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Modeling the Wireless
Propagation Channel
A Simulation Approach with MATLAB1

F. Pérez Fontán and P. Mariño Espiñeira

University of Vigo, Spain
Modeling the Wireless
Propagation Channel
Wiley Series on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

Series Editors: Dr Xuemin (Sherman) Shen, University of Waterloo, Canada

Dr Yi Pan, Georgia State University, USA

The ‘‘Wiley Series on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing’’ is a series of

comprehensive, practical and timely books on wireless communication and network
systems. The series focuses on topics ranging from wireless communication and coding
theory to wireless applications and pervasive computing. The books offer engineers and
other technical professionals, researchers, educators, and advanced students in these fields
with invaluable insight into the latest developments and cutting-edge research.

Other titles in the series:

Mišić and Mišić: Wireless Personal Area Networks: Performance, Interconnections and
Security with IEEE 802.15.4, January 2007, 978-0-470-51847-2

Takagi and Walke: Spectrum Requirement Planning in Wireless Communications: Model

and Methodology for IMT-Advanced, April 2008, 978-0-470-98647-9

Ippolito: Satellite Communications Systems Engineering: Atmospheric Effects, Satellite Link

Design and System Performance, September 2008, 978-0-470-72527-6

Lin and Sou: Charging for All-IP Telecommunications, September 2008, 978-0-470-77565-3

Myung: Single Carrier FDMA: A New Air Interface for 3GPP Long Term Evolution,
November 2008, 978-0-470-72449-1

Hart, Tao and Zhou: IEEE 802.16j Mobile Multihop Relay, March 2009,
978-0-470-99399-6

Qian, Muller and Chen: Security in Wireless Networks and Systems, May 2009,
978-0-470-51212-8

Wang, Kondi, Luthra and Ci: 4G Wireless Video Communications, May 2009,
978-0-470-77307-9

Cai, Shen and Mark: Multimedia for Wireless Internet–Modeling and Analysis, May 2009,
978-0-470-77065-8

Stojmenovic: Wireless Sensor and Actuator Networks: Algorithms and Protocols for
Scalable Coordination and Data Communication, August 2009, 978-0-470-17082-3
Modeling the Wireless
Propagation Channel
A Simulation Approach with MATLAB1

F. Pérez Fontán and P. Mariño Espiñeira

University of Vigo, Spain
This edition first published 2008
# 2008 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

Registered office
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission
to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.

The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be
available in electronic books.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product
names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The
publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide
accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the
publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the
services of a competent professional should be sought.

MATLAB1 is a trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. and is used with permission. The MathWorks does not warrant
the accuracy of the text or exercises in this book. This book’s use or discussion of MATLAB1 software or related products
does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by The MathWorks of a particular pedagogical approach or particular
use of the MATLAB1 software.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Pérez Fontán, F.
Modeling the wireless propagation channel : a simulation approach with MATLAB1 / F. Pérez Fontán and
P. Mariño Espiñeira.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-72785-0 (cloth)
1. Mobile communication systems – Computer simulation. 2. Radio wave propagation – Computer simulation.
3. Radio wave propagation – Mathematical models. 4. Antennas (Electronics) – Computer simulation.
5. MATLAB1. I. Mariño Espiñeira, P. II. Title.
TK6570.M6P45 2008
621.384’ 11–dc22 2008014495

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 978-0-470-72785-0 (HB)

Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Thomson Digital Noida, India.

Printed in Singapore by Markono Print Media Pte Ltd, Singapore.
For Tere, Nando and, especially, Celia
For Marysol, Roy and Iria
Contents

About the Series Editors xi

Preface xiii

Acknowledgments xvii

1 Introduction to Wireless Propagation 1

1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Wireless Propagation Basics 4
1.3 Link Budgets 9
1.4 Projects 12
Project 1.1: Fast Fading Series 12
Project 1.2: Shadowing Plus Multipath 19
Project 1.3: Complex Envelope Series 23
1.5 Summary 26
References 26
Software Supplied 27

2 Shadowing Effects 29
2.1 Introduction 29
2.2 Projects 39
Project 2.1: Knife-Edge Diffraction Calculations by Means
of Numerical Integration 39
Project 2.2: Knife-Edge Diffraction Calculations Using
Functions C and S 41
Project 2.3: Simple Building Shadowing Model 42
Project 2.4: Simple Street Model. Correlated Shadowing Series 46
Project 2.5: Terrain Effects. Four-Ray Model 48
Project 2.6: Other Screen Shadowing Scenarios 51
Project 2.7: Terrain Effects. Edwards and Durkin Method 54
2.3 Summary 59
References 59
Software Supplied 60
viii Contents

3 Coverage and Interference 61

3.1 Introduction 61
3.2 Hata Model 65
3.3 Projects 66
Project 3.1: Generating Realistic Series with Path Loss and Shadowing 66
Project 3.2: Generating Partially Cross-Correlated Shadowing Series 71
Project 3.3: Area Coverage 75
Project 3.4: Multiple Interference 78
3.4 Summary 81
References 82
Software Supplied 82

4 Introduction to Multipath 83
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Projects 84
Project 4.1: Direct Signal, Angle of Arrival and Doppler Shift 84
Project 4.2: Direct and Reflected Signals 91
Project 4.3: Two Scatterers 94
Project 4.4: Multiple Scatterers 97
Project 4.5: Standing Wave due to Multipath 99
Project 4.6: Quasi-standing Wave 100
Project 4.7: Link Between Moving Terminals 102
4.3 Summary 103
References 103
Software Supplied 104

5 Multipath: Narrowband Channel 105

5.1 Introduction 105
5.2 Projects 105
Project 5.1: The Clarke Model 106
Project 5.2: The Rice Channel 117
Project 5.3: Rayleigh Channel Simulator using Sinusoidal Generators 119
Project 5.4: Simulator using Two Filtered Gaussians in Quadrature.
Butterworth Response 123
Project 5.5: Diversity and Combining at the Mobile Station 129
Project 5.6: Diversity and Combining at the Base Station 131
5.3 Summary 135
References 135
Software Supplied 135

6 Shadowing and Multipath 137

6.1 Introduction 137
6.2 Projects 137
Project 6.1: The Suzuki Model 137
Project 6.2: Power Control 142
Contents ix

Project 6.3: The Loo Model 146

6.3 Summary 150
References 151
Software Supplied 151

7 Multipath: Wideband Channel 153

7.1 Introduction 153
7.2 Deterministic Multiple Point-Scatterer Model 155
7.3 Channel System Functions 157
7.4 Stochastic Description of the Wireless Channel 160
7.5 Projects 165
Project 7.1: Time-Varying Frequency Response 165
Project 7.2: Ideal Channel in the Time-Delay Domain
and Channel Sounding 172
Project 7.3: The Scattering Function 176
Project 7.4: Tapped Delay-Line Models – COST 207 179
7.6 Summary 184
References 184
Software Supplied 185

8 Propagation in Microcells and Picocells 187

8.1 Introduction 187
8.2 Review of Some Propagation Basics 187
8.3 Microcell and Picocell Empirical Models 195
8.4 Projects 197
Project 8.1: The Two-Ray Model 197
Project 8.2: Street Canyon Propagation 202
Project 8.3: Side Street Scenario 204
Project 8.4: Wideband Indoor Propagation – The Saleh–
Valenzuela Model 205
Project 8.5: Building Penetration Through Windows 209
8.5 Summary 211
References 211
Software Supplied 212

9 The Land Mobile Satellite Channel 213

9.1 Introduction 213
9.2 Projects 214
Project 9.1: Two-State Markov Model 214
Project 9.2: Coverage Using Constellations of Satellites 219
Project 9.3: LMS Propagation in Virtual Cities 221
Project 9.4: Doppler Shift 224
9.3 Summary 226
References 226
Software Supplied 227
x Contents

10 The Directional Wireless Channel 229

10.1 Introduction 229
10.2 MIMO Systems 229
10.3 Projects 236
Project 10.1: Generating Clustered Point-Scatterer Propagation
Scenarios 236
Project 10.2: MIMO Channel Modeling Using the Multiple
Point Scatterers 240
Project 10.3: Statistical Modeling of the MIMO Channel 244
10.4 Summary 247
References 247
Software Supplied 248

Index 249
About the Series Editors

Xuemin (Sherman) Shen (M’97-SM’02) received the B.Sc. degree in

electrical engineering from Dalian Maritime University, China in 1982,
and the M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees (both in electrical engineering) from
Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA, in 1987 and 1990, respectively.
He is a Professor and University Research Chair, and the Associate
Chair for Graduate Studies, Department of Electrical and Computer
Engineering, University of Waterloo, Canada. His research focuses on
mobility and resource management in interconnected wireless/wired
networks, UWB wireless communications systems, wireless security,
and ad hoc and sensor networks. He is a co-author of three books, and has published more
than 300 papers and book chapters in wireless communications and networks, control and
filtering. Dr. Shen serves as a Founding Area Editor for IEEE Transactions on Wireless
Communications; Editor-in-Chief for Peer-to-Peer Networking and Application; Associate
Editor for IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology; KICS/IEEE Journal of Commu-
nications and Networks, Computer Networks; ACM/Wireless Networks; and Wireless
Communications and Mobile Computing (Wiley), etc. He has also served as Guest Editor
for IEEE JSAC, IEEE Wireless Communications, and IEEE Communications Magazine.
Dr. Shen received the Excellent Graduate Supervision Award in 2006, and the Outstanding
Performance Award in 2004 from the University of Waterloo, the Premier’s Research
Excellence Award (PREA) in 2003 from the Province of Ontario, Canada, and the
Distinguished Performance Award in 2002 from the Faculty of Engineering, University of
Waterloo. Dr. Shen is a registered Professional Engineer of Ontario, Canada.

Dr. Yi Pan is the Chair and a Professor in the Department of Computer

Science at Georgia State University, USA. Dr. Pan received his B.Eng.
and M.Eng. degrees in computer engineering from Tsinghua Univer-
sity, China, in 1982 and 1984, respectively, and his Ph.D. degree in
computer science from the University of Pittsburgh, USA, in 1991. Dr.
Pan’s research interests include parallel and distributed computing,
optical networks, wireless networks, and bioinformatics. Dr. Pan has
published more than 100 journal papers with over 30 papers published
in various IEEE journals. In addition, he has published over 130 papers
in refereed conferences (including IPDPS, ICPP, ICDCS, INFOCOM, and GLOBECOM).
He has also co-edited over 30 books. Dr. Pan has served as an editor-in-chief or an editorial
xii About the Series Editors

board member for 15 journals including five IEEE Transactions and has organized
many international conferences and workshops. Dr. Pan has delivered over 10 keynote
speeches at many international conferences. Dr. Pan is an IEEE Distinguished Speaker
(2000–2002), a Yamacraw Distinguished Speaker (2002), and a Shell Oil Colloquium
Speaker (2002). He is listed in Men of Achievement, Who’s Who in America, Who’s Who in
American Education, Who’s Who in Computational Science and Engineering, and Who’s
Who of Asian Americans.
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