering Level‑3 Term‑2 Examination, 2018–19 (Course: EEE‑367)

Section-A, Q1(a): What do you understand by keying in digital communication? Write down
the expression of an ASK signal and design a circuit to implement this equation.
Section-A, Q1(b): What is the difference between the coherent and non-coherent detection?
Explain the non-coherent detection process for BFSK signal and draw the output waveforms
of each stage.
Section-A, Q1(c): According to CCITT recommendation V.23 what should be the separation
between the mark and space frequency in BFSK. If mark and space frequencies are 2100
Hz and 1300 Hz respectively and the input bitrate is 1200 bps then find the bandwidth
required to transmit the BFSK signal. Consider the filter factor = 1.
Section-A, Q2(a): Design a 8PSK receiver. Explain the detection process mathematically if
the incoming 8PSK signal has an amplitude of 1.41V and the phase angle of -112.5°.
 Section-A, Q2(b): Explain why the output phase change in OQPSK is limited to ±90° and the
bandwidth is twice the bandwidth of QPSK. Explain with proper figure and equations.
Section-A, Q2(c): Draw the block diagram of a 8QAM transmitter and construct the truth
table, phasor diagram and constellation diagram.
Section-A, Q3(a): Draw the constellation diagram of a 16-QAM modulator. For a 16-QAM
modulator with an input data rate equal to 20 Mbps and a carrier frequency of 80 MHz,
determine the minimum double sided Nyquist bandwidth and the band. Also draw the
output spectrum.
Section-A, Q3(b): Define error probability. From the general expression of error probability,
prove that, the higher the level of encoding used, the higher the minimum carrier-to-noise
power ratio.

Level‑3 Self Study B.Sc. Engg. Final Examination, 2017 (Course: EEE‑367)
Section-B, Q5(a): Briefly explain PSK modulation and demodulation scheme with block
diagram.
Section-B, Q5(b): Show the constellation diagram for a 16QAM modulation and also mention
phases and their amplitude in a table.
Section-B, Q6(a): Draw the constellation diagram of QPSK modulator.
Section-B, Q6(b): Define bit rate and baud rate. What is the relationship between them?
Section-B, Q6(c): Sketch the magnitude spectrum of QPSK and MSK modulation schemes.
Section-B, Q8(a): “There is never more than 90° shift in the output phase of OQPSK
signals”- explain.

Level‑3 Self Study B.Sc. Engg. Final Examination, 2018 (Course: EEE‑367)
Section-B, Q6(a): What is a coherent demodulation? Explain the coherent detection of a FSK
signal.
Section-B, Q6(b): Explain M-ary. What is the difference between PSK and QAM?
Section-B, Q6(c): For a QPSK modulator, construct the truth table, phasor diagram, and
constellation diagram.
Section-B, Q7(a): What is the basic difference between MSK and GMSK? Draw the block
diagram of a MSK transmitter.
Section-B, Q7(b): Write the differences between matched filters and conventional filters.
Section-B, Q7(c): Show that, to produce maximum signal-to-noise ration, the impulse
response of a filter should be the mirror of the message signal, delayed by the symbol time
duration.
Level‑3 Short Examination, 2015 (Course: EEE‑367)
Section-A, Q1(c): Design a 8 PSK receiver for the input of 1.41sin(wt-112.5°) and hence find
out the binary output. (Also see Short 2014/2013 references for same style 8‑PSK RX
problems)
Section-A, Q2(a): For a QPSK modulator with input bit rate equals to 10 Mbps and a carrier
frequency of 70 MHz, determine the maximum Nyquist bandwidth and the baud.
Section-A, Q2(b): Briefly explain the error region for BPSK and QPSK.
Section-A, Q2(c): Design a 8 PSK receiver for the input of 1.41sin(wt-112.5") and hence find
out the binary output. (duplicate formulation across short exams)

B.Sc. Engineering Level‑3 Term‑2 Examination, 2013 (Course: EEE‑367)

Section-A, Q2(a): What is OQPSK? Show that with OQPSK the baud and minimum
bandwidth are twice that of conventional QPSK for a given transmission bit rate.
Section-A, Q2(b): Briefly describe the operating principle of a balanced ring modulator for
BPSK.
Section-A, Q2(c): For a QPSK modulator with an input data rate equal to 10 Mbps and a
carrier frequency of 70 MHz, determine the minimum Nyquist bandwidth and the baud.

B.Sc. Engineering Level‑3 Term‑2 Examination, 2016 (‘13 Batch) (Course: EEE‑367)
Section-B, Q5(b): Draw the block diagram of BPSK transmitter. Explain with the schematic
diagram how balance ring modulator works.
Section-B, Q5(c): Determine the minimum bandwidth required to achieve a bit error
probability P(e) of 10… for a 16-PSK system operating at 8 Mbps with a carrier-to-noise
power ratio of 14.2 dB. [The E/N ratio for 16-PSK to achieve P(e) of 10… is 18.2 dB].
(BER/Eb/N0 topic)
Section-B, Q6(b): Explain the bandwidth consideration for 8-PSK and show that the
minimum bandwidth is f_b/3.
Section-B, Q6(c): Explain OQPSK and 4-PSK differential modulation.
Section-B, Q7(a): Design an 8-QAM receiver for the input of 1.848sin(wt -45°) and find out
the binary output.
Section-B, Q8(b): Define Receiver Noise figure. Determine how much transmitter power will
be needed for the following digital link requiring a BER of 10… (DQPSK, Eb/N0 given).
(Eb/N0 application to digital link)
Section-B, Q8(c): Write short notes on: Circuit switching; CO packet switching; CL packet
switching. (Not core to Lecture 1; included here only if needed)
B.Sc. Engineering Level‑3 Term‑2 Examination, 2016–17 (Course: EEE‑367)
Section-B, Q6(a): State the differences between coherent and non coherent detection.
Show and explain the non coherent detection scheme for FSK and ASK modulation.
Section-B, Q6(b): Draw the magnitude spectrum of BPSK, MSK and QPSK and analyze their
relative merits and demerits.
Section-B, Q7(a): Show the block diagram for a 16-QAM modulator.

Level‑3 Self Study Examination, 2016 (Course: EEE‑367)

Section-B, Q5(c): State the differences between coherent and non-coherent detection.
Section-B, Q6(a): Draw the block diagram of QPSK transmitter and receiver. Explain how
this transmitter and receiver work for a binary input of 01.
Section-B, Q6(c): Draw the block diagrams of 8-PSK transmitter and 8-QAM transmitter. For
tribit inputs of 000 and 001, explain how only the phase changes in 8-PSK and how both
phase and amplitude change in 8-QAM.
Section-B, Q8(a): “There is never more than 90° shift in the output phase of OQPSK
signals”—Explain.
Section-B, Q8(c): Determine bandwidth efficiency for the following modulators: i) QPSK,
f_b=10 Mbps; ii) 8PSK, f_b=21 Mbps; iii) 8QAM, f_b=20 Mbps. (Bandwidth efficiency)

B.Sc. Engineering Level‑3 Short Examination, 2014 (Course: EEE‑367)

Section-A, Q1(b): “There is never more than a 90º shift in the output phase of OQPSK”,
explain it.
Section-A, Q1(c): Design an asynchronous demodulator for the BFSK modulated wave
consisting of 950 Hz mark and 750 Hz space frequency.
Section-A, Q2(a): For a QPSK modulator with input bit rate equals to 10 Mbps and a carrier
frequency of 70 MHz, determine the maximum Nyquist bandwidth and the baud.
Section-A, Q2(b): Briefly explain the error region for BPSK and QPSK.
Section-A, Q2(c): Design a 8 PSK receiver for the input of 1.41sin(wt-112.5°) and hence find
out the binary output.

Level‑3 Self‑study B.Sc. Engineering Final Examination, 2018–19 (Course: EEE‑367)

Section-B, Q5(a): What is OQPSK? Briefly explain how it creates an advantage to limit the
phase shift.
Section-B, Q5(b): For a BPSK modulator with a carrier frequency of 70 MHz and an input bit
rate of 10 Mbps, determine the maximum and minimum upper and lower side frequencies,
draw the output spectrum, determine the minimum Nyquist bandwidth and calculate the
baud.
Section-B, Q5(c): Draw the block diagram of a QPSK modulator and hence construct the
truth table, phasor diagram and constellation diagram.
 Section-B, Q6(a): The fundamental problem with MSK is that the spectrum has side lobes
extending well above the data rate. How can the problem be solved by using Gaussian
filter? Describe with proper sketch.
Section-B, Q6(b): Briefly explain the error performance for different PSK modulation
schemes.
Section-B, Q6(c): Design an Asynchronous demodulator for the BFSK modulated wave
consisting of 950 Hz mark and 750 Hz space frequency.

B.Sc. Engineering Level‑3 Term‑2 Examination, 2006–07 (Course: EEE‑367)

Section-A, Q3(a): Draw the block diagram of a QPSK transmitter and a QPSK receiver.
Explain the complete operation of both the transmitter and the receiver.
Section-A, Q3(b): Define coherent and non-coherent detection with proper examples.
Section-A, Q3(c): For a QPSK modulator with an input data rate equal to 100 Mbps and a
carrier of 1 GHz, determine the minimum Nyquist bandwidth. Also draw the output signals’
spectrum.
Section-A, Q4(b): What is DPSK signal? What is the difference between a normal PSK and
DPSK signal? Also state the advantages of DPSK.
Section-A, Q4(c): What are the advantages of MSK? Why is MSK relatively more useful in
mobile communication? Explain how a MSK signal can be generated from binary data.

B.Sc. Engineering Level‑3 Term‑2 Final Examination, 2006 (Course: EEE‑367)

Section-A, Q1(c): Write down the equations of carrier, logic‑1 and logic‑0 signal of BPSK
signal using given constellation diagrams.
Section-A, Q2(a): Prove that, the BW for FSK is given by B = 2(Δf + f_b), where symbols
have their usual meanings.
Section-A, Q2(b): Draw the non-coherent FSK receiver and show that it is not possible to
detect modulating signal from PSK signal using above mentioned detector.
Section-A, Q3(a): Draw the block diagram of QPSK modulator, truth table, phasor diagram,
constellation diagram.
Section-A, Q3(b): Draw the block diagram of QPSK receiver and show the logic conditions
when input QPSK signal is sinω_ct + cosω_ct.
Section-A, Q3(c): For a QPSK modulator with an input data rate equal to 150 Mbps and a
carrier frequency of 800 MHz, determine the minimum double sided Nyquist bandwidth and
baud rate.
Section-B, Q5(a): Explain the advantages of spread‑spectrum system. (Context for
DSSS/FHSS, adjacent to modulation topic)
Section-B, Q5(b): Explain a complete DS‑spread spectrum transmitter and a receiver in
brief.
Section-B, Q5(c): Show Eb/N0 invariance through spreading (narrowband vs spread) —
DS‑SS Eb/N0 argument.
 Section-B, Q6(c): A communication system has base‑band signal 300–3400 Hz; multiplex 3
channels with 4 kHz band — compute carriers/guard (less central to Lecture 1).

B.Sc. Engg. Level‑3 Term‑II (07 Batch) Examination, 2009–10 (Course: EEE‑367)
Section-B, Q5(c): “There is never more than a single bit change in the dibit code in OQPSK
and therefore there is never more than a 90° shift in the output phase.” — Justify the
statement for OQPSK.
Section-B, Q5(d): Draw the block diagram of a PLL‑FSK demodulator.
Section-B, Q6(a): For a QPSK modulation with an input data rate equal to 10 Mbps and a
carrier frequency of 70 MHz, determine the minimum double sided Nyquist BW and the
baud.

B.Sc. Engineering Level‑3 Term‑2 Examination, 2018 (Course: EEE‑367)

Section-B, Q6(a): Why phase shift (PSK) signal can not be detected using asynchronous
detection technique.
Section-B, Q6(b): With necessary diagram, explain the modulation and demodulation
mechanism of differential phase shift keying (DPSK).
Section-B, Q6(c): Draw the block diagram of a 8-QAM transmitter. For a tribit input of Q=0,
I=0, C=0 (000), determine the output amplitude and phase for the 8-QAM transmitter.
Section-B, Q7(a): Write the advantages of MSK over QPSK and OQPSK.
Section-B, Q7(b): Why is E_b/N_0 a natural figure of merit for digital communication
systems?
Section-B, Q7(c): The term “matched filter” is often used synonymously with correlation.
How is that possible when their mathematical operations are different?

B.Sc. Engineering Level‑3 Term‑2 Examination, 2016–17 (another set) (Course:

EEE‑367)
Section-B, Q6(a): State the differences between coherent and non‑coherent detection.
Show and explain the non‑coherent detection scheme for FSK and ASK modulation.
Section-B, Q6(b): Draw the magnitude spectrum of BPSK, MSK and QPSK and analyze their
relative merits and demerits.
Section-B, Q7(a): Show the block diagram for a 16‑QAM modulator.

Level‑3 Self Study Examination, 2012 (Course: EEE‑367)

Section-B, Q5(c): What advantages that CDMA provide than FDMA and TDMA? Why GSM
cells don’t follow the actual radiation pattern in the theoretical analysis? (first part adjacent
to spread/modulation topic)
Section-B, Q5(c) [other set]: Draw the block diagram of a QPSK modulator and hence
construct the truth table, phasor diagram and constellation diagram. (appears across sets)
 Section-B, Q6(b): Briefly explain the error performance for different PSK modulation
schemes. (appears also in 2018–19 self‑study)
Section-B, Q6(c): Design an Asynchronous demodulator for the BFSK modulated wave
consisting of 950 Hz mark and 750 Hz space frequency. (recurs)

If any additional variants of the same problem appear duplicated across years (e.g., QPSK
bandwidth/baud at 70 MHz and 10 Mbps; 8‑PSK tribit 000 phase; OQPSK ±90° phase limitation;
constellation/truth/phasor for QPSK/8‑QAM/16‑QAM; BFSK non‑coherent/coherent demod;
MSK/GMSK/gaussian filtering; BPSK transmitter/ring modulator; matched filter SNR; BER/Eb/N0)
they are considered covered under the closest match above.
Model: Perplexity AI
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1. Lecture01_Digital-Modulation-Techniques.pdf
2. QB_EEE-473_Telecommunication-Engineering.pdf