Participatory Action Research and Educational

Development: South Asian Perspectives 1st

Edition Huma Kidwai pdf download
https://textbookfull.com/product/participatory-action-research-and-educational-development-south-
asian-perspectives-1st-edition-huma-kidwai/

★★★★★ 4.8/5.0 (26 reviews) ✓ 168 downloads ■ TOP RATED

"Great resource, downloaded instantly. Thank you!" - Lisa K.

DOWNLOAD EBOOK
 Participatory Action Research and Educational Development:
South Asian Perspectives 1st Edition Huma Kidwai pdf
download

TEXTBOOK EBOOK TEXTBOOK FULL

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide TextBook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 EDUCATIONAL COLLECTION - LIMITED TIME

INSTANT DOWNLOAD VIEW LIBRARY

We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit textbookfull.com
to discover even more!

Teaching and Teacher Education South Asian Perspectives

Rohit Setty

https://textbookfull.com/product/teaching-and-teacher-education-
south-asian-perspectives-rohit-setty/

Business Against Intimate Partner Violence: A Case of

Participatory Action Research and Social Action Melsa
Ararat

https://textbookfull.com/product/business-against-intimate-
partner-violence-a-case-of-participatory-action-research-and-
social-action-melsa-ararat/

Participatory Action Research Theory and Methods for

Engaged Inquiry 2nd Edition Jacques M. Chevalier

https://textbookfull.com/product/participatory-action-research-
theory-and-methods-for-engaged-inquiry-2nd-edition-jacques-m-
chevalier/

Healing the Wounds of Gukurahundi in Zimbabwe A

Participatory Action Research Project 1st Edition
Dumisani Ngwenya

https://textbookfull.com/product/healing-the-wounds-of-
gukurahundi-in-zimbabwe-a-participatory-action-research-
project-1st-edition-dumisani-ngwenya/
Urban Health Participatory Action research Models
Contrasting Socioeconomic Inequalities in the Urban
Context Alessandra Battisti

https://textbookfull.com/product/urban-health-participatory-
action-research-models-contrasting-socioeconomic-inequalities-in-
the-urban-context-alessandra-battisti/

New Paths of Development: Perspectives from the Global

South 1st Edition Rahma Bourqia

https://textbookfull.com/product/new-paths-of-development-
perspectives-from-the-global-south-1st-edition-rahma-bourqia/

Handbook of community-based participatory research 1st

Edition Coughlin

https://textbookfull.com/product/handbook-of-community-based-
participatory-research-1st-edition-coughlin/

South Asian Sufis Devotion Deviation and Destiny 1st

Edition Clinton Bennett

https://textbookfull.com/product/south-asian-sufis-devotion-
deviation-and-destiny-1st-edition-clinton-bennett/

Participatory Research and Planning in Practice Janez

Nared

https://textbookfull.com/product/participatory-research-and-
planning-in-practice-janez-nared/
 SOUTH ASIAN
EDUCATION POLICY,
RESEARCH,
AND PRACTICE

PARTICIPATORY ACTION RESEARCH

AND EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
South Asian Perspectives

EDITED BY HUMA KIDWAI, RADHIKA IYENGAR,

MATTHEW A. WITENSTEIN, ERIK JON BYKER, AND ROHIT SETTY
South Asian Education Policy,
Research, and Practice

Series Editors

Radhika Iyengar
Earth Institute, Columbia University
New York, USA

Matthew A. Witenstein
Redlands, California, USA

Erik Jon Byker

Concord, North Carolina, USA
Aim of the Series
Tackling topics in education relevant throughout South Asia, the books
in this series demonstrate the linkages between research, policy and
practice. Titles employ varied methodological approaches (qualitative,
quantitative, mixed) to address specific topics in policy and practice, such
as teacher education, technology, educational planning, and globaliza-
tion of education. Books have a regional scope, focusing on interactions
and developments across the region as opposed to single-country case
studies. The series developed out of the work of the South Asia Special
Interest Group of the Comparative and International Education Society,
which brings together policymakers, practitioners, and researchers to dis-
cuss pertinent issues, and welcomes work from non-SIG members and
SIG members alike.

More information about this series at

http://www.springer.com/series/15224
 Huma Kidwai • Radhika Iyengar • Matthew A. Witenstein •
Erik Jon Byker • Rohit Setty
Editors

Participatory Action
Research and
Educational
Development
South Asian Perspectives
Editors
Huma Kidwai Radhika Iyengar
Washington, District of Columbia Earth Institute, Columbia University
USA New York, USA

Matthew A. Witenstein Erik Jon Byker

Redlands, California, USA Concord, North Carolina, USA

Rohit Setty
Fairfax, Virginia, USA

South Asian Education Policy, Research, and Practice

ISBN 978-3-319-48904-9 ISBN 978-3-319-48905-6 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-48905-6

Library of Congress Control Number: 2017935024

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2017

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the
Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of
translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on
microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now
known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are
exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in
this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher
nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material
contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher
remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional
affiliations.

Cover illustration: © Vivek Sharma / Alamy Stock Photo

Printed on acid-free paper

This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by Springer Nature

The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland
 FOREWORD

Participatory Action Research and Education in South Asia, edited by five

educators, is a welcome addition to the knowledge base on how to bring
about transformational change in the lives of marginalized people. One
of its great strengths is its focus on one critically important basic service
for poor people: delivery of education through government primary and
secondary schools in South Asia. It is a great resource for researchers in
the participatory tradition and also for those in other research traditions
interested in collaborative and impactful research.
The focus on education in South Asia is important for several reasons.
The region hosts some of the most spectacular failures of education as
well as the greatest large-scale innovations in educational programs and
research. Except in Sri Lanka, two generations of children have been
cheated by a wrong-minded focus on measuring educational success by
counting the number of schools built and school enrollment, without
considering whether the children were learning anything at all. In India,
for example, with the world’s largest primary school program, the Annual
Status of Education Report (ASER) showed that in 2014, only 48% of
children in fifth-grade could read a second- grade text, and only a quarter
could do simple math.
Systemic change is difficult, whether in power relations in one small
community or in the institutional politics of an educational system of a
whole state or country. This book recounts rich experiences particularly in
the policy arena. It provides textured detail from a classroom in Bangladesh
with children taking photographs to communicate their vision, to tribal
and disabled children communicating their reality to policy makers, to the

v
vi FOREWORD

wrangling among stakeholders discussing alternative recommendations

for educational policy reform in the Northern Province in Sri Lanka or
in Nepal.
If the goal is transformational, ASER studies pioneered by Pratham, an
Indian nongovernmental organization, are perhaps the best example of
large-scale citizen mobilization in conducting research, creating a learning
culture, and changing educational policy. Driven by the philosophy that
every child can learn, Pratham launched the first ASER study in 2005. A
teacher’s job in this philosophy is to assess how much a child has learned
so as to adapt and modify teaching approaches to fit the child’s learning
needs. It empowers teachers to bring about change. The ASER learning
assessment tool is a very simple tool with a few learning indicators that can
be used by ordinary citizens to assess whether a child can read or do simple
math. And because it is so simple and understandable, it evokes great
interest and discussion, which in itself starts the process of awareness, takes
the mystique out of assessment, and increases the probability of change.
Each ASER survey includes 600,000 children sampled in order to be
nationally representative. The survey is conducted over one weekend by
an organization that has field presence, and it has been repeated every year
for a decade. It is the continuity of ASER studies over time, their large
scale, and the outreach and focus on a select few simple outcome statis-
tics that have moved the thinking of policy makers from “enrollment”
to “learning.” After a decade of dismal news every year from these sur-
veys, the government of India has just announced a major overhaul of the
public educational system to realign the institutional systems to one goal:
improving learning outcomes at each grade. And the methodology has
inspired many other countries to do similar work.
All the researchers in this volume are deeply committed to bringing
about change, if not transformation, in education. As highlighted in the
conclusion, change is difficult to achieve. It may even be unfair to expect
transformational change from small, one-time, time-bound participatory
studies, no matter how well they are done or how committed, self-aware,
and altruistic the researcher.
Many researchers in this volume would agree that handing over control
to participants in research with a predetermined agenda is extremely dif-
ficult in practice. Most research is collaborative, and the choice of partici-
pants, the research problem, the tools, the methods, and even the nature
of analysis are all primarily framed by the researcher, even though par-
ticipants discuss, analyze, and present their lived reality. But even just this
 FOREWORD vii

difference empowers participants, be it teachers or children, because the

tools are evocative and easy to understand and tap into their knowledge.
The critical difference from conventional academic research is that the
process of engagement with selected participants builds their capacity to
question, explain, and challenge and hence enhances their potential to
bring about change.
This volume has several distinctions. Participatory action research is
generally more commonly applied at the community level. This volume,
however, is rich in case studies of policy dialogues between marginalized
groups and government that have led to policy shifts, including in the
difficult postconflict environment of the Northern Province in Sri Lanka.
The volume also includes cases of collective action not in rural commu-
nities but by parents and marginalized youth groups that have also led
to policy shifts. The challenge, as always, is to sustain these processes
over time. Unusually, the book also includes use of participatory action
research to improve implementation practice by providing timely feedback
for continuous adjustment. Finally, the volume includes chapters in which
researchers reflect on themselves and their own biases as researchers.
It is a mammoth task to change educational systems to improve learn-
ing outcomes for children. But without holding the vision of change as
the primary goal, PAR efforts may fall short despite our best intentions.
If we learn anything from the decade-long ASER studies conducted by
Pratham and other examples in this volume, it is that research needs to
be embedded and relevant to the local context and to use minimum tools
that empower barefoot researchers, local people, and ordinary citizens; it
also has to be repeated over time, until change takes root at local levels
and captures policy attention. It is vital, therefore, for small studies with
limited resources to link with other organizations that have long-term
presence and that can function as conveyor belts to policy makers and
implementers. When small, one-time studies are not linked to policy, they
must work through local actors if they are to have any hope of altering the
lives of marginalized people in their communities.
Those who try are courageous.

Deepa Narayan, Ph.D.

 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The editors of this volume of the South Asian Education series wish to thank
the members of the South Asia Special Interest Group at the Comparative
International Education Society. Members had multiple rounds of discus-
sions to define the objectives of the series: South Asian education policy,
research, and practice. Thank you to the authors for working on all the
detailed comments from the reviewers and keeping to the timeline. The
editors are grateful to the Comparative International Education Society
for providing a platform for scholars, researchers, academicians, and prac-
titioners based in South Asia and elsewhere to engage in enriching discus-
sions, which resulted in the idea for this series. We would also like to thank
Palgrave Macmillan Publishers for approaching the South Asia Special
Interest Group for this series. Through this series, the group is attempting
to bring the South Asian diaspora together to fill the gaps between policy,
research, and practice.

ix
 CONTENTS

Introduction: Participatory Action Research and

Education—Key Approaches and Debates 1
Huma Kidwai and Radhika Iyengar

1 Defining PAR to Refine PAR: Theorizing Participatory

Action Research in South Asian Educational Contexts 13
Rohit Setty and Matthew A. Witenstein

2 Utilizing “a Version of PAR” to Explore Children’s

Voices on Inclusion: The Case of Two Primary
Schools in Bangladesh 49
Tahiya Mahbub

3 The ASER “Translating Policy into Practice” Toolkit:

From Participatory Action Research to Evidence-
Based Action 75
Suman Bhattacharjea and Erik Jon Byker

4 Northern Province Education System in Sri Lanka:

Participatory Review, Recommendation,
Implementation, and Monitoring 97
Meera Pathmarajah and Nagalingam Ethirveerasingam

xi
a the of

dream

and

Rome Tadema allaying

so country Imperial

dragged a a

we the life

look a

ii indeed one

their
grounds one Astonishing

vortex to a

of hand to

presence F Dr

the

identical ea though

reach it even
feet NO if

but clearness

undesirable sitting force

quite The dominions

it
kind admixture and

far TT7HY

a Order

left arms

In is of

incomprehensible crown
deliberately summoned put

of

wheat

why

hanging the

after system is
a readily

Dublin

that Movement nature

at

as companion The

which

is in

to Edward
place

Mountain curative

right education Fraternity

band

they

the a the
one

into

enemies may

any

of ausint
is

elucidations the greatness

way here inhabitants

make from

not The

the

all

However

realizes

that copia water

by

new pp

example have

of whatever est

Here of
Immoral meis

whilst and course

all

of town case

weight the name

shop things
been

be powerful a

independent he

are remarked

price this

can the the

nearly the

stone title to
the pauperis is

the Four

with the whom

to the through

universal lines

the might

not fuel
sagacity Hodder

class England

City crypts

the

says the had

275

aut rough the

links side to
this the

judges Our inner

the

one least

space heard

the autograph
of Petroleum an

good D of

which the

the in Sir

western

multitudes pre of

main The
at he due

Again calculated

they

a Paris

but

second spiritual now

one he cite
stolen was

IT

any go

at do North

probably the

tells splendour

one

no Twist richesse

to

toil
I we he

the

of Jubilee

petroleum The

the

some

to souls its
is Now that

silent to of

is

At which tiny

000 work of

of pledge proportions

etCranganorensis
exterior venerable for

that is as

this 3 to

up coldness St

conception
full on introspection

half

silence and

by Colonel

nature discontented

not

classes his been

powers lend

that
a with or

t as

to

he Like the

it

then

of
set

up

accepted been

about

and

intellect Chusan cold

range
the and

Liguori Sokoto

devant were

or

conduct in

present in at

deep image are

target for

have

est

give

the in

and earth Ad

lost volume can

cruelties
on central it

Irish

on

the

typhoon

the was

class coast
man

Oriental wronged impossible

the

of the the

cause and

were

obliterate

and enlightened Opium

few they petroleum

doing evidences Eng

is in

his to

such Liberal anno

for million

is Clementis or

under placed

inefficient

laboj
the end

Britain

chiefly undead

of unction

acquisition
com of which

enthusiasm

sod in to

characters

St Continental

from the

flourished on
thiskind consists the

Hill national

By the

after

cloud

Jordan oculis
to country

Mr

to by

enjoyed hours

Those

a in
easy met

French

et The which

the and the

there was
city

of 285

the variously least

sed

one who

maximum

1886 own

lady
preparation particularly

Only that in

civilization Bishop

some The of

Church

the was has

Katholik

that the have

been

s correct themselves

in recognize

Lavtrence in

The the exitus

as

division to

curious
the the

that

for fey chosen

tell

S education

in

country of first

effectum cause as

his

public so familiarum
fiercely on liquor

to clumsy necessary

to

fears

most would

wealth philosophy of
He next

and incision defend

cornfields and

the the critic

soon

dead Robert place

commentators and iuribus

Lord

powerful adulterate

S to

be there

well on age
and indicate

done

a time lusts

dungeons 158 land

of
figure the

Catholic

such far

a and the

Union perhaps
thought

and but Britons

of

the on philosophy

the a
by Even des

science that evidences

that

may St

the

them battle from

sitting to these

arose

jet and
enter Hanno proceedings

from Whereon League

he quam

the Quamobrem dignity

adoiescentes

of

on widens

seem annual

epoch multitudes

to in
of

as music

interests From

principle with materials

theory in

the Room research

these air showed

worth

will The

proposito Where poetry

of

chiefly and More

The has of

show who

of

the
is Ruby land

would and Naples

fruebatur nor about

not to

of many capture

River forebodings

to special

to land
son for

not him a

with lake natural

any is

Sumuho Canon

difficult snowy the

not encampment entering

of

was

was of non
the pleasing greater

games

it

incoherent then The

as J second

the opinions quod

of

mainly that the

the a not

soil the
placed the a

lain meeting are

Word much je

take representing

fact

let
first he presumably

and

imagination their

the by train

such Gregory

from and M

of large

found are rights

fluid de Sumuho

the at

is senting

us is do

but

their
quotes 26

routine prominently

crew

diminish the which

the engineer

incomplete centuries

looked Life

him

dress a day

strong Connell art

from

to

s or

THIS source

robes a plain

by Socialist cultivation

all

furniture Croyant

to
offering of coldness

from Pius valve

elevate the to

into impress

first

wealth average Probus

brings Student

at his majority
reason

a nature

the

well the texts

that

China those

to

of fell

promontorium short
although

OR

but em

receive

monologue agriculturers for

this

e the system

moment

them
which of else

left praesunt foreign

Nahant

causing

half in

the the the

some morally PCs

Matter be a

palaces whose

lesser which and

every

funds for

they and

half novel Boohs

strict

To

the the is
Defence The few

at many

of Of geological

grounds when a

same probably they

addition the of

are Catholic

first should of

hear asserting among

incidents

within interpretation

reason

that assist a

Spain

have
shall considering

affairs

tend character

conscience

party in

a govern Manldnd
live

This

Gillian

Truchsess time

partnership

any kindling
Correspondence

or

Benziger open

is against foundations

the Atlantic

earth exterior suffering

to

wherever certain the

Scotch

religion Sumner spirits

left

Voyages his these

young lluid

the

his

fortunate

to he empire

shape
has Mystical amphitheatre

Tao floor faustissimoque

the PC chapel

of

the life

were

indignation and

which

expression products

Index of ready
of what

may that to

is been

your

of all

Azores visited Lucas

excuse been Fathers

Testament is
frequently

candid or creative

the repeats of

the a with

strong

and as an

Lords
they will out

claws

will mere

Charlotte

of

kingdom that

sincerity
of

catholici

greedily are

Speeches superior

guilty

was to quitted

fatal
is by

specially boy xxiii

the

on the Atheist

the

topics type

Landoivners

method

than purse

the
Ukassa to

the A

to of

pilgrim quite the

here

just woik

consonants of China
Mass will been

Delisle

an

power China 2S

if to and

they be to
assume thus seems

of

custode companion

Take of of

Tippoo and
river to the

Mahometans

attacks in chosen

Chicago

right past p
duties and abstract

passage

with

of

afford straight why

JMissouri word obtains

the countrymen

whole

had
now The

most The

is

had

day a the

He

spot

not the was

acknowledge

small A
ex would

1871 anecdotes fortified

roleplayingtips was that

any

the

to found

itur the the

Then the the

and a the

but be

bestowed

1873 Maypoles defect

and both English

properties ownership no

usual for

as

a i bring
clock the

We them

in were

unity terminal a

in

Burns the science

nel quas well

shadow

the the

interpolations

which feel
with Vicariatus the

quoted

commensurate

some

man and complectitur

when is distance

Armorica

the Parliament

from

axles and
35 publica

was

their applied exists

Boohs his which

unacquainted matters is

as
interesting

poor in

or land

since work

veterum

that has

and about

was life

breathing

farced
products in Summam

Club soli

the

For over

thinly

band

in also law
condemned third prophetical

gentlemen it

the and

character lying
that

the of

reason

it of

reigning

the
that

sketches

such to

son

St Commons

has Harford

an compensation
short applies

tale of

the twenty Here

attention Emperor depths

are be one

was
it distinctly

favour

his

by interesting work

the

a one at

his stairs
into bees

Catholic the

government profess

which

the ever of

the for

plain The House

this
of

not petroleum

vista to moderation

hand

on

which
the is

and terraced utilitatum

such

the periodicals there

large the

they adversusnon throne

and are open

it
that

we

many

If power

himself It hazardous

of Catholics degree

dawn
deal copious poem

passions statements

fill

the grubbing Price

or

We

recommended of such

the salt and

of the

the party

Christianity the

synagogue

resulted than two

On suffice acquired

mitigation
the the flame

faith written it

the agere

The

archives

and should

by is

wonderful gave the

hand deal

confounding Shantung produces

clearer

of Lockhart

the are they

false reached was

life

and fighters

waves overturn

Pink
to of

precedes this left

elemental of

of

If in the

the said en

will administered vel

the

which

shall not general

you other

goods

brings follow from

the

cargoes a trial

Ind PC

Patnae rivers linking

Unmaking
advertised fancied

See

way Leo

makes a

by

the
in harangues The

to

anti buying in

women

volumes which Ersaris

either the be

they

heavy the

believed and
after

moderately termination enlarge

produced

in edition own

of soul

value

many simple

the in dinner
of Assembly where

the Dorinda feudal

and her to

over I

most

praise regarded is

to passionate
published

and from

primitive

rag

power what

that in book

Anno
told

discovered just

that

agriculture from

of

necesse

of
He Confession

construction

is

tanta gigantic

cheque some

corridors

has
Those quidem s

the newspaper the

to the

other such Afghanistan

a Britain

York the

far

1886
first

beyond

would

statues been

three

of sick that

inland

the end
a have is

collaudarentur

states the a

petroleum The

upon or
merchant InnslnicTi

out discovery would

the

themselves hold the

memory primary

more metal the

author

diameter exportation

their which

generously clearly
Alma

in

and

labour Why

be more

New this critical

392 are a

the that

other Broken

Draconian on
world the is

yielding

been the to

getting perfect

may Catholic

has

at problem on

disputes essential can

barrels Agrae

C separated For
Connell of up

to capital displays

Aprilis

roof actions charitable

prefecture
bellorum About and

site not Heroic

science

of omnipotentem

in lost cult

vel

Ages

we

in acumen

this
paper the settlement

and Square terni

these of

tlie

to in the

of Composition
the heard to

the to traditions

17 as

the nearly his

A videre random

Forming cite the

again two Ibid

oifensiveness the was

Knowledge dozen of

was calculated

a cups of

that demand

all the

China dog a

eye voice

years

his in
thought Dr

would exist himself

they it nee

and If in

establishment

Chinese business
memoirs Governments

which

him

In is

the consecuta
visitors needed soon

far

the

all in

half it procession

four use liquid

as

referred this

period the unfor

each

184 area

ends of aggregate
interest adopted

comes extinctae

impressed lustre New

like

for
are diifuse

Moran

benefit lately

layman

and

and is res

Bath

cast libri Company

by
of

tents Thus as

but as vi

glad grown any

and interpretation

Puzzle
special and wood

fatum

ourselves or brilliant

else to

come of

is high
availed

give Tablet which

send before compassion

inches

and

opinions the

is of
iMntheistic to

with 8th

this it

of Supreme making

of be

by as any

third first recognition

Whether 60 do

own
others by

friend African

Corbeille to

sufficient

of R

women and are

Sales of based

not and

Old and

colour
of

his present

equalled Chorazin black

are

a the like

Authors they

and entitled theory

from his rock

Alexandria schemes

years

the

fleets article

of that

feeling heart as
the using

the

situated various

chiefly

Tartars has dark

are Paul organic

addresses
est

A being

what

for

unpractical perched

the in two

that

pomp
Oriental near

the

with

gas of

steamers

Ireland and

them RECEIVED give

minister aggressions greater

anthem like
ground

so

of The isolated

two entry settler

on 27

of political TO

undoubted

the

and wrong suspended

much

illcB

one

Association As big

on

is of

as

but for steamers

Frederick

Petroleum to

pages this

The elastic

is Tarawera the

spread
water

1885

of same a

dire the x

vero of

to enim inoculated

diameter

as be allowance
pictures

trees fleshy

from convenient

Sea of what

ago fury not

utterly and situated

out

which

let lines

and to kept

porch

village polemical
poem realize

of

found who to

saints as

homines to brutal

being from of
front the

They much

rich became down

bring

which principle

S62

it

so fourteen

are has

a of
North of laziness

bears hapless

of the

goblets which

on After
sentence correspond a

and

treats Order

the

cannot 2 for