*

BOS: 12.06.2024
Faculty Meeting: ____________
B.Sc. Zoology I Semester
Major Core
ANIMAL DIVERSITY - I
Course Code: ZYBLMJ1001
Credits: 4
Sessional 30
End-Term Examination 70
Total: 100

Course To know about the salient features, classification and type studies of phylum Protozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria,
Objectives Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca and Echinodermata.

Course 1. Students get knowledge about economic importance of parasitic Protozoans, unique structural features of
Outcomes Porifera and colonial forms of Cnidarian
2. Students will be able to get knowledge about structure and life cycle of parasitic Platyhelminthes and
Nematodes.
3. Students get detail knowledge about various systems of Earthworm and Cockroach, Pila
4. Students will get to understand nature of development of Molluscans, diverse forms of Echinoderm larvae
and phylogenetic relationship of Echinoderms.

UNIT-I Protozoa: Salient features and classification up to classes; Ultra-structure and life cycle and diseases caused by
Plasmodium vivax; Leishmania donovani, Trypanosoma brucei and Entamoeba histolytica.
Porifera: Salient features and classification up to classes; Spicules; Cell types and Canal system in sponges;
Morphology and reproduction in Scypha sp.
Cnidaria & Ctenophora: Salient features and classification up to classes; Morphology and life cycle of Obelia
sp; Polymorphism in Cnidaria; Brief account of corals and coral reefs; Ctenophora: Salient features and
classification upto classes and their affinities.

UNIT-II Platyhelminthes: Salient features and classification up to classes; Morphology and life cycle of Fasciola
hepatica and Echinococcus granulosum. Parasitic adaptations in platyhelminthes.
Nematoda: Salient features and classification up to classes; Morphology and life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides
and C.elegans.

UNIT-III Annelida: Salient features and classification up to classes; Morphology, Digestive, Circulatory, Excretory and
Reproductive system of Pheretima posthuma.
Arthropoda: Salient features and classification up to classes; Morphology, digestive, respiratory, circulatory and
reproductive system of Periplaneta americana; Metamorphosis in insects (ametabolous, hemimetabolous and
holometabolous development).

UNIT-IV Mollusca: Salient features and classification up to classes; Torsion and coiling in gastropoda; Morphology,
Digestive, Respiratory, Nervous system of Pila globosa.
Echinodermata: Salient features and classification up to classes; Morphology and Water vascular system of
Asterias sp. Larval forms of echinoderms. Phylogenetic relationships of echinoderms.

Books Recommended/Suggested Reading

1) Parker &Haswell (revised by Marshal & Williams): A textbook of Zoology (Volume I)
2) Koptal: Modern Text Book of Zoology Invertebrates
3) Jordan &Verma: Invertebrate Zoology
4) Barnes: Invertebrate Zoology
 BOS: 12.06.2024
Faculty Meeting: ____________
B. Sc. Zoology I Semester
Major Core
Evolutionary Biology

Course Code: ZYBLMJ1002

Credit: 02
Sessional 30
End Term Exam 70
Total 100

Course The subject helps to understand the process of evolution and also its evidences. It also clarifies the concept of
Objectives: evolution through classical and modern theories, gene frequencies, natural selection, genetic drift and mutation
etc. The process of speciation and phylogeny also helpful for better understanding of evolutionary biology.

Course 1. It will help in understanding complete process of transformation of initial forms to complete present day
Outcomes: diversity from biochemical records and fossils etc.
2. The students will understand the significance of the use of modern tools to study process of evolution.
3. Students will get an insight of changes that leads to differences among population, species and other clads.
4. The subject will give a better understanding of origin and adaptive advancement in humans and also the
concepts and process of speciation, species formation & phylogeny.

Unit-1: Introduction to Evolution, Concept, Process and products. Types of Evolution: Microevoultion,
Macroevolution, divergent evolution, Convergent evolution and co-evolution. Origin of life. Theories of origin
of life: Theory of special creation, Theory of spontaneous generation, Theory of eternity of life, Theory of
Biogenesis, Theory of Biochemical origin of life (Chemogeny & Biogeny), Origin of Prokaryotes.
Endosymbiotic theory and origin of Eukaryotes. Evidences in favour of Evolution : Embryological evidences,
Physiological evidence.

Unit-II: Paleontological evidences of evolution: Formation of Fossils, Types of Fossils, Dating of Fossils, Geological
time scale (Era, Period & epoch) and Geological distributions of animals. Anatomical evidences of evolution:
Homology and Homologous organs, Analogy and Analogous organs, Vestigial organs, atavism. Theories of
evolution: Lamarckism, Neo Lamarckism, Darwinism and Neo Darwinism. Evo devo approach.

Unit-III: Sources of Variations: Mutation, Selection, Genetic drift, Gene flow and Migration. Natural selection:
Significance and types: Disruptive, directional and stabilizing. Phylogeny: definition and monophyletic,
polyphyletic and paraphyletic clads. Phylogenetic trees.

Unit-IV: Concept of Species & speciation: allopatric, sympatric, parapatric and peripatric. General Characters and
classification of primates with special reference to family hominidae.Origin and evolution of Primates. Origin
and evolution of man from Australopithecus to Homo sapiens sapiens.

Books Recommended/Suggested Reading:

1. Introduction to Evolution by Moodey

2. Genetic and the Origin of the species by Th. Dobzang
3. Evolution by Strickberger
4. Organic Evolution by Veer Bala Rastogi
 BOS: 12.06.2024
Faculty Meeting: ____________
B.Sc. Zoology I Semester
Minor Core
BIOLOGY OF NON-CHORDATES

Course Code: ZYBLMN1003

Credits: 4
Sessional: 30
End-Term Exam: 70
Total: 100

Course To know about the salient features, classification and type studiesof phylum Protozoa, Porifera, Cnidaria,
Objectives Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca and Echinodermata.

Course 1. Students get knowledge about economic importance of parasitic Protozoans, unique structural features of
Outcomes Porifera and colonial forms of Cnidarian
2. Students will be able to get knowledge about structure and life cycle of parasitic Platyhelminthes and
Nematodes.
3. Students get detail knowledge about various systems of Earthworm and Cockroach, Pila.
4. Students will get to understand nature of development of Molluscans, diverse forms of Echinoderm larvae.

UNIT-I Protozoa: Salient features and classification up to classes; Morphology and life cycle and diseases caused by
Plasmodium vivax and Entamoeba histolytica.
Porifera: Salient features and classification up to classes; Spicules; Cell types and Canal system in sponges.
Cnidaria & Ctenophora: Salient features and classification up to classes; Polymorphism in Cnidaria; Brief
account of corals and coral reefs; Ctenophora: Characters and affinities.

UNIT-II Platyhelminthes: Salient features and classification up to classes; Morphology and life cycle of Fasciola
hepatica. Parasitic adaptations in Platyhelminthes.
Nematoda: Salient features and classification up to classes; Morphology and life cycle of Ascaris lumbricoides.

UNIT-III Annelida: Salient features and classification up to classes; Morphology, Digestive and Reproductive system of
Pheretima posthuma.
Arthropoda: Salient features and classification up to classes; Morphology, digestive and reproductive system of
Periplaneta americana; Metamorphosis in insects (ametabolous, hemimetabolous, holometabolous development).

UNIT-IV Mollusca: Salient features and classification up to classes; Morphology, Digestive, Nervous system and Sense
organs of Pila globosa.
Echinodermata: Salient features and classification up to classes; Morphology and Water vascular system of
Asterias sp. Larval forms and development of echinoderms.

Books Recommended:

1. Parker & Haswell (revised by Marshal & Williams): A textbook of Zoology (Volume I)
2. Koptal: Modern Text Book of Zoology Invertebrates
3. Jordan &Verma: Invertebrate Zoology
4. Barnes: Invertebrate Zoology
 BOS: 12.06.2024
Faculty Meeting: ____________
B.Sc. Zoology I Semester
Generic Elective - I
Insect Borne Diseases and their Control
Course Code: ZYBLGE1004
Credits: 4
Sessional: 30
End-Term Examination: 70
Total: 100

Students will become aware of the significance of the involvement of invertebrate host responsible for
Course the transmission of various diseases and their control using multi-prompt control measures.
Objective

After learning the biology and life cycle of insect vectors the students will become aware of their
Course appropriate stages where the suitable control measures will be applied to check the insect borne
Outcome diseases, particularly undertaking the prophylactic measures.

Introduction to insect vectors and insect borne-diseases; Classification of medically important orders of
Unit-1: Insecta: Diptera, Siphonaptera, Anoplura, Hemiptera; Biological and mechanical vectors; Morphology
and identification of insect vectors; General methods of insect control.

Unit-II: Biology, transmission, pathogenesis and control of mosquito-borne diseases viz, Malaria, Dengue,
Filariasis, Chikungunya, Zika virus, Japanese encephalitis.
House-fly biology, disease transmission and control.

Biology, transmission, pathogenesis of Black fly, Sand fly and Tse-tse fly-borne diseases viz,
Unit-III: Onchocerciasis, Leishmaniasis, Oroya fever, Sleeping sickness. Methods of fly control.

Biology, transmission, pathogenesis and control of louse borne diseases, viz, Typhus.
Unit-IV: Biology, transmission, pathogenesis and control of flea-borne diseases, viz, Plague.
Types of myiasis, their classification with special reference to some important myiasis causing flies and
their control.

Books recommended:

1. Clinical Parasitology by Belding

2. Entomology by Roy and Brown
3. Medical Entomology by Mike W. Service
4. Medical Entomology: A handbook of medically important insects and other Arthropods by B.K. Tyagi
 BOS: 12.06.2024
Faculty Meeting: ____________
B.Sc. Zoology II Semester
Major Core
ANIMAL DIVERSITY-II

Course Code: ZYBLMJ2001

Credits: 4
Sessional 30
End-Term Examination 70
Total: 100

Course To study salient features and classification of Protochordata, Chordata. Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia. Aves and
Objective Mammalia alongwith type study of Scoliodon, Uromastix and Rabbit.

Course Students will learn to:

Outcome 1. Identify animals of various groups and also about retrogressive metamorphosis.
2. Distinguish fishes and amphibians of various groups; and about unique features like fish migration and
neoteny in Amphibians.
3. Distinguish reptilians of various groups and difference between poisonous and non-poisonous snakes.
4. Distinguish various groups of birds and Mammals and about unique features like flight and migration in
birds.

UNIT-I Introduction to Hemicordata. Affinities and systematic position.

Introduction to Chordates. General characters. Classification up to Orders of Urochordata and
Cephalochordata. Retrogressive metamorphosis in Urochordata.
Introduction to Vertebrata. General characters and classification up to Orders of Agnatha. Introduction to
Superclass: Pisces and Tetrapoda

UNIT-II Superclass Pisces: General characters and Classification up to Orders, Lung fishes, Characteristics and
distribution, Locomotion in fishes, Coloration.
Scoliodon: Morphology, Exoskeleton, Digestive, Circulatory and Urinogenital system.
Superclass Tetrapoda
Class Amphibia: General characters and Classification up to Orders, Neoteny, Adaptation to amphibious mode
of life.

UNIT-III Class Reptilia: General characters and classification up to Orders. Adaptation of reptiles as the land
vertebrates. Poisonous and non-poisonous snakes. Poison apparatus and biting mechanism.
Uromastix: Morphology, Digestive, Respiratory, Circulatory and Urinogenital system.

UNIT-IV Class Aves: General characters and classification up to Orders. Adaptation to aerial mode of life. Flight muscles
and flight mechanism, Types of beaks in birds, Sexual dimorphism in birds.
Class Mammalia: General characters and classification up to Orders. Egg laying Mammals and Marsupials.
Aquatic adaptation in Mammals. Adaptations and diversity in Primates.
Oryctolagus (Rabbit): Morphology, Digestive, Circulatory and Urinogenital system.

Books recommended:
1. Parker & Haswell: Textbook of Zoology-Vertebrates (Vol. II) (Revised by Marshall & Williams)
2. Young: The life of vertebrates
3. Kotpal: Modern Textbook of Zoology-Vertebrates
4. Jordan &Verma: Chordate Zoology
 BOS: 12.06.2024
Faculty Meeting: ____________
B.Sc. Zoology II Semester
Major Core
ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR

Course Code ZYBLMJ2002

Credits: 02
Sessional 30
End Term Exam 70
Total 100

Course The course introduces Ethology, and kinds of animal behaviour and social organization, besides the amazing art
Objectives: of communication, movements, territoriality, parental care witnessed in animal world. The concept pertaining to
innate and inherent behaviour of animals, and chronobiology will also be delivered.

Course The students will be able to understand the world of animals with respect to the
Outcomes: 1. Various types of behaviour exhibited by different animals related to their foraging, breeding, migration,
forming territories for survival.
2. Learning process both innate and learnt, its neural and hormonal control, social hierarchy, selection and
organization.
3. Numerous types of communications used and
4. Different aspects of biological clock and biological rhythms.

Unit-I Introduction to animal behaviour: Brief history and scope. Types of stimuli: internal and external cues. Kinds
of behaviour: feeding behaviour, territorial behaviour, reproductive behaviour and parental care, defensive
behaviour.

Unit-II Innate behaviour: Patterns of innate behaviour: kinesis, taxis, simple reflexes, instinct and motivation. Neural
control of behaviour. Hormonal control of behaviour: Ring Dove and Red Deer. Communication in animals:
components and types

.Unit-III Learning/Learnt Behaviour: habituation, imprinting, conditioned reflex, trial and error learning, latent and insight
learning. Social behaviour: Altruism and reciprocal altruism. Social organization: honey bee and naked mole rat.

Unit-IV Biological clocks: circadian and circannual rhythms, tidal, solar and lunar rhythms, Advantages of biological
rhythms. Applications of chronobiology. Migratory behaviour in fish and birds. Allelomimetic and
maladaptive/abnormal behaviour in Animals.

Books recommended/Suggested Readings:

1. Animal Behaviour (Ethology): Reena Mathur (Rastogi Publications)
2. Ethology (Animal Behaviour): S. Prasad (Ahead Publications)
3. Animal Behaviour (Ethology): David McFarland (Longman)
4. Animal Behaviour (Ethology): V. K. Agarwal (S. Chand Publications)
5. Animal Behaviour: Manning & Dawkins (Cambridge)
6. Animal Behaviour: Graham Scott (Blackwell Publishing)
 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022
B.Sc. Zoology II Semester
Minor Core
BIOLOGY OF CHORDATES
Course Code: ZYBLMN2003
Credits: 04
Sessional 30
End Term Exam 70
Total 100

Course Objective To study salient features and classification of Protochordata, Chordata. Pisces, Amphibia, Reptilia,
Aves and Mammalia.

Course Outcome Students will learn to:

1. Identify animals of various groups and also about retrogressive metamorphosis.
2. Distinguish fishes and amphibians of various groups; and about unique features like fish migration
and neoteny in Amphibians.
3. Distinguish reptilians of various groups and also between poisonous and non-poisonous snakes.
4. Distinguish various groups of birds and Mammals and about unique features like flight and
migration in birds.

UNIT-I Introduction to Hemichordata; Affinities and systematic position.Introduction to Chordates. General

characters, Classification up to Orders of Urochordata and Cephalochordata; Retrogressive
metamorphosis in Urochordata. Introduction to Vertebrata. General characters and classification up to
Orders of Agnatha.Introduction to Superclass: Pisces and Tetrapoda.

UNIT-II Superclass Pisces: General characters and Classification up to Orders; Lung fishes: Characteristics and
distribution; Locomotion in fishes; Migration in fishes; Coloration.
Superclass Tetrapoda Class Amphibia: General characters and Classification up to Orders; Parental
care; Neoteny.

UNIT-III Class Reptilia: General characters and classification up to Orders; Adaptation of reptiles as the land
vertebrates; Poisonous and non-poisonous snakes; Poison apparatus and biting mechanism.Class Aves:
General characters and classification up to Orders; Adaptation to aerial mode of Life; Flight muscles
and flight mechanism; Migration in Birds; Sexual dimorphism in birds.

UNIT-IV Class Mammalia: General characters and classification up to Orders; Egg laying Mammals and
Marsupials; Aquatic adaptation in Mammals; Parental care; Social organisation in Primates;
Adaptations and diversity in Primates.

Books recommended:
1. Parker & Haswell: Textbook of Zoology-Vertebrates (Vol. II) (Revised by Marshall & Williams)
2. Young: The life of vertebrates
3. Kotpal: Modern Textbook of Zoology-Vertebrates
4. Jordan &Verma: Chordate Zoology
 BOS: 12.06.2024
Faculty Meeting: ____________
B.Sc. Zoology II Semester
Generic Elective II
Poultry Farming
Course Code: ZYBLGE2004
Credits: 04
Sessional 30
End Term Exam 70
Total 100
Course Poultry Industry is one of the fastest growing segments of the agricultural section today in India and provides a
Objective: cheap source of protein to large population, in addition to being a great employment opportunity for the job
seeking people. This course is designed for zoology undergraduate students to introduce to them nearly all
aspects of poultry birds and their commercial rearing.

Learning The expected outcomes of the course are to:

Outcome: 1. become familiar with various poultry birds, their biology & rearing techniques, detailed account of chicken
breeds & their characteristics, traits and their inheritance
2. acquire rearing skills of chickens under several systems food with emphasis on, feeding and housing, of layers
& broilers.
3. Acquire understanding of various disease-causing pathogens, and parasites of poultry and their management.
4. understand methods of grading of product, quality control, value addition & successful marketing.

Unit-I: Poultry Breeds

Introduction to Poultry Farming; Poultry birds viz chicken, duck, turkey, quail and emu Commercial breeds of
chicken viz. Indian, American, English, Oriental and Mediterranean Breeds. Mendelian traits in poultry.
Inheritance of qualitative traits in poultry and their usefulness. Inheritance of comb types.
Quantitative/Economically important traits and their heritability.

Unit-II: Poultry Rearing

System of rearing viz Range-Semi-Intensive and Intensive, Deep litter system and individual cage system of
rearing. Floor space requirement, Design of poultry houses like brooder, grower, broiler layer and cage houses.
Egg incubation: natural vs artificial. Nutritional requirement, Different systems of feeding wet mash, dry mash,
crumble and pellet feeding. Food and feeding of Breeders and Broilers.

Unit-III: Poultry Health Management

Common diseases of poultry- bacterial, viral, fungal, protozoan, and parasitic diseases, their prevention, control
and treatment. Metabolic and nutrient deficiency disorders. Vaccination and deworming programmes. General
farm sanitation and hygiene. Safe disposal of dead birds and farm waste. Stress control: Heat stroke, cold shock.

Unit-IV: Poultry Products, Marketing and Economics

Structure, chemical compositions and nutritive value of egg. Various measures of egg quality. Weight and
quality grades of egg as per BIS, Agmark and USDA standards. HACCP System. Processing, packing,
preservations and grading of poultry meat. Transportation of eggs and chicken. Poultry industry in India – past,
present and future prospects.

Books Recommended
1. Poultry farming in the East by A.R. Fawkes
2. Poultry Keeping in India by P.M.N. Naidu
3. Handbook of Animal Husbandry by ICAR
4. Applied Zoology by Nagendra S. Pawar
5. Roundworm of Poultry By P.G. Deo
6. Economic Zoology by Prakash Malhotra
 BOS: 12.06.2024
Faculty Meeting: ____________
B.Sc. Zoology III-Semester
Animal Physiology
Major Core
Course Code: ZYBLMJ3001
Credits: 04
Sessional 30
End-Term Examination 70
Total: 100
Course The course is designed to impart the knowledge of the fundamental principles of animal physiology. The
Objective: concepts of structural and functional complexity of each of the major physiological systems and the diversity
therein will be addressed in detail to help students understand the dynamic and multilayered nature of
physiological processes

Learning 1. The students will be expected to know the details about the nutritional requirement & digestive
Outcome: system.Functioning of circulatory system and types of immune defense.
2. The students will be expected to have detailed understanding of the mechanism of respiration, muscle
contraction, and thermoregulation in homeo and poikilotherms.
3. The students would be able to understand the intricate structures and underlying physiological mechanisms
of all the organs and systems enlisted in the unit.
4. The students would be able to explain the process of urine formation and various regulatory mechanisms,
osmoregulation in fresh- marine water organisms, estrous and menstrual cycle, pregnancy and parturition and
several methods of contraception.

Unit-I: Nutrition, Digestion, Circulation

Requirements of the body; Biological significance of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals.
Digestion, assimilation and role of liver.Blood-cells and plasma; Coagulation, blood groups. Defence
mechanism of the body, immunoglobulins, innate and acquired immunity; hypersensitivity, transplantation.
Functional anatomy of heart, cardiac cycle, cardiac output electrocardiogram (ECG).

Unit-II: Respiration, Muscle Contraction, Thermoregulation

Breathing and gas exchange, gas transport, Hb and O2, dissociation, chloride shift, BMR. Types of muscles,
physical properties and ultrastructural organization of skeletal muscle fibres, muscle contraction. Modes of heat
transfer, survival of poikilotherms in cold and hot environment, Mechanism of thermoregulation in
homeotherms. Torpor.

Unit-III: Nervous Integration, Sense organs physiology, Endocrine system

Functional architecture of neuron, ionic basis of resting and action potentials, nerve impulse and its
transmission, synapse and synaptic transmission, divisions of the nervous system. Somatic, autonomic and
central nervous systems, Reflex action. General organizations and functioning of different sense organs, vision,
hearing, taste and smell. Endocrine glands, pituitary, feedback mechanisms, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal
cortex and medulla, pancreas, gonads.

Unit-IV: Excretion, Osmoregulation, Reproduction

Organs of excretion, nephron structure, and urine formation, control of excretion (role of ADH, RAS and
counter current mechanism), excretion of nitrogenous wastes. Mechanisms of osmoregulation in fresh water
and marine organisms, stenohalinity and euryhalinity. Breeding patterns, Estrous & Menstrual cycle,
implantation, gestation, parturition, lactation, birth control.

Books recommended:
1. Berry: A text book of animal physiology
2. Rastogi:Text book of Physiology
3. H.R. Singh: An introduction to animal physiology and related biochemistry
4. Vander, Sherman and Luciano: Human Physiology
5. Moyes and Schulte: Principles of Animal Physiology
6. Freeman: Biological Sciences
 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022
B.Sc. Zoology III Semester
Major Core
Applied Zoology

Course Code: ZYBLMJ3002

Credits: 02
Sessional 30
End-Term Examination 70
Total 100
Course To impart knowledge ofapplication of Zoology for the benefit of mankind and to motivate them for self
Objective: employment in applied branches of Zoology.

Learning After successfully completing the course the students will be able to:
Outcome: 1. understand the importance of Zoology and its application in the rearing of economically important insects and
farming of aquatic fauna by adopting improved technologies to meet the human demands, and also by
exploitation of pearls by culturing of pearl oyster.
2. understand the utilization of animal and slaughter house by-products, and recycling of animal wastes.
3. understand the importance of vermiculture and industries related to meat, leather and wool.
4. understand the various diseases and natural enemies encountered in beneficial insects, poultry, fishery and
livestock.
5. understand the commercial breeds of chicken, cattle and buffaloes and their related industries

Unit-I: Introduction and scope of Applied Zoology and its role in human welfare, pharmaceuticals from animals, sea food:
fish by-products. Animal-waste recycling, types of biogas plants and their functioning

Unit-II: Edible species of fishes; fish culture: induced breeding, cultivable fish species. Types of fish ponds, management of
fish culture farm, harvesting and marketing. Polyculture of Indian major carps. Edible species of prawn, lobster and
mollusks, shellfish farming: prawn and pearl oyster

Unit-III: Sericulture, with emphasis on Bombyx mori. Apiculture, Lac culture, Vermiculture, Meat, Leather and Wool
processing industries. Diseases and natural enemies related to above cultures.

Unit-IV: Poultry farming: commercial breeds of chicken. Rearing of chicken: food, feeding and housing, poultry diseases.
Breeds of cattle and buffaloes. Diary-farming in India: food, feeding and housing. Dairy products, Pasteurization
techniques and their advantages

Books Recommended:
1. H.C. Nigam: Modern Trends in Biology & Economic Zoology
2. G.S. Shukla and V.B. Upadhyay: Economic Zoology
3. P.D. Srivastava: Economic Zoology
4. Prakash Malhotra: Economic Zoology
5. P.R. Venkitaraman: Textbook of Economic Zoology
 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022
B.Sc. Zoology III-Semester
Minor Core
Systems Physiology

Course Code: ZYBLMN3003

Credits: 04
Sessional 30
End-Term Examination 70
Total: 100

Course The course is designed to impart the knowledge of the Physiological principles of animal Systems. The
Objective: concepts of structural and functional complexity of each of the major physiological systems and the diversity
therein will be addressed.

Learning 1. The students will be expected to know the details about digestive system and process of digestion, blood
Outcome: circulation.
2. The students will be expected to have detailed understanding of the mechanism of respiration, muscle
contraction, and thermoregulation in homeo and poikilotherms.
3. The students would be able to understand the intricate structures and underlying physiological
mechanisms of nervous system.
4. The students would be able to explain the process of urine formation and various regulatory mechanisms,
osmoregulation in fresh- marine water organisms, Reproductive cycle, pregnancy and parturition and
several methods of contraception

Unit-I: Digestive System and Circulatory System Physiology

Introduction: Intracellular and extracellular digestion, digestion in mouth, stomach and intestine. Absorption
and assimilation, the role of liver in digestion.Blood-cells and plasma; Blood coagulation and blood groups.
Functional anatomy of heart, cardiac cycle, cardiac output, and electrocardiogram (ECG).

Unit-II: Respiration, Muscle Contraction, Thermoregulation

Functional architecture of the mammalian respiratory system. Breathing and gas exchange, gas transport, Hb
and O2, dissociation and chloride shift. Types of muscles, ultrastructural organization of skeletal muscle
fibres, physiology of muscle contraction. Mechanism of temperature regulation in poikilotherms and
homeotherms.

Unit-III: Physiology of Nervous system and Sense organs physiology

Introduction and division of nervous system. Functional architecture of neuron and physiology of nerve
impulse and its transmission, Reflex action. General organizations and functioning of different sense organs,
vision, hearing, taste and smell.

Unit-IV: IV Physiology of Excretion, Osmoregulation, Reproduction

Functional architecture of excretory system, urine formation, control of excretion (role of ADH, RAS and
counter current mechanism), excretion of nitrogenous wastes. Osmoregulation in fresh water and marine
organisms. Menstrual cycle, implantation, gestation, parturition, lactation, birth control.

Books recommended:
1. Berry: A text book of animal physiology
2. Rastogi: Text book of Physiology
3. H.R. Singh: An introduction to animal physiology and related biochemistry
4. Vander, Sherman and Luciano: Human Physiology
5. Moyes and Schulte: Principles of Animal Physiology
6. Freeman: Biological Sciences
 BOS: 12.06.2024
Faculty Meeting: ____________
B. Sc. Zoology III Semester
GENERIC ELECTIVE-III
CELL BIOLOGY

Course Code: ZYBLGE3004

Credits: 04
Sessional 30
End-Term Examination 70
Total: 100

Course The aim of the course is to gives basic knowledge about the structure and function of cells and cellular
Objective: components. This course will impart the knowledge of structure and function of prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells, membrane and organelle structure and function, chemical composition of the cell, cell
organelles and cellular communication. In this course, the student will study the molecular
organization of the cell, mechanisms behind organelle transport and secretion; cell communication;
intercellular contacts, cell surface receptors; signal transduction, organization and structure of the cell
nucleus, chromatin and chromosomes.

Learning Students will apply their knowledge of cell biology to selected examples of changes or losses in cell
Outcome: function. These can include responses to environmental or physiological changes, or alterations of cell
function brought about by mutation.

Unit-I: Definition and applications of Cytology. Microscopy –Light microscopy: Principles, parts & function;
Simple and Compound microscopes. Cell as basic unit of life. Cell theory, protoplasm theory and
organismal theory. General structural organization of prokaryotic (Bacterial) and eukaryotic (Animal)
cell and their similarities and differences. Major inorganic constituents of cell: Ions and water.

Unit-II: Major organic constituents of cells: Proteins (Structure, functions and properties of amino acids, types
proteins and their classifications); Carbohydrates (Structure, functions and properties of
monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides); Lipids (Structure, functions and classification);
Enzymes (Nomenclature and classification, holoenzymes, apoenzymes, co-enzymes, co-factors and
prosthetic groups). Plasma membrane: Models of membrane structure with special reference to fluid
mosaic model. Transport across cell membrane: Passive transport (Simple and facilitated diffusion,
osmosis) and Active transport (Permeases, sodium potassium pump; calcium ATPase pump).

Unit-III: Structural organization of cytoskeleton (Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filament. Structure

and function of extra nuclear cell organelles: Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough endoplasmic reticulum
and smooth endoplasmic reticulum); Golgi apparatus; Lysosomes; Microbodies (Peroxisomes and
glyoxysomes); Mitochondria (Organization of respiratory chain); Ribosomes and Peroxisomes.

Unit-IV: Structural organization of nucleus; nucleolus, nuclear membrane and nuclear pore complex. Chromatin
fibre: Euchromatin and heterochromatin, and Packaging (nucleosome and solenoid model).
Organization of chromosomes (Nomenclature, classification and type). Special types of chromosomes:
Polytene and Lampbrush chromosomes, cell cycle and its check points. Cell division (mitosis and
meiosis). Nucleic acid: Structure and types of DNA and RNA.

Books Recommended/Suggested Readings:

1. Cooper: The Cell-a molecular approach

2. Karp: Cell Biology.
3. Verma P.S. and Agarwal V.K. (2016) Cell Biology (Cytology, Biomolecules, Molecular Biology), Paperback, S. Chand
and Company Ltd
4. P.K. Gupta Cell Biology and Genetics
Albert B., Hopkin K., Johnson A.D., Morgan D., Raff M., Roberts K. and Walter P. (2018) Essential Cell Biology 5th
Edn.,(Paper back) W.W. Norton & Company p.864
 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022
B.Sc. Zoology III Semester
Vocational and Skill Enhancement Course
SERICULTURE

Course Code: ZYBLVO3005

Credits: 02
Sessional 30
End-Term Examination 70
Total: 100

Course To impart knowledge of sericulture for production of raw silk by raising high yielding mulberry cultivars
Objectives and rearing of high yielding silkworm races/breeds/hybrids to increase the income poor section of society
living in the rural areas.

Course After successfully completing this course the students will be able to:
Outcomes 1. understand the bionomics and distribution of silkworm species found in India with their host plants, and
voltinism and moulting behaviour in silkworm.
2. understand the importance of mulberry germplasm bank in evolving mulberry varieties suitable for
various agroclimates.
3. explain the maintenance of different kinds of mulberry plantations and technologies involved for
silkworm rearing, cocoon harvesting, stifling, spinning and reeling operations for the formation of silk
yarn.
4. understand bionomics, distribution, and damage caused by different pests of mulberry and pests in
sericulture – pre-cocoon and post-cocoon and their management.
5. Acquire the knowledge of various diseases of mulberry plantations and silkworm Bombyxmori L. along
with their control measures.

Unit-I: Introduction to sericulture industry in India. Role of Central Silk Board and its research institutes in
promoting the silk industry. Types of commercial silk in India. Mulberry and non-mulberry silkworm
species, their distribution, host plants and raw silk production from each variety. Concept of pure races and
hybrid, univoltine, bivoltine and tri-or multivoltine races of silkworm.

Unit-II: Maintenance and conservation of mulberry germplasm bank. Taxonomy and description of mulberry with
special reference to popular verities of temperate and tropical sericulture. Types of mulberry plantations on
the bases of training. Mulberry leaf production including common practices.

Unit-III: Mulberry silkworm rearing; disinfection techniques; grainage operations, mother moth examination,
production of disease free layings. Incubation of eggs, black boxing; brushing of worms, chawki and late
age rearing techniques. Bed cleaning, use of bed disinfectants. Mounting of worms and types of montages,
harvesting of cocoons, stifling process, cooking and reeling operations.

Unit-IV: Insect pests and diseases of mulberry plantations and their control measures. Diseases of silkworm,
Bombyxmori and their management. Pest in sericulture – precocoon and postcocoon and their control
measures.

Books Recommended

1. Appropriate Sericulture Techniques – Eds.: Dr.Manjeet S. Jolley

2. Handbook of Sericulture Technologies – Eds.: S.B., Dandin; JayantJayaswal and K. Gridhar
3. Pests and Diseases of Mulberry and their Management - M.A. Khan, Anil Dhar, S.B. Zeya and A.R. Trag.
 BOS: 31.05.2023
Faculty Meeting: _______________

B.Sc. Zoology III Semester

(VAC)
Fish Culture
Course Code: ZYBLVA3006

Credits: 02
Sessional: 30
End Term Exam: 70
Total 100

Course To study cultivable fish species in different environments; Induced breeding technique; Fish culture methods and
Objective: pond management; Mariculture and ornamental fish culture. To study feeds, feeding practices and fish diseases
in fish culture

Learning Students will learn about:

Outcome: 1. the fish culture and its significance, and also about entrepreneurship opportunities of the practice.
2. the seed production and farming methods of fishes.
3. prospects of fish farming in marine environments, and also about the method and scope of ornamental fish
farming.
4. nutritionally balanced fish diet and commonly occurring diseases in fish farming

Unit-I: Aquaculture: definition and scope; Commercially important cultivable finfish species in freshwater, brackish
water and marine water environments; Entrepreneurship opportunities in fish culture.

Unit-II: Types of fish ponds and their management; Polyculture with special reference to Indian major carps; Integrated
fish farming and its significance; Induced breeding and its significance in fish culture.

Unit-III: Mariculture with reference to commonly cultivable marine finfish species in India; Brackish water fish culture;
grow-out of grey mullet, sea bass and Indian pompano; Ornamental fish culture and its significance; Culture
method of a commercially important ornamental finfish specie

Unit-IV: Feeding practices in fish culture: traditional and nutritionally-balanced feeds; Type of feeds commonly used in
fish culture; Commonly occurring diseases in fish culture and their control.

Books Recommended/Suggested Readings:

1. Fish and Fisheries - V.G. Jhingran
2. A textbook of Fish Biology and Fisheries, 3rd Edition - S.S. Khanna and H.R. Singh
3. Recent trends in Aquaculture: Marine fin fish culture-NFDB
 BOS: 12.06.2024
Faculty Meeting: ____________
B.Sc. Zoology IV Semester
Major Core
DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY

Course Code: ZYBLMJ4001

Credits: 04
Sessional 30
End-Term Examination 70
Total: 100
Course To familiarize the students about historical background of basic concepts of developmental biology. To study
Objectives pre & post embryonic development in different organisms, regulatory mechanisms during development, and an
insight of various reproductive techniques and their application.

Course 1. The students will be able to understand history, concept and significance of developmental biology
Outcomes 2. Students will acquire knowledge of early developmental process in frog, chick and implantation inhuman.
3. Students will gain information related to growth and ageing, metamorphosis and regeneration.

Introduction and Definition; History and basic concepts: Preformation, Epigenesis, Mosaic and Regulative
UNIT-I: development; Discovery of induction, Cell-Cell interaction; Reproduction: Types and significance; Germplasm,
Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis, Types of egg, egg membranes.

Fertilization: Structural and biochemical changes in gametes during and after fertilization; Planes and Patterns
UNIT-II: of cleavage; Fate maps; Blastulation: General process and types; Gastrulation: General process and
morphogenetic movement; Early development of frog and chick up to gastrulation; General account of
Tubulation and fate of germ layers.

Extra embryonic membranes: Structure and function; Implantation of embryo in human; Placenta: Structure,
UNIT-III: types and function; Metamorphosis: Changes and hormonal regulation in Amphibians; Growth: Auxetic,
multiplicative and accretionary (isometric and allometric); Regeneration: Modes of regeneration, epimorphosis,
morphollaxis and compensatory regeneration.

Ageing: Theories, biological models and disorders; Teratogenesis: Teratogenic agents and their effects on
UNIT-IV: embryonicdevelopment; Amniocentesis; Infertility: Definition and causes; Stem cell: Types, culture and
applications; Apoptosis and its role in development.

Books recommended:
1. B.I. Balinsky& B.C. Fabian: Introduction to Embryology
2. S.F. Gilbert: Developmental Biology
3. T. Subramonium: Developmental Biology
4. P.S. Verma: Chordate Embryology
5. A.K. Berry: An Introduction to Embryolog
 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022
B.Sc. Zoology IV Semester
Major Core
Essentials of Biological Chemistry

Course Code: ZYBLMJ4002

Credits: 02
Sessional 30
End-Term Examination 70
Total: 100
Course To introduce the chemistry of biomolecules, classification, structural and functional diversity, physico-chemical
Objective: properties and their significance in biological system.

Learning 1. Upon completion of this course students will be able to understand the structural characteristics and
Outcome: functional role of the macromolecules (Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids and Enzymes) and their
significance in a biological system.
2. Knowledge about the biocatalysts will enable the students to understand the significance of enzymatic
reactions and how they can influence the metabolic processes.
3. Students will be able to correlate the physiological significance of these molecules in order to maintain
homeostasis in an organism.
4. Qualitative and quantitative analysis will enhance the technical skills of the learners.

Unit-I: Carbohydrates
Classification, nomenclature, Structures and functions of carbohydrates. Isomers, epimers, enantiomers,
Anomeric carbons cyclic hemiacetal and hemiketals- ring structures. Physico-chemical properties of sugars.
Structural and storage polysaccharides. Synthesis and breakdown of glycogen. Blood group antigens.

Unit-II: Enzymes
General characteristics of enzymes and their nomenclature. Quantitative assays of enzyme: End point and
continuous. Factors affecting the enzyme activity- (pH, temperature, substrate and product concentration).
Enzyme kinetics: Michaelis-Menten kinetic. Lineweaver – Burk plot. Enzyme Inhibition: competitive
(reversible and irreversible) and non-competitive inhibition, medical relevance of enzyme inhibition. Isozyme
profile and its significance.

Unit-III: Amino acids and proteins

Structures, classification and properties of amino acids. Chemical bonds involved in protein structure.
Characteristics of peptide bond. Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins. Catabolism of
amino group (Transamination and oxidative deamination) and carbon skeleton in brief. Transport of ammonia.

Unit-IV: Lipids
Structures and types of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Biosynthesis of Saturated Fatty Acids. Mobilization
of stored fats, oxidation of fatty acids (β- oxidation) and carnitine shuttle. Ketogenesis: biosynthesis and
utilization of ketone bodies.

Books recommended

1. Lippincott’s Illustrated Reviews: Biochemistry by Pamela C. Champe and Richard A. Harvey

2. Principles of Biochemistry by Lehninger
3. Fundamentals of Biochemistry by J. L. Jain, S. Chand & Company Ltd.
4. Biochemistry by Stryer
 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022
B.Sc. Zoology IV Semester
Minor Core
EMBRYOLOGY
Course Code: ZYBLMN4004
Credits: 04
Sessional 30
End-Term Examination 70
Total: 100

Course To familiarize the students about historical background of basic concepts of developmental biology. To
Objectives study pre & post embryonic development in different organisms, regulatory mechanisms during
development, and an insight of various reproductive techniques and their application.

Course 1. The students will be able to understand history, concept and significance of developmental biology
Outcomes 2. Students will acquire knowledge of early developmental process in frogand implantation in human.
3. Students will gain information related to growth and ageing, metamorphosis and regeneration.

UNIT-I: Introduction and Definition; History and basic concepts: Preformation, Epigenesis, Mosaicand Regulative
development; Reproduction: Types and significance;Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis, Types
of egg, egg membranes.

UNIT-II: Fertilization: Structural and biochemical changes in gametes during and after fertilization Planes and
Patterns of cleavage; Fate maps and cell lineage; Blastulation: General process and types; Gastrulation:
General process and morphogenetic movement; Early development of frog up to gastrulation; General
account of Tubulation and fate of germ layers.

UNIT-III: Extra embryonic membranes: Structure and function; Placenta: Structure, types and function;
Metamorphosis: Changes and hormonal regulation in insects and Amphibians; Growth: Auxetic,
multiplicative and accretionary (isometric and allometric).

UNIT-IV: Regeneration: Modes of regeneration, epimorphosis, morphollaxis and compensatory regeneration;

Ageing: Concepts and models; Teratogenesis: Teratogenic agents and their effects on embryonic
development; Amniocentesis.

Books recommended:
1. B.I. Balinsky& B.C. Fabian: Introduction to Embryology
2. S.F. Gilbert: Developmental Biology
3. T. Subramonium: Developmental Biology
4. P.S. Verma: Chordate Embryology
5. A.K. Berry: An Introduction to Embryology
 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022
B.Sc. Zoology IV Semester
Generic Elective - IV
Environmental Pollution

Course Code ZYBLGE4005

Credits: 04
Sessional 30
End Term Exam 70
Total 100

Course The course introduces the concept of environmental pollution, highlighting the types (air, water, noise and
Objective: radioactive), sources and their impact. The course also deals with the use of bioindicators to detect pollution,
and environmental laws and policies.

Learning The students will be able to understand 1. the concept of environmental pollution; types of pollution and
Outcome: various sources (indoor, transportation, Industrial, municipal, agricultural, radioactive and e-wastes). 2. Effect
of pollutants on air and water quality, plants and animals. The carcinogenic effects of some xenobiotics.
Causes of acid rains, smog, etc. 3. Use of bioindicators to detect the intensity of contaminants. Solid waste
management strategies. 4. Radioisotopes and their uses. Nuclear disasters. Means to control pollution,
Environmental laws and policies.

Unit-I: Introduction to Environmental pollution: Definition and scope. Classification: Gaseous and particulate
pollutants. Sources of air pollutants: Indoor, Transportation, Industrial, etc. Air pollutants: Chemistry
(Primary and Secondary air pollutants), Effects of air pollution on vegetation and animals. Acid rain,
Photochemical smog, Ozone Hole, Green House effect and Global Warming. Control of air pollution.

Unit-II: Water Pollution: Sources (Point and Non- Point) Municipal, Industrial and agricultural etc. Effects of Water
Pollution: COD, BOD, Eutrophication and algal bloom, Water-borne diseases. Control of water pollution.
Major Oil spills and clean-up operations. Bio-indicators of pollution.

Unit-III: Noise pollution: Decibel scale. Sources and effects of Noise pollution (Auditory and Non-Auditory). Control
of Noise pollution. Solid wastes Management (Municipal, medical, Plastics, e-Waste etc). Environmental
laws and policies.

Unit-IV: Radioactive pollution: Introduction and history. Radioactive disintegration series. Ionizing and non-ionizing
radiations. Radioisotopes and their uses. Nuclear energy: Use and Misuse (Power generation and nuclear
weapons). Radioactive pollution and its effects. Major Nuclear disasters. Safe disposal of radioactive waste.
Environmental carcinogens.

Books recommended/Suggested Readings:

1. Ecology and Environmental Biology: P.D. Sharma (Rastogi Publications)
2. Environmental Pollution Health and Toxicology: S.V.S. Rana (Narosa Book Distributors)
3. The Pesticide Book: G.W. Ware (W.H. Freeman & Company)
4. Environmental Science: R.T. Wright and B.J. Nebel (Pearson Education)
 BOS: 12.06.2024
Faculty Meeting: ____________
B.Sc. Zoology IV Semester
(Value Added Course)
Parasitic Diseases of Zoonotic Importance

Course Code: ZYBLVA4006

Credits: 02
Sessional: 30
End Term Exam: 70
Total: 100

Course To create general awareness and impart knowledge about the economically important zoonotic diseases
objectives: caused by parasitic protozoa, flatworms and round worms. Emphasis will be given on the Etiology, mode of
transmission, diagnosis and preventive measures.

Course After acquiring the knowledge about zoonotic diseases, the students will be better equipped to undertake
Outcome: the preventive measures for wellbeing of human as well as animal health that will ultimately contribute
towards the sustainable development and economic empowerment of the country.

Unit-I: Introduction and basic concepts of parasitism and zoonoses. Types of Zoonoses. Different zoonotic
parasites and their hosts. Emerging Parasitic zoonoses. Major anthropogenic drivers of emerging zoonotic
diseases. Zoonoses and One health approach.

Unit-II: Biogeography of zoonosis. Global hotspots of zoonotic diseases. WHO’s Neglected Tropical and sub-
tropical zoonotic diseases. Importance of early disease diagnosis. Management and prevention of zoonoses.
Global water sanitation, and hygiene. Basics of Epidemiology and disease surveillance.

Unit-III: Biology, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis and control of some important zoonotic protozoa, viz;
Leishmania spp., Trypanosoma spp., Toxoplasma spp. and Plasmodium knowlesi.

Unit-IV: Biology, transmission, pathogenesis, diagnosis and control of some important zoonotic helminths viz,
Fasciola spp., Echinococcus spp., Trichinella spp., and Toxocara spp. Brief account of hookworms
involved in zoonotic diseases.

Books Recommended/Suggested Readings:

1. Parasitology: Protozoology and Helminthology - K. D. Chatterjee

2. Introduction to Parasitology - Chandler and Read
3. General Parasitology - Cheng
Parasitic Zoonoses - B. B. Singh Dhaliwal Prayag Dutt Juyal
 BOS: 12.06.2024
Faculty Meeting: ____________

B.Sc. Zoology V Semester

Major Core
Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates

Course Code: ZYBLMJ5001

Credits: 04
Sessional 30
End Term Exam 70
Total 100

COURSE The paper intends to introduce the similarities and differences amongst the vertebrate system such as
OBJECTIVE integument, heart, skeleton, brain, digestive, respiratory and urinogenital system

COURSE The course will help in identifying organ and organ systems of vertebrates. It will facilitate in understanding
OUTCOME 1.integumentary derivatives and their use
2. Evolution of heart and aortic arches
3. Modification of skeletal system from fishes to mammals
4. Development and comparison of brain
5. Gradual complexity acquired in the digestive system and its glands
6.Organs for aquatic and terrestrial respiration
7. Urinogenital system in vertebrates.
It will facilitate the understanding of evolutionary pattern in vertebrates and classification of organisms based
on similar characteristics of their anatomical structure.

Unit-I: Comparative anatomy of integument from fishes to mammals; types of dermal scales in fishes viz., placoid,
ganoid, cycloid, ctenoid; dermal scales in reptiles; derivatives of integuments; hooves, antlers in mammals;
feathers viz., contour, down and filoplume and; evolution of heart; comparative anatomy of heart in
vertebrates; evolution of aortic arches and their significance.

Unit-II: Visceral arches in vertebrates; outline of axial and appendicular skeleton; comparative anatomy of pelvic and
pectoral girdles from fishes (bony and cartilaginous fishes) to mammals; development of brain; comparative
study of brain in various classes of vertebrates.

Unit-III: Digestive system: Comparative anatomy of jaw suspension, oral cavity, teeth (dentition in mammals);
oesophagus, stomach and intestine in vertebrates; comparative accounts of digestive glands viz., liver,
pancreas, gall bladder.
Respiratory system: Aquatic respiration; types of gills, structure of gills, outline of accessory respiratory organs
in fishes. Terrestrial respiration; respiratory tract, nasal passage, trachea, sound producing organs (larynx,
syrinx); comparative anatomy of lungs in amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.

Unit-IV: Urogenital system: Types of kidney, developmental stages of kidney and their ducts in anamniotes;
developmental stages of kidney and their ducts in amniotes; comparative accounts of testes and ovaries from
fishes to mammals

Books Recommended:
1. Anatomy of Chordates- Charles K. Weichert
2. Modern Text Book of Zoology (Vertebrates)- R. L. Kotpal
3. Chordate Zoology- E. L. Jordan and P. S. Verma
4. Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates- R. K. Saxena and SumitraSaxena
 BOS: 12.06.2024
Faculty Meeting: ____________
B.Sc. Zoology V Semester (NEP)
Major Core
Genetics

Course Code: ZYBLMJ5002

Credits: 4
Sessional: 30
End Term Exam: 70
Total: 100
Course To impart the knowledge of fundamentals and applications of Genetics and Cytogenetics including genetic
Objectives disorders.

Course 1. Learners will come out with a broad knowledge of the fundamentals of genetics.
Outcomes 2. Students will be able to understand the basic concepts of Mendelian and non-Mendelian inheritance.
3. Students will be able to learn about chromosomal structure and animal and human cytogenetics.
4. This will provide an opportunity for students to understand the concepts of sex determination and genetic
diseases.

UNIT-I Mendelian Inheritance: Laws of segregation and Independent assortment; Monohybrid and Dihybrid cross,
Back cross, Test cross, Co-dominance, Semi-dominance, Lethal genes; Gene interaction: Epistasis; Multiple
alleles; ABO blood and Rh factor, alleles in humans; Pleiotropism, Penetrance and Expressivity, Genetic
anticipation and imprinting.

UNIT-II Pedigree analysis (Autosomal Dominant, Autosomal Recessive, Sex-linked); Single gene disorders (PKU,
Sickle cell anemia); Multigene Families: simple and complex (Globin and Histones); Genetic Significance
of Twins study; Transposable elements in bacteria (IS elements and Tn3) and Eukaryotes (Yeast (TY
elements), Drosophila (P elements and Hybrid Dysgenesis).

UNIT-III Eukaryotic chromosomes: Structure and Types; Karyotype and Idiogram; Euchromatin and
Heterochromatin; Polytene and Lampbrush chromosomes; Chromosomal theory of Inheritance (Sex linkage,
Gene duplication, Holandric genes); Extrachromosomal Inheritance; Kappa particles and Sigma factor in
Drosophila; Linkage: Types, Cytological basis of crossing over (Stern’s experiment).

UNIT-IV Sex determination in Drosophila and Human, Environmental Sex Determination, Dosage Compensation;
Genomic Imprinting, Human Chromosomal Aberrations: Structural and Numerical changes. Cytogenetic
disorders: causes and symptoms of Down syndrome, Patau syndrome, Edward syndrome, Turner syndrome,
and Klinefelter syndrome.

Books recommended:

1. Principles of Genetics: Gardener, Simmons & Snustad

2. Genetics: P.S. Verma, V.K. Agarwal
3. Concepts of Genetics: William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings
4. Genetics: Fletcher and Hickey
5. Genetics: P. K. Gupta
 BOS: 30.09.2024
Faculty Meeting: ____________
B.Sc. Zoology V Semester
Major Open Elective
Biostatistics and Bioinformatics

Course Code: ZYBLMO5005

Credits: 04
Sessional: 30
End-Term Examination: 70
Total: 100

BIOSTATISTICS
Course To introduce the significance of bioinformatics and its use in solving the complex biological problems; and to
objectives: introduce the statistical methods for the analysis of biological data.

Course Students will become familiar with various terminologies and tools applied in silico studies.
outcome Knowledge about molecular interaction will help in understanding the drug-ligand interactions.
Students will be able to learn and understand the significance of various statistical methods to drive meaningful
information from data sets.
Students will be able to formulate hypotheses and draw inference.

Unit-I: Introduction, Basic concepts, Sampling and its Techniques, Sample Mean, Median, Mode Variance, Random
Samples and Random Numbers, Sample SD, SEM; Collection, Classification, Tabulation and Presentation of
Data; Idea of Significance, t-tests, X2 tests; Correlation of Measurements, Correlation Coefficients and
Significance Tests.
Unit-II: Probability- Basic concepts, definitions, Theorems, Probability problems-Factorials, Permutations, Combinations
and Arrangements, Random Variables, Probability distribution- Normal, Random, Binomial, Poisson and
Exponential. Correlation and Regression Analysis, Chi-Square Analysis, Testing of Hypothesis, Analysis of
Variance or ANOVA-one way, two way classification. Use of some common statistical softwares available
(SPSS, SigmaPlot, GraphPadprizm IV and Spread Sheet).

BIOINFORMATICS
Unit-III: Introduction and Scope. Brief historical perspective. Basics of Bioinformatics, definitions, Computational
biology, Genomics, Proteomics and Metabolomics. Biological Databases and Data Mining, Predictive methods
using DNA, RNA and Protein Sequences. Protein Structure Prediction and Analysis. Microarray Technology.

Unit-IV: Analysis of Gene Expression, Sequence Polymorphism, Sequence Alignment Tools- BLAST and FASTA,
Multiple Sequence Alignment. Phylogenetic Analysis, Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution. Computational
Approaches in Comparative Genomics. From Parasite to Primates. Bioinformatics and Pharmaceutical Industry.
Ethical Issues in Bioinformatics.

Recommended Books:
1. Bioinformatics-A practical guide to the analysis of genes and proteins by Baxevanis & Ouellette.
2. Bioinformatics by SK Agarwal
3. Bioinformatics by Arunima Mukherjee
4. Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics by Jonathan Pevsner
5. An introduction to Experimental Design and Statistics for Biology by David Heath
6. Statistical Methods in Biology by Baily
7. Biostatics- How it Works by Steve Selvin
8. Biostatics by Sarma, Reddy, Pullaiah
 BOS: 30.09.2024
Faculty Meeting: ____________
B.Sc. (Hons.) Zoology V Semester
Minor Open Elective
Public Health

Course Code: ZYBLNO5007

Credits: 4
Sessional 30
End-Term Examination 70
Total: 100

Course To introduce concepts of Public health and hygiene& health determinants,and provide knowledgeabout
Objectives various food components andto educate about communicable and non-communicable diseases.

Course 1. The course will provide awareness and education about various disease control measures.
Outcomes 2. Students will understand the importance of food components and their deficiency related diseases.
3. Thestudents willlearn about communicable diseases.
4. This course will make the students understand about the cause of life style diseases and how to control
them.

Unit-I: Introduction to public health and hygiene. Determinants and factors affecting health and hygiene.
Environment and Health associated hazards; water and air borne diseases. Prevention of diseases through
health education and environment improvements

Unit-II: Balanced diet and malnutrition. Diseases caused by deficiency of proteins, vitamins and minerals. Food
adulteration, Nutritional problems in India, Community nutritional programmes in India.

Unit-III: Infectious agents responsible for diseases in humans. Communicable diseases such as COVID-19, measles,
polio, chickungunya, rabies, leprosy, tuberculosis, AIDS, hepatitis and their preventive measures, Parasitic
diseases.

Unit-IV: Non-communicable and life style diseasesand their preventive measures, hypertension, coronary heart
disease, stroke, diabetes, obesity, mental ill-health, cancer.

Books Recommended

1. Introduction to Public Health – Mary Jane Schneider

2. A Short Book of Public Health – Muthu, V.K.
3. Oxford Textbook of Public Health (6th Ed.) – Roger Detels
4. Public Health Nutrition – Gibney
 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022
B.Sc. Zoology V Semester
(VOC)
Pearl Culture

Course code: ZYBLVO5007

Credits: 02
Sessional: 30
End Term Exam: 70
Total: 100

Course The course will provide knowledge about pearl culture, oyster anatomy; culture methods; surgical procedure and
Objective implantation; and marketing and economics.

Course This course will help in:

Outcomes 1. understanding the concept of pearl formation and significance of pearl production.
2. development of basic skills in students for pearl farming practice.

Unit-I: History of pearl farming and significance; Global and national status of pearl culture; Indian pearl oyster
resources; Important species of pearl producing molluscs; Types of pearls; Prerequisites of pearl farming; culture
methods: raft culture, on-bottom culture, rearing containers, cages, longlines, etc.

Unit-II: Pearl oyster morphology and anatomy: mantle structure, digestive, respiratory and reproductive system; Biology
and Ecology: life cycle and life stages, feeding and reproductive biology; Mechanism of pearl formation (natural
and cultured pearl).

Unit-III: Culture methods: selection of site, water quality management, liming, fertilization; Procurement of pearl oyster
stock (natural bed, wild spat collection, hatchery production);Surgical operation; Instruments and implantation
techniques; Preoperative conditioning; Selection of oyster; Nucleus preparation; Graft tissue preparation;
Implantation; Post- operative care.

Unit-IV: Health management of pearl oyster; Biofouling agents; Boring organism related to pearl culture and control;
Harvesting and pearl processing; Marketing and Economics; Pearl farming training centres.

Recommended books/Suggested readings

1. The Basic Methods of Pearl Farming: A Layman’s Manual by Maria Haws

2. Biology and Culture of Pearl Oysters (Bivalvia: Pteriidae) by GERVIS, M.H. &SIMS, N.A.
 BOS: 30.09.2024
Faculty Meeting: _________________

B. Sc. Zoology VI Semester

MAJOR CORE
CELL BIOLOGY & HISTOLOGY

Course Code: ZYBLMJ6003

Credits: 04
Sessional: 30
End-Term Examination: 70
Total: 100

Course The aim of the course is to gives basic knowledge about the structure and function of cells and cellular
Objective: components, Tissues, their types and organization. This course will impart the knowledge of structure and function
of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, membrane and organelle structure and function, organization and structure of
the cell nucleus, chromatin and chromosomes, cell division. The students will be introduced to the histological
diversity of various tissue types, their distribution and functional significance.

Learning Students will apply their knowledge of cell biology and histology to selected examples of changes or losses in cell
Outcome: and tissue structure and function. These can include responses to environmental or physiological changes leading
to alterations of cell/tissue function. The outcome is extended to the Identification of various tissue types with
respect to their specific distribution in different systems involving specialized functions required to maintain the
homeostatic equilibrium.

Unit-I: General structural organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, their similarities and differences. Major
inorganic and organic constituents of cells (ions, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, enzymes: types, general structure
and functions). Structure and functions of plasma membrane (Unit membrane and fluid mosaic model). Structure
and function of extra-nuclear cell organelles (mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes,
ribosomes and plasmids). The cytoskeleton: microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments.

Unit-II: Structural organization of nucleus; nucleolus, nuclear membrane and nuclear-pore complex. Chromatin fibres
(heterochromatin and euchromatin), chromosomes nomenclature, types and structure. Eukaryotic cell cycle. Cell
division (mitosis and meiosis). Nucleic acids: structure and types of DNA and RNA.

Unit-III: Introduction to tissues. Epithelial tissue: types, structure and characteristics. Apical surface modifications:
striated/brush border, cilia, flagella, stereocilia. The basement membrane. Cell junctions. Glandular tissue:
Exocrine glands- types and structure. Endocrine gland: histology of pituitary, thyroid, pancreas and adrenal.
Organization of nervous tissue. Structure and classification of neurons. Types of glial cells and their function.
Myelin sheath and its formation. Types and functions of sensory nerve endings. Degeneration and regeneration of
neurons. Membranes of the brain and spinal cord. Muscular tissue: organization, fine structure of smooth, skeletal
and cardiac muscles. Muscle-tendon-bone attachment

Unit-IV: Connective tissue: General organization and classification. Structure and function of loose connective tissue
(areolar, adipose and reticular); dense connective tissue (regular and irregular tissue, tendon and ligament);
specialized/supportive connective tissue (cartilage: hyaline, elastic and fibrous; bone: classification, gross
organization and fine structure; development of long bone.). Fluid connective tissue: blood (composition and
haemopoiesis); lymph and its characteristics. Lymphatic tissue: spleen, thymus, tonsils, Peyer's patches, MALT

Books Recommended/Suggested Readings:

1. Cooper: The Cell-a molecular approach
2. Karp: Cell Biology.
3. Verma P.S. and Agarwal V.K. (2016) Cell Biology (Cytology, Biomolecules, Molecular Biology), Paperback, S. Chand
and Company Ltd
4. Bloom & Fawcett: A Textbook of Histology
5. Kelly, Wood & Enders: Bailey's Textbook of Microscopic Anatomy
6. Majumdar: A Textbook of Histology
 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022
B.Sc. Zoology VI Semester
Major Core
Molecular Biology

Course Code: ZYBLMJ6002

Credits: 04
Sessional: 30
End-Term Examination: 70
Total: 100

Course To impart the knowledge of nucleic acid diversity, synthesis, analysis and understanding transcription &
Objective translation both in prokaryotes & eukaryotes. To foster the knowledge of basics of cancer, ageing and rDNA
technology in relation to its industrial applications.

Course 1. Learners will come out with a deep understanding of the nucleic acid structure, conformations &
Outcomes replication mechanisms along with their quantitative analysis.
2. Students will be able to exactly know about the flow of genetic information in terms oftranscription&
translation both in prokaryotes &eukaryotes.
3. This way the students will understand the basic molecular biology of cancer, ageing &progression
apart from concepts of programmed cell death.
4. Students will learn about industrial applications of recombinant DNA technology specifically gene
cloning and transgenesis.

Unit-I: Maintenance of Genome: Structure of DNA, RNA, chromosome diversity (circular, linear). DNA self-
propagation: origin of replication, new strand formation, chemistry of DNA synthesis (Deoxyncleoside and
hydrolysis of pyrophosphate); Significance of anti-parallel arrangement of DNA strands, role of primer,
exonuclease activity of DNA polymerase III, End replication problem, DNA Repair. Quantitative analysis
of nucleic acids.

Unit-II: Transcription and Translation: Transcription and post-transcriptional modifications, Splicing. Translation
and post-translational modifications. Regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Unit-III: Cancer, Aging and Apoptosis: Fibrosis, cirrhosis, characteristics of transformed cells, protoncogene, c-
oncogenes, angiogenesis and metastasis. Tumour suppressor gene (p53) and Two- Hit hypothesis. Brief
account of human tumorigenic viruses. Molecular biology of aging andsenescence. Apoptosis: Definition,
intrinsic and extrinsic pathway.

Unit-IV: IV: Recombinant DNA Technology and Applications: Vectors and enzymes used in gene
manipulation. Shuttle and Expression Vectors. Steps in cloning a Eukaryotic gene in plasmid, identifying
the gene of interest. cDNA construction and its screening. Genomic Library. Concept of Genome and C-
value. Application of rDNA technology: recombinant proteins, transgenic organisms. Agarose gel
electrophoresis.

Books Recommended:
1. Lewin Genes VIII Watson
2. Molecular Biology of the Gene by Walker and Rapley
3. Molecular Biology and Biotechnology
 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022

B. Sc. Zoology VI Semester

Major Open Elective
Biomedical Techniques

Course Code: ZYBLMO6004

Credits: 04
Sessional 30
End-Term Examination 70
Total: 100

Course To understand the intricacies of the endocrine and neuroendocrine regulation of the body functions involving an
Objective array of chemical messengers controlling different signalling events for maintenance of homeostasis.

Course Students will be able to understand and appreciate the coordination of body functions involving the importance of
Outcome endocrine systems, cellular diversity, hormonal secretions which control and coordinate different systems
according to the biological/physiological needs of the body.

Unit-I: Microscopy: Introduction to Microscopy. Definitions-Resolving Power, Limit of Resolution and Magnification,
Numerical Aperture. Types of microscopes. Basic principles of Light and Electron microscopy.

Unit-II: Biochemistry and Physiology: Physiological Salines, Buffers and the use of pH meter. Extraction of Tissue
Glycogen, Proteins, Lipids and Nucleic Acids by Graaf’s Method. Basic Principle and Application of
Colorimetry and Spectrophotometry, Beer-Lambert’s Law. Separation of Biomolecules by Native PAGE, 2D
PAGE, Agarose gel electrophoresis and Chromatography: Paper, size exclusion, ion exchange and affinity.

Unit-III: Immunology and Endocrinology: Introduction to Antigens, Antibodies, Adjuvants. Raising Polyclonal and
Monoclonal Antibodies. Antigen-Antibody Interactions- Immunodiffusion, Ouchterlony’s Double
Immunodiffusion, Counter-Current Immunoelectrophoresis, Western Blotting and ELISA; Hormones assay
methods; Application of Immunological techniques in disease diagnosis.

Unit-IV: Cell Culture and Laboratory Animals: Cell culture and its basic requirements. Culture media: Nutrient and
Non-nutrient. Sterilization of culture wares and culture media. Lymphocyte culture. Cell harvesting and Storage
Methods. In vitro culture of Entamoeba histolytica, Caenorhabditis elegans. Maintenance and Handling of
laboratory rats and rabbits. Bioethics.

Books recommended:

1. Jayaraman: Laboratory Manual in Biochemistry

2. Plumer: Practical Biochemistry
3. Wilson & Walker: Practical Biochemistry
4. Freshney: Culture of Animal Cells
 BOS: 30.09.2024
Faculty Meeting: ____________
B.Sc. Zoology VI Semester
Minor Open Elective
Nutrigenomics

Course Code: ZYBLNO6007

Credits: 04
Sessional 30
End-Term Examination 70
Total: 100

Course To familiarize the students with the basic concepts in Nutrigenomics and to develop an understanding of
Objective interaction between the nutrient and genes regulating the health of an individual.

Course The students will attain knowledge in nutrigenomics and its application to design Nutritional strategies for
Outcomes prevention of Chronic Diseases such as Diabetes, Cardiovascular, Inflammatory, Obesity, Cancer. Further,
the students will come out with a comprehensive understanding of the requirement of Nutrition for a healthy
living. The course will develop skills in various nutrigenomics techniques and to design nutrients to cater
food and health industry.

Unit-I: Nutrition: Definition.Types of Nutrients and Their Role in Health: Macronutrients (Carbohydrate, Protein,
Fat), Micronutrients (Minerals: Sodium, Potassium, Iron, Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Zinc, Copper,
Selenium), Vitamins, Anti-oxidants.
Fortified and Functional Foods, Dietary Supplements, Nutraceuticals.

Unit-II: Nutrient-Gene Interaction: Concept of Health. Problems of Developed and Developing Countries (India).
Role of Potassium Benzoate, Genetic Variability.
Interaction of Genes with Dietary Lipids and Disease Risk.

Unit-III: Genomics and Nutrigenomics: Genome, Human Genome; Functional genomics, Metabolomics,
Proteomics.
Nutrigenomics: History, Applications and Drawbacks. Social and legal issues.
Modulating the Risk of Diseases (Diabetes, Cardiovascular, Inflammatory, Obesity, Cancer) through
Nutrigenomics.

Unit-IV: Technologies in Nutrigenomics and Industry Relation:Brief account of sequencing approaches, DNA
Array, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP), Electrophoresis, Peptide Mapping.
Nutrigenomics and Food Industry.
Nutrigenomics and Public Health.

Books Recommended:

1. Yashwant V. Pathak, Ali M. Ardekani:Nutrigenomics and Nutraceuticals: Clinical Relevance and Disease Prevention
2. Lynnette R. Ferguson: Nutrigenomics and Nutrigenetics in Functional Foods and Personalized Nutrition
3. Yoshinori Mine, Kazuo Miyashita, Fereidoon Shahidi: Nutrigenomics and proteomics in health and disease: food factors
and gene interactions
4. CarstenCarlberg: Nutrigenomics
5. Hifzur R Siddique, Maryam Sarwat: Herbal Medicine
 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022
B.Sc. Zoology VI Semester
VOC
Apiculture

Course Code: ZYBLVO6007

Credit: 02
Sessional: 30
End-Term Examination: 70
Total 100

Course To familiarize the students with major aspects of bee keeping starting from basic bee morphology and life
Objective cycle leading to commercialization and management of bee colonies.

Learning After completing this course the students will be able to :

Outcome A) List and characterise several honeybee species & castes & Life cycle patterns
B) Describe the structure of Natural & Artificial Bee hives
C) Understand bee hive maintenance & disease /enemies control
D) List several bee products, properties, harvesting, uses & application etc.

Unit-I: Beekeeping: Introduction and history ; traditional beekeeping, urban/ backyard beekeeping and modern
beekeeping. Apiculture development in India. Research and training institutes in India. General morphology
of Honey bee. Honey bee species, their characteristics and distribution.

Unit-II: Social organization in Honey bee: queen, drones and workers. Life history parameters, food and feeding.
Bee hives: Natural and modern bee hives; advantages and disadvantages. Bee keeping tools & techniques.

Unit-III: Bee products and their properties: honey, royal jelly, wax, propolis, bee venom etc. Product extraction and
processing. Value addition. Economics of small scale and large scale bee keeping. Marketing status of bee
keeping in India.

Unit-IV: Bee enemies: wax moth, ants, wasps, mites, mammals etc. Identification and damage caused by them and
their control measures. Honey bee diseases: bacterial, viral, fungal and protozoan diseases. Pathogen
identification and characteristics. Pathogenesis, symptoms. Disease management in bee colonies.

Books Recommended:

1. G.S. Shukla and V.B. Upadhyay: Economic Zoology

2. P.D. Srivastava: Economic Zoology
3. PrakashMalhotra: Economic Zoology
4. Beekeeping - A Practical Guide Roger Patterson
5. Texbook of Apiculture (Beekeeing) D. K. Belsareet al.
 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022
B.Sc. Zoology VII Semester (By Hons.)
Major Core
Animal Ecology
Course code: ZYBLMJ7001
Credit: 04
Sessional: 30
End-Term Examination: 70
Total: 100

Course The course will provide an account of various abiotic/climatic factors prevailing in biogeographical zones and
Objective biomes and an overview of the responses and adaptations of animals. The course will also give an insight into the
ecosystem functioning, the food web, the flow of energy and cycling of nutrients. The concept of population, its
characteristics and growth patterns and the changing relationship of man and environment will be elaborated. The
community and its fundamental characteristics including niche segregation, succession and the positive and negative
interactions in the community will be taught besides giving information on biodiversity status and the means of its
documentation and mapping.

Course The students will be able to understand:

Outcome 1. the impact of climatic factors on the distribution of organisms and how the animals cope up with extreme
climatic changes to survive and propagate.
2. the role of species in the food web particularly those which help in maintaining the stability and diversity of
ecosystem; and about the key features required for simulating and developing an artificial ecosystem.
3. the impact of climate on the population growth of species, the r- and k-selection strategies in animals; and
how civilization and industrialization have distanced man from nature thus resulting in environmental
degradation.
4. how the populations of species are regulated due to predation and parasitism and the species with
overlapping niches tend to shrink their niche size to coexist; and how the biodiversity can be conserved and
mapped using GPS, GIS and remote sensing methods.

Unit-I: Definition and scope of ecology in modern perspective. Climatic factors: Temperature, light, precipitation with
special reference to biomes. Climate diagrams. Animals’ adaptations and performance in response to extreme
climatic variables (ecto-, endotherms; dark and light adaptations). Water budget; water conservation and regulation
in terrestrial and aquatic environments. Biogeographical zones of India; theory of island biogeography.

Unit-II: Ecosystem: Types of ecosystems: terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems with special reference to India. Flux of matter
(biogeochemical cycles) and energy flow in the ecosystem. Patterns of terrestrial and aquatic primary productions.
Trophic levels and their interpretations. Feeding guilds, food chain, food web; keystone species. Stable and unstable
ecosystems and factorsaffecting stability and resilience. Ecosystem modelling and simulation. Sampling methods in
ecological studies.

Unit-III: Population characteristics: distribution (small- and large-scale distribution) and abundance. Organism size and
population density. Birth and death rates. Patterns of survival and life tables. Age structure and sex ratio. Factors
regulating population dispersal and growth. Metapopulations, demes and inter-demic extinction. Life history
strategies: reproductive effort, offspring size and cost-benefit ratio. Patterns of population growth. Human
population and carrying capacity. Changing relations of human and environment since prehistoric times.

Unit-IV: Community characteristics; interactions: Positive interactions; commensalism, protocooperation and mutualism.
Negative interactions: parasitism,allelopathy, predation and predator-prey dynamics,herbivory. Interspecific
competition:niche overlap and segregation,Principles of competition exclusion,coexistence;Lotka-Voltera-
competition theory. Ecological succession. Biodiversity: status, monitoring and documentation; major drivers of
biodiversity change; applications of GPS, GIS and remote sensing in biodiversity studies.

Books recommended

1. Odum E. P., 1983. Basic Ecology, Saunders College Publishing

2. Stiling, P. 2002. Ecology: Theories and Applications. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.
3. Begon, M. Harper, J. L. & Townshend C. R. 1996. Ecology. Blackwell Science Ltd.
4. Kormondy, E. J. 1996. Concepts of Ecology. 4th Edition. Prentice-Hall, In.
 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022
B.Sc. Zoology VII Semester (By Hons.)
Major Core
Environmental Toxicology
Course Code: ZYBLMJ7002

Credits: 02
Sessional: 30
End Term Exam: 70
Total: 100

Course Objective The course introduces the concept of environmental toxicology with reference to carcinogens; pesticides,
nanoparticles, radioactive substances, their toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics and ecotoxicology. The students
will also acquire the knowledge about various types of pollution and their mitigation.

Course Outcomes The student will be able to understand:

1. the concept of environmental toxicology; sources of pollution, the bioindicators of pollution, and how
to minimize and overcome the problem.
2. the characteristics of different types of carcinogens; and radioactive and noise pollution and their
control.
3. Target and mode of action of pesticidesand their adverse effects; types and characteristics of
nanoparticles and their impact on environment and human health.
4. the effects of persistence of toxic substances in the environment and its consequence on living
organisms. Moreover, they will be introduced to environmental laws and policies to regulate
production, use and disposal of these toxic materials.

Unit-I: Introduction to Environmental toxicology: Definition, History and Scope. Air Pollution: Types, Effects
and Remediation. Photochemical smog. Acid Rain. Ozone hole. Water Pollution: Sources (Sewage,
Industrial, Thermal, Surface Runoff, Oil spills), Effects and Remediation. Solid Waste: Sources, effects and
management. Bio-indicators of pollution.

Unit-II: Noise Pollution: Introduction, hearing mechanism, decibel scale etc. Sources, Effects and Control of Noise
Pollution. Environmental carcinogens: Categories, Examples, Exposure and Effects. Radioactive
Pollution: Radioactivity (Nuclear disintegration series, nuclear energy and its uses). Radio-isotopes and
theirs uses. Radioactive pollution and its effects. Classification and safe disposal of radioactive waste.

Unit-III: Pesticides: Target and mode of action of some common pesticides (Organochlorines, Organophosphates
and Pyrethroids). Pesticide exposure and adverse effects. Nanotoxicology: Types, Sources, exposure and
Impacts of Nanoparticles. Endocrine disruptors.

Unit-IV: Toxicokinetics: metabolism and fate of toxicants. Biotransformation. Toxicodynamics: Toxicant

interaction with major body systems. Ecotoxicology: Bioconcentration and Biomagnification. Sub-lethal
and Lethal effects of toxicants to individuals, populations, communities and ecosystem. Environmental
Laws and Policies: Indian Perspective.

Book Recommended/Suggested Reading:

1. Ecology and Environmental Biology by Sharma, P.D., Rastogi Pub
2. Environmental Pollution Health and Toxicology by SVS Rana; Norasa Pub House
3. The Pesticide Book by GW, Ware; W.H. Freeman & Company
4. Appropriate online available material 5. Pesticides by R. Cremlyn; John Wiley & Sons
 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022
B.Sc. Zoology VII Semester (By Hons.)
Major Core
Endocrinology

Course Code: ZYBLMJ7003

Credits: 02
Sessional: 30
End Term Exam: 70
Total: 100

Course To understand the intricacies of the endocrine and neuro endocrine regulation of the body functions involving
Objective an array of chemical messengers controlling different signalling events for maintenance of homeostasis.

Course Students will be able to understand and appreciate the coordination of body functions involving the
Outcome importance of endocrine systems, cellular diversity, hormonal secretions which control and coordinate
different systems according to the biological/physiological needs of the body.

Unit-I: Meaning, Aims, Scope and Methods in Endocrinology

Chemical integration & homeostasis. General organization of endocrine glands. Classification of hormones.
Autocrine/Paracrine signals. Miscellaneous regulatory substances (erythropoietin, somatomedin growth
factors, eicosanoids etc). Neuroendocrine system. Hormonogenesis. Transport and Distribution. Mechanism
of hormone action. Cell surface receptors and intracellular signalling.

Unit-II: General Organisation of Endocrine Structures and Function – I

PITUITARY GLAND: Morphology and anatomy of adeno- and neurohypophysis, Adenohypophyseal and
Neurohyphyseal hormones (NP): structure and biological role. Hypothalamic control of hypophyseal
hormones

Unit-III: Endocrine Glands-structure and function – II

THYROID: Thyroid hormones-sysnthesis, secretion and transport. Physiological and metabolic functions of
thyroid hormones, Thyroid hormone related disorders. Parafollicular C-Cells.
PARATHYROID: Structure and function of parathyroid hormone.
ENDOCRINE PANCREAS: Insulin: structure, biosynthesis, regulation of insulin secretion and functions,
Glucagon: structure, biosynthesis and function, Diabetes mellitus-types and management.

Unit-IV: Endocrine Glands-structure and function – III

ADRENAL GLAND: Gross anatomy, corticosteroids and catecholamines: Renin Angiotensin System.
GONADAL HORMONES: Male and female sex steroids: structure and functions. GI TRACT
HORMONES – types and functions. Pineal, Principal invertebrate hormones. Ultimobranchial body,
Corpuscles of stannius, Urophysis. Multihormonal regulation of calcium homeostasis.

Books recommended

1. Comparative Endocrinology by Gorbman, Dickhoff, Vigna, Clark & Ralph (John Wiley & Sons)
2. Vertebrate Endocrinology by Norris (Lea and Febigar)
3. Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology by Bentley (Cambridge University Press)
4. Basic & Clinical Endocrinology by Greenspan and Strewler
 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022
B.Sc. Zoology VII Semester (By Hons.)
General Elective
Animal Biotechnology

Course Code: ZYBLMJ7E01

Credit: 04
Sessional: 30
End Term Exam: 70
Total: 100

Course To provide an understanding of the basic tools and techniques in biotechnology, and its applications in various
Objectives fields of medicine, aquaculture, agriculture etc.

Course 1. Learners will understand the concepts of transgenic animals, their production & use in industry.
Outcomes 2. Students will be able to understand the use concept of the use of stem cells in regenerative medicine&
cell programming.
3. Learners will understand the basics of recombinant DNA technology& its industrial applications.
4. This way the students will be able to understand biotechnological applications in industry and relevance
of bioethics in animal research.

Unit-I: Introduction and scope of Animal Biotechnology, Transgenic and knockout animals and their importance.
Genome editing- CRISPR/Cas9, TALEN and ZEN. Nano-medicine, artificial blood, Vaccines and therapeutics,
Monoclonal antibodies, Gene therapy.

Unit-II: Stem cells: Concept, types and characteristics. Stem cells and renewal in epithelial tissues, fibroblast and their
reformation. Genesis and regeneration of skeletal muscle, blood vessels, lymphatics and endothelial cells. Tissue
regeneration and repair, cell reprogramming.

Unit-III: rDNA technology and its applications, Brief account of restriction endonucleases: types and classification.
Cloning vectors: Characteristics and Types. Difference in cDNA and genomic library. Labelling of nucleic acids.
Concept of VNTR & RFLP. DNA fingerprinting.

Unit-IV: Introduction to Transgenesis. Transgenic animals (mice, Glofish to Giant Trout, Transgenic Salmon, Zebra
fish). Green Fluorescent Proteins (GFPs). Antifreeze proteins. Drugs and medicines from marine sources. FDA
guidelines-phase testing. Introduction to patents. CPCSEA Regulations, Bioethical issues.

Books recommended

1. Biotechnology by Satyanarayana
2. Introduction to Biotechnology by Theinman&Palladino
3. Biotechnology for Beginners by ReinhardRenneberg
4. Biotechnology by Elleyn Daugherty
5. Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology by Wilson and Walker
 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022
B.Sc. VII Semester (By Hons)
Basic Research Methodology

Course Code: ZYBLMJ7V01

Credit: 02
Sessional: 30
End Term Exam: 70
Total: 100

Course The aim is to make the students well versed in the area of research by knowing the concept and essence of
research and also the ethical issues in educational research. The course is likely to generate critical
Objectives
awareness of research types, research designs, methodologies, and methods used in different fields.
Learning The students will be able to:
Understand the concept of research and the associated ethical issues
outcomes
develop skills to conduct laboratory experiments
develop competence on data collection and process of scientific documentation

Unit-I: Aims, Objectives, Meaning and significance of scientific research,Genesis of research problem, Literature
survey and framing of questions, Inductive and deductive methods,.

Unit-II: Theoretical and empirical methods, Field, laboratory, and experimental models of study, Hypothesis,
Interpretation of data.

Unit-III: Tools, Techniques and models of research, Statistical tools, Chi-square, t-test, ANOVA, Correlation
Regression, Probability, Variance, Standard deviation, Standard error.

Unit-IV: Writing of scientific report, Paper and reviews, Research ethics, Financial support and research grants.

Books Recommended/Suggested Readings:

1. Research Methodology:
2. Guide to research: Jeff Lenburg
3. Writing How to Articles & Books: Chriss McCallum
4. Your Masters Thesis: Alan Bond
5. Biological Instrumentation &Methodology: P. K. Bajpai
 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022
B.Sc. Zoology VIII Semester (By Hons)
Major Core
Biosystematics and Taxonomy

Course code: ZYBLMJ8001

Credit: 04
Sessional: 30
End Term Exam: 70
Total: 100

Course To understand the basic concept of taxonomy and systematic. Species concepts and various schools of taxonomic
objective classification. To introduce the procedures and tools of taxonomic collection and identification. To give an overview
of the international code of Nomenclature and its operative principles.

Course Students will understand the relevance of biosystematics and its importance in resolving various taxonomic research
outcomes problems.
The students will acquire the knowledge of various taxa and understand the importance and application of various
species concepts in systematic ; they will also understand the role of modern taxonomy, particularly Molecular
taxonomy along with other concepts of taxonomy.
The student will learn the collecting techniques of various Zoological specimens, and procedures for their
preservation and taxonomic identification.
They will be able to understand the principles of ICZN and their interpretations in resolving various taxonomic
problems.

Unit-I: Basic concept, importance and applications of animal taxonomy and systematics. A historical review of
taxonomy; classification and nomenclature. Phenon, taxon, category: phylum, class, order, family, tribe,
genusandspecies. Levels of taxonomy:α ,β and γ taxonomy. Modern concept and recent trends in taxonomy;
chemotaxonomy, cytotaxonomy, serotaxonomy and molecular taxonomy. Role of taxonomy in biodiversity
conservation.

Unit-II: Species concepts: typological, nominalistic, biological and evolutionary species concepts. Polytypic and
monotypic species; species category; subspecies and other infra-specific categories; Infra-subspecific categories
and intra-population variants. Reproductive isolationandspeciation. Theories of biological classification. Some
basic principles of classification: the three schools oft axonomic classification: phenetic, cladistic and phylogenetic
classification.

Unit-III: Taxonomic characters and Phylogenetics: plesiomorphy, symplesiomorphy, apomorphy, synapomorphy and
homoplasy. Taxonomic procedures:collection, preservation and identification of biological species.Taxonomic
tools:Types of keys. Taxonomic publications and their kinds. Type materials: zoological types and rules of their
applications. Current status of Taxonomy and the global taxonomic initiatives.

Unit-IV: International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN):
principles and history of rules of Zoological nomenclature. Interpretation and application of important rules:
Criteria of publication, criteria of availability of names, Law of priority, homonymy, synonymy. Zoological
nomenclature: formation of scientific names of different taxa. Regulations governing the code; code of ethics.

Books recommended:
1. Principles of Systematic Zoology by Ernst Mayr
2. Principles of Systematic Zoology by Ernst Mayr & Peter D.Ashlock
3. Principles of Animal Taxonomy by G.G.Simpson
4. Animal Taxonomy by H.E. Goto
5. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature- official publication
 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022
B.Sc. VIII Semester (By Hons)
Major Core
Reproductive Technologies
Course code: ZYBLMJ8002
Credit: 02
Sessional: 30
End Term Exam Exam: 70
Total: 100

Course To study the technique of induced release of gametes sperm function assessment, superovulation,
Objective: cryopreservation of gametes and embryo, In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, transgenic animals and the
methods of contraception.

Course 1. how to induce the release of gametes and assessment of their functions
Outcome: 2. technique of In vitro maturation of oocytes
3. assisted reproductive techniques
4. cryopreservation of gametes and embryo
5. contraceptive methods

Unit-I: Scope of reproductive technologies; Induced release of gametes and its significance; Biochemistry of semen
composition and formation; Assessment of sperm functions.

Unit-II: Multiple ovulation, super ovulation; In vitro oocyte maturation; Cryopreservation of gametes and embryos.

Unit-III: In vitro fertilization, embryo transfer. Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT); Zygote intrafallopian transfer
(ZIFT); Intracytoplasmic sperm injection; Transgenic animals and their uses.

Unit-IV: Contraception; immune contraception, antibody mediated fertilization block and termination of gestation, other
contraceptive technologies, surgical methods, hormonal methods, physical barrier, intrauterine contraceptive
devices.

Books Recommended/Suggested Reading:

Human Reproductive Biology (Third Edition) by Jones, R. E.And Lopez, K. H.
 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022
B.Sc. Zoology VIII Semester (By Hons.)
Major Core
Vertebrate Immune System

Course Code: ZYBLMJ8003

Credit: 02
Sessional: 30
End Term Exam Exam: 70
Total: 100

Course To understand the role of the immune system and its components in maintaining a healthy state of the body by
Objectives providing defense against the foreign pathogens as well as endogenous antigen.
Course The importance of maintaining a strong immune status for a healthy living will be understood by the students.
Outcome The learning of analytical tools for understanding the immunological interactions will enhance the skills of the
students and will prepare them for field applications.
Unit-I: Introduction to immunology and characteristics of immune responses. Cells of the immune system. Organs of
the immune system (primary and secondary lymphoid organs). Elements of innate and acquired immunity.
Types of barriers.Induction of CMI and HI. T cells receptors (TcR). Differentiation and maturation of T & B
lymphocytes. Recognition of antigen by T and B cells.

Unit-II: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC): Organisation, structure and their role in immune response. Antigen
processing and presentation. Mechanism of action of cytotoxic T cell (CTL). Complement system and its
activation. Basic concepts of hypersensitivity reactions. Types of graft and mechanism of rejection.
Immunogen and antigen. Factors that influence immunogenicity (molecular basis of immunogenicity).

Unit-III: Immunoglobulins, classes, sub-classes and their physico-chemical properties. Gross and molecular structure of
the antibody molecules. Antigenic determinants of immunoglobulins. B-cell receptors (BcR). Antibody
mediated effector functions. Molecular basis of class switching. Theories of antibody formation. Antigen
preparation and production of polyclonal antibodies.

Unit-IV: Strength of antigen-antibody interactions. Immunoprecipitation reactions. Basic immunological techniques:

radial, double immunodiffusion, rocket, counter-current and immuno-electrophoresis. Immunoblotting.
ELISpot. ELISA. Formation and selection of hybrid cells and production of monoclonal antibodies and their
application. Recent approaches to the production of vaccines.

Book Recommended:

1. Celluar& Molecular Immunology by Abbas, Lichtman, Pillai

2. Immunology – A short Course by Benjamin et al.
3. Essentials of Immunology by Roitt
4. Immunology by Lal and Kumar
5. Kuby Immunology by Glodsy, Kindt and Osborne
 BOS: 30.09.2024
Faculty Meeting: ____________
B.Sc. Zoology VIII Semester (By Hons.)
Generic Elective
Biodiversity and Climate Change

Course code: ZYBLMJ8E01

Credit: 04
Sessional: 30
End-Term Examination: 70
Total: 100

Course The aim of the course is to generate knowledge about climate threats to biodiversity, biodiversity conservation
Objective in a changing climate and the implications of climate change on ecosystems and humans, and use of eco-
friendly practices, and the prospects of environment protection.

Course The students will be able to understand:

 themajor impacts of climate on ecosystems, species distribution and evolution in the past and present.
outcomes
 risks from climate change and other interacting pressures that act on ecosystems and biodiversity.
 methods for assessing climate change for the judicious utilisation of natural resources
 important knowledge gaps and uncertaintiesin the field

Unit-I: Biodiversity: Basic concepts, importance. Species diversity, Biological and phylogenetic species concept. Basic
concepts of speciation, species extinction. Biological classification, Aboveground and belowground
biodiversity:Diversity of insects, nematodes, fishes, birds, reptiles, mammals etc. α-, β-, γ- diversity,

Unit-II: Factors for decline of biological diversity. Forests as the major agents for sustenance of biodiversity. Types of
forests and the associated fauna. Importance of tropical rain forests and wetlands. Hotspots, Biodiversity
documentation; Red data book, Threatened and endangered animals of India

Unit-III: Biodiversity convention. Approaches for protection of wild flora, fauna and natural habitats. Traditional
knowledge and need for biodiversity conservation;gene and germ-plasm banks Socio-cultural aspects of
biodiversity.International and national efforts/ laws to conserve biodiversity. Role of Government, NGO, public
and educational institutions in conservation programmes. Constraints

Unit-IV: Climate change: Concept of earth system, climate, feedback loops, equilibrium states, Daisyworld model, Solar
Flux at Earth’s Orbit, Planetary Energy balance, seasonal variability.Global warming: Greenhouse effects;
Stratospheric ozone layer: Causes of depletion and consequences; Consequences on climate, oceans,
agriculture, natural vegetation and humans; International efforts on climate change issues. Global efforts for
mitigation of ozone layer depletion.

Books recommended
1. Climate Change Biology by Lee Hannah and Lee Jay Hannah
2. Climate Change and Biodiversity by Thomas E. Lovejoy, Lee Hannah
3. Environment, biodiversity and climate change by NavalePandharinath
4. Impact of Climate change: Biodiversity and Environment by Ajay Kumar Vashisht and Anila George
5. Global Environment Outlook- UNEP – Earthsca
 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022
B.Sc. Zoology VII semester (By Research)
Major Core
Fundamentals of Animal Ecology

Course code: ZYBLMJ7101

Credit: 02
Sessional: 30
End Term Exam 70
Total: 100
Course This course provides a brief background of the ecology and describes physical factors. It gives insight into
Objective(s) the features of population, ecosystem and community; and also explains ethics and conservation of natural
resources.

Course Student will be able to understand:

Outcome(s) 1. the concept of ecology, role of abiotic factors in distribution and performance of animals and nutrient
cycling.
2. the concept of individual and module along with population growth patterns and regulation; and
ecological niche.
3. features of ecosystem, community and energy flow; and ecological succession.
4. natural resources and their conservation methods.

Unit-I: Introduction, history and scope of Ecology. Life supporting properties of water. Physical factors:
temperature, light, pH and salinity. Thermal stratification. Concept of limiting factors. Biogeochemical
cycles: C,N, P & S cycles.

Unit-II: Unitary and Modular populations. Population characteristics: Distribution, density, natality, mortality, life
tables, survivorship curves, age structure, sex ratio; Exponential and logistic growth, equation and patterns.
Population regulation: density-dependent and independent factors. Ecological niche.

Unit-III: Ecosystem and types: pond, desert and forest ecosystems; Detritus and grazing food chains, ecological
pyramids, food web, energy flow. Community characteristics: Dominance, diversity, species richness,
abundance, stratification, ecotone and edge effect. Types of interaction: Inter and intra-specific. Ecological
succession.

Unit-IV: Environmental ethics.Causes of environmental degradation. Natural resources: Mineral, water and
bioresource; their significance and conservation. Application of ecology in biodiversity management.

Books recommended

1. Odum, E.P. & Barrett, G. W Fundamentals of Ecology

2. Stiling, P. Ecology: Theories and application
3. Singh, H.R. & Kumar, N. Ecology and Environmental Science
4. Subrahmanyam, N.S. & Sambamurty, A.V.S.S. Ecology
5. Dhaliwal, G.S., Sangha, G.S. & Ralhan, P.K. Fundamentals of Environmental Science
 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022
B.Sc. Zoology VII Semester (By Research)
Major Core
Environmental Toxicology
Course Code: ZYBLMJ7002
Credits: 02
Sessional: 30
End Term Exam: 70
Total 100
Course The course introduces the concept of environmental toxicology with reference to carcinogens; pesticides,
Objective nanoparticles, radioactive substances, their toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics and ecotoxicology. The students
will also acquire the knowledge about various types of pollution and their mitigation.

Course The student will be able to understand:

Outcomes 1. the concept of environmental toxicology; sources of pollution, the bioindicators of pollution, and how to
minimize and overcome the problem.
2. the characteristics of different types of carcinogens; and radioactive and noise pollution and their control.
3. Target and mode of action of pesticidesand their adverse effects; types and characteristics of
nanoparticles and their impact on environment and human health.
4. the effects of persistence of toxic substances in the environment and its consequence on living
organisms. Moreover, they will be introduced to environmental laws and policies to regulate production,
use and disposal of these toxic materials.

Unit-I: Introduction to Environmental toxicology: Definition, History and Scope. Air Pollution: Types, Effects
and Remediation. Photochemical smog. Acid Rain. Ozone hole. Water Pollution: Sources (Sewage,
Industrial, Thermal, Surface Runoff, Oil spills), Effects and Remediation. Solid Waste: Sources, effects and
management. Bio-indicators of pollution.

Unit-II: Noise Pollution: Introduction, hearing mechanism, decibel scale etc. Sources, Effects and Control of Noise
Pollution. Environmental carcinogens: Categories, Examples, Exposure and Effects. Radioactive
Pollution: Radioactivity (Nuclear disintegration series, nuclear energy and its uses). Radio-isotopes and
theirs uses. Radioactive pollution and its effects. Classification and safe disposal of radioactive waste.

Unit-III: Pesticides: Target and mode of action of some common pesticides (Organochlorines, Organophosphates and
Pyrethroids). Pesticide exposure and adverse effects. Nanotoxicology: Types, Sources, exposure and Impacts
of Nanoparticles. Endocrine disruptors.

Unit-IV: Toxicokinetics: metabolism and fate of toxicants. Biotransformation. Toxicodynamics: Toxicant interaction
with major body systems. Ecotoxicology: Bioconcentration and Biomagnification. Sub-lethal and Lethal
effects of toxicants to individuals, populations, communities and ecosystem. Environmental Laws and
Policies: Indian Perspective.

Book Recommended/Suggested Reading:

1. Ecology and Environmental Biology by Sharma, P.D., Rastogi Pub
2. Environmental Pollution Health and Toxicology by SVS Rana; Norasa Pub House
3. The Pesticide Book by GW, Ware; W.H. Freeman & Company
4. Appropriate online available material 5. Pesticides by R. Cremlyn; John Wiley & Sons
 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022
B.Sc. Zoology VII Semester (By Research)
Major Core
Endocrinology

Course Code: ZYBLMJ7003

Credit: 02
Sessional: 30
End Term Exam : 70
Total: 100

Course To understand the intricacies of the endocrine and neuro endocrine regulation of the body functions involving
Objective an array of chemical messengers controlling different signalling events for maintenance of homeostasis.

Course Students will be able to understand and appreciate the coordination of body functions involving the importance
Outcome of endocrine systems, cellular diversity, hormonal secretions which control and coordinate different systems
according to the biological/physiological needs of the body.

Unit-I: Meaning, Aims, Scope and Methods in Endocrinology

Chemical integration & homeostasis. General organization of endocrine glands. Classification of hormones.
Autocrine/Paracrine signals. Miscellaneous regulatory substances (erythropoietin, somatomedin growth factors,
eicosanoids etc). Neuroendocrine system. Hormonogenesis. Transport and Distribution. Mechanism of
hormone action. Cell surface receptors and intracellular signalling.

Unit-II: General Organisation of Endocrine Structures and Function – I

PITUITARY GLAND: Morphology and anatomy of adeno- and neurohypophysis, Adenohypophyseal and
Neurohyphyseal hormones (NP): structure and biological role. Hypothalamic control of hypophyseal
hormones.

Unit-III: Endocrine Glands-structure and function – II

THYROID: Thyroid hormones-sysnthesis, secretion and transport. Physiological and metabolic functions of
thyroid hormones, Thyroid hormone related disorders. Parafollicular C-Cells.
PARATHYROID: Structure and function of parathyroid hormone.
ENDOCRINE PANCREAS: Insulin: structure, biosynthesis, regulation of insulin secretion and functions,
Glucagon: structure, biosynthesis and function, Diabetes mellitus-types and management.

Unit-IV: Endocrine Glands-structure and function – III

ADRENAL GLAND: Gross anatomy, corticosteroids and catecholamines: Renin Angiotensin System.
GONADAL HORMONES: Male and female sex steroids: structure and functions.
GI TRACT HORMONES – types and functions. Pineal,
Principal invertebrate hormones - Ultimobranchial body, Corpuscles of stannius, Urophysis. Multihormonal
regulation of calcium homeostasis.

Books recommended
1. Comparative Endocrinology by Gorbman, Dickhoff, Vigna, Clark & Ralph (John Wiley & Sons)
2. Vertebrate Endocrinology by Norris (Lea and Febigar)
3. Comparative Vertebrate Endocrinology by Bentley (Cambridge University Press)
4. Basic & Clinical Endocrinology by Greenspan and Strewler
 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022
B.Sc. Zoology VII Semester (By Research)
General Elective
Animal Biotechnology
Course Code: ZYBLMJ7E01

Credit: 04
Sessional: 30
End Term Exam: 70
Total: 100

Course To provide an understanding of the basic tools and techniques in biotechnology, and its applications in various
Objectives fields of medicine, aquaculture, agriculture etc.
Course 1. Learners will understand the concepts of transgenic animals, their production & use in industry.
Outcomes 2. Students will be able to understand the use concept of the use of stem cells in regenerative medicine&
cell programming.
3. Learners will understand the basics of recombinant DNA technology& its industrial applications.
4. This way the students will be able to understand biotechnological applications in industry and relevance
of bioethics in animal research.
Unit-I: Introduction and scope of Animal Biotechnology, Transgenic and knockout animals and their importance.
Genome editing- CRISPR/Cas9, TALEN and ZEN. Nano-medicine, artificial blood, Vaccines and therapeutics,
Monoclonal antibodies, Gene therapy.

Unit-II: Stem cells: Concept, types and characteristics. Stem cells and renewal in epithelial tissues, fibroblast and their
reformation. Genesis and regeneration of skeletal muscle, blood vessels, lymphatics and endothelial cells. Tissue
regeneration and repair, cell reprogramming.

Unit-III: rDNA technology and its applications, Brief account of restriction endonucleases: types and classification.
Cloning vectors: Characteristics and Types. Difference in cDNA and genomic library. Labelling of nucleic acids.
Concept of VNTR & RFLP. DNA fingerprinting.

Unit-IV: Introduction to Transgenesis. Transgenic animals (Mice, Glofish to Giant Trout, Transgenic Salmon, Zebra
fish). Green Fluorescent Proteins (GFPs). Antifreeze proteins. Drugs and medicines from marine sources. FDA
guidelines-phase testing. Introduction to patents. CPCSEA Regulations, Bioethical issues.

Books recommended

1. Biotechnology by Satyanarayana
2. Introduction to Biotechnology by Theinman & Palladino
3. Biotechnology for Beginners by Reinhard Renneberg
4. Biotechnology by Elleyn Daugherty
5. Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology by Wilson and Walker
 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022
B.Sc. Zoology VII Semester (By Research)
Research Methodology & Techniques

Course Code: ZYBLMJ7V02

Credit: 04
Sessional: 30
End Term Exam: 70
Total: 100

Course The aim is to make the students well versed in the area of research by knowing the concept and essence of
Objectives research and also the ethical issues in educational research. The course is likely to generate critical awareness
of research types, research designs, methodologies, and methods used in different fields.

Learning The students will be able to:

Understand the concept of research and the associated ethical issues
outcomes
develop skills to conduct laboratory experiments
develop competence on data collection and process of scientific documentation

Unit-I: Aims, Objectives, Meaning and significance of scientific research, Genesis and rationale of research problem,
Historical background and present status, Literature survey and questions to be asked, Scientific and research
methods; Inductive and deductive method, Theoretical and empirical approach, Field survey.

Unit-II: Research design, Hypothesis, Sampling method, Sample size, Collection, Tabulation and presentation of
data, Statistical tools and interpretation: t-test, chi-square, ANOVA, Correlation, Regression, Variance,
Standard deviation, Standard error, Level of significance (p-value).

Unit-III: Laboratory and Experimental methods: Good laboratory practice; Safety and bio- and radio- hazards, disposal
of biological and chemical waste, Animal handling and maintenance,Microscopy; Bright field, Fluorescence,
Confocal, 3D microscopy, SEM and TEM, Pre-requisites of model system; in-vitro systems, Animal cell and
Tissue culture, Types of cell culture and its applications,Colorimetry, Spectrophotometry, Chromatography
and Electrophoresis, Immunological techniques, Radioimmunoassay (RIA), Histochemistry, FACS,
Microtomy, Preparative centrifugation, Hematological techniques.

Unit-IV: Scientific writing, Compiling report, Thesis, Case reports, Papers and scientific presentation in seminars,
Revising, Editing and galley proof correction, Journals online and hard copy of prints.Biological abstracts,
PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus ResearchGate.Citation and Impact factor of journals. Review article,
Chapters in book, Ethical considerations.

Books Recommended/Suggested Readings:

1. Research Methodology: Guide to research: Jeff Lenburg
2. Writing How to Articles & Books: Chriss McCallum
3. Your Master’s Thesis: Alan Bond
4. Biological Instrumentation &Methodology: P. K. Bajpai
 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022
B.Sc. Zoology VIII Semester (By Research)
Major Core
Animal Biosystematics and Taxonomy

Course code: ZYBLMJ8101

Credit: 02
Sessional: 30
End Term Exam: 70
Total: 100
Course To understand the basic concept of taxonomy and systematic. Species concepts and various schools of
objective taxonomic classification. To introduce the procedures and tools of taxonomic collection and identification. To
give an overview of the international code of Nomenclature and its operative principles.
Course Students will understand the relevance of biosystematics and its importance in resolving various taxonomic
outcomes research problems.
The students will acquire the knowledge of various taxa and understand the importance and application of
various species concepts in systematic ; they will also understand the role of modern taxonomy, particularly
Molecular taxonomy along with other concepts of taxonomy.
The student will learn the collecting techniques of various Zoological specimens, and procedures for their
preservation and taxonomic identification.
They will be able to understand the principles of ICZN and their interpretations in resolving various taxonomic
problems.

Unit-I: Basic concept, importance and applications of animal taxonomy and systematics. A historical review of
taxonomy; classification and nomenclature. Phenon, taxon, category: phylum, class, order, family, tribe,
genus and species. Levels of taxonomy:α ,β and γ taxonomy. Modern concept and recent trends in taxonomy;
chemotaxonomy, cytotaxonomy, serotaxonomy and molecular taxonomy. Role of taxonomy in biodiversity
conservation.

Unit-II: Species concepts: typological, nominalistic, biological and evolutionary species concepts. Polytypic and
monotypic species; species category; subspecies and other infra-specific categories; Infra-subspecific categories
and intra-population variants. Reproductive isolationandspeciation. Theories of biological classification. Some
basic principles of classification: the three schools oft axonomic classification: phenetic, cladistic and
phylogenetic classification.

Unit-III: Taxonomic characters and Phylogenetics: plesiomorphy, symplesiomorphy, apomorphy, synapomorphy and
homoplasy. Taxonomic procedures: collection, preservation and identification of biological
species.Taxonomictools:Types of keys. Taxonomic publications and their kinds. Type materials: zoological
types and rules of their applications. Current status of Taxonomy and the global taxonomic initiatives.

Unit-IV: International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature

(ICZN): principles and history of rules of Zoological nomenclature. Interpretation and application of important
rules: Criteria of publication, criteria of availability of names, Law of priority, homonymy, synonymy.
Zoological nomenclature: formation of scientific names of different taxa. Regulations governing the code; code
of ethics.

Books recommended:
1. Principles of Systematic Zoology by Ernst Mayr
2. Principles of Systematic Zoology by Ernst Mayr & Peter D. Ashlock
3. Principles of Animal Taxonomy by G.G. Simpson
4. Animal Taxonomy by H.E. Goto
5. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature- official publication
 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022
B.Sc. VIII Semester (By Research)
Major Core
Reproductive Technologies
Course code: ZYBLMJ8002
Credit: 02
Sessional: 30
End Term Exam: 70
Total: 100

To study the technique of induced release of gametes sperm function assessment, superovulation,
Course
cryopreservation of gametes and embryo, In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer, transgenic animals and the
Objective methods of contraception.

1. how to induce the release of gametes and assessment of their functions

Course
2. technique of In vitro maturation of oocytes
Outcome 3. assisted reproductive techniques
4. cryopreservation of gametes and embryo
5. contraceptive methods

Unit-I: Scope of reproductive technologies; Induced release of gametes and its significance; Biochemistry of semen
composition and formation; Assessment of sperm functions.

Unit-II: Multiple ovulation, superovulation; In vitro oocyte maturation; Cryopreservation of gametes and embryos.

Unit-III: In vitro fertilization, embryo transfer. Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT); Zygote intrafallopian transfer
(ZIFT); Intracytoplasmic sperm injection; Transgenic animals and their uses.

Unit-IV: Contraception; immunocontraception, antibody mediated fertilization block and termination of gestation, other
contraceptive technologies, surgical methods, hormonal methods, physical barrier, intrauterine contraceptive
devices.

Books Recommended/Suggested Reading:

Human Reproductive Biology (Third Edition) by Jones, R. E.And Lopez, K. H.

 BOS: 21.06.2022
Faculty Meeting: 30.06.2022
B.Sc. Zoology VIII Semester (By Research)
Major Core
Vertebrate Immune System

Course Code: ZYBLMJ8003

Credit: 02
Sessional: 30
End Term Exam: 70
Total: 100

Course To understand the role of the immune system and its components in maintaining a healthy state of the body
Objectives by providing defence against the foreign pathogens as well as endogenous antigen.

Course The importance of maintaining a strong immune status for a healthy living will be understood by the students.
Outcome The learning of analytical tools for understanding the immunological interactions will enhance the skills of
the students and will prepare them for field applications.

Unit-I: Introduction to immunology and characteristics of immune responses. Cells of the immune system. Organs
of the immune system (primary and secondary lymphoid organs). Elements of innate and acquired immunity.
Types of barriers. Induction of CMI and HI. T cells receptors (TcR). Differentiation and maturation of T & B
lymphocytes. Recognition of antigen by T and B cells.

Unit-II: Major histocompatibility complex (MHC): Organisation, structure and their role in immune response.
Antigen processing and presentation. Mechanism of action of cytotoxic T cell (CTL). Complement system
and its activation. Basic concepts of hypersensitivity reactions. Types of graft and mechanism of rejection.
Immunogen and antigen. Factors that influence immunogenicity (molecular basis of immunogenicity).

Unit-III: Immunoglobulins, classes, sub-classes and their physico-chemical properties. Gross and molecular structure
of the antibody molecules. Antigenic determinants of immunoglobulins. B-cell receptors (BcR). Antibody
mediated effector functions. Molecular basis of class switching. Theories of antibody formation. Antigen
preparation and production of polyclonal antibodies

Unit-IV: Strength of antigen-antibody interactions. Immunoprecipitation reactions. Basic immunological techniques:

radial, double immunodiffusion, rocket, counter-current and immuno-electrophoresis. Immunoblotting.
ELISpot. ELISA. Formation and selection of hybrid cells and production of monoclonal antibodies and their
application. Recent approaches to the production of vaccines.

Book Recommended:

1. Celluar& Molecular Immunology by Abbas, Lichtman, Pillai

2. Immunology – A short Course by Benjamin et al.
3. Essentials of Immunology by Roitt
4. Immunology by Lal and Kumar
5. Kuby Immunology by Glodsy, Kindt and Osborne
 BOS: 30.09.2024
Faculty Meeting: ____________
B.Sc. Zoology VIII Semester (By Research)
Generic Elective
Biodiversity and Climate Change

Course code: ZYBLMJ8E01

Credit: 04
Sessional: 30
End-Term Exam: 70
Total: 100

Course The aim of the course is to generate knowledge about climate threats to biodiversity, biodiversity conservation
Objective in a changing climate and the implications of climate change on ecosystems and humans, and use of eco-
friendly practices, and the prospects of environment protection.

Course The students will be able to understand:

 themajor impacts of climate on ecosystems, species distribution and evolution in the past and present.
outcomes
 risks from climate change and other interacting pressures that act on ecosystems and biodiversity.
 methods for assessing climate change for the judicious utilisation of natural resources
 important knowledge gaps and uncertaintiesin the field

Unit-I: Biodiversity: Basic concepts, importance. Species diversity, Biological and phylogenetic species concept. Basic
concepts of speciation, species extinction. Biological classification, Aboveground and belowground
biodiversity:Diversity of insects, nematodes, fishes, birds, reptiles, mammals etc. α-, β-, γ- diversity,

Unit-II: Factors for decline of biological diversity. Forests as the major agents for sustenance of biodiversity. Types of
forests and the associated fauna. Importance of tropical rain forests and wetlands. Hotspots, Biodiversity
documentation; Red data book, Threatened and endangered animals of India

Unit-III: Biodiversity convention. Approaches for protection of wild flora, fauna and natural habitats. Traditional
knowledge and need for biodiversity conservation;gene and germ-plasm banks Socio-cultural aspects of
biodiversity.International and national efforts/ laws to conserve biodiversity. Role of Government, NGO, public
and educational institutions in conservation programmes. Constraints

Unit-IV: Climate change: Concept of earth system, climate, feedback loops, equilibrium states, Daisyworld model, Solar
Flux at Earth’s Orbit, Planetary Energy balance, seasonal variability.Global warming: Greenhouse effects;
Stratospheric ozone layer: Causes of depletion and consequences; Consequences on climate, oceans,
agriculture, natural vegetation and humans; International efforts on climate change issues. Global efforts for
mitigation of ozone layer depletion.

Books recommended
1. Climate Change Biology by Lee Hannah and Lee Jay Hannah
2. Climate Change and Biodiversity by Thomas E. Lovejoy, Lee Hannah
3. Environment, biodiversity and climate change by Navale Pandharinath
4. Impact of Climate change: Biodiversity and Environment by Ajay Kumar Vashisht and Anila George
5. Global Environment Outlook- UNEP – Earthsca