I week I

Macroscopicworld i
1
Microscopicworld

Scientificmethod systemicapproach toresearch

hypothesis tentativeexplanationfor
a setof observations
law concisestatementof a relationship betweenphenomena

theory unifyingprinciplethatexplains abodyoffacts

Matter anything thatoccupiesspace andhasmass

Matter

Mixtures Substances

Homogeneous Heterogeneous
Compounds Elements
Mixture Mixture

change
phsyc.at
ex
chemicalchange
Hat
extensiveproperty ex
1intensive property ex
mass i kg
Lweight C C
Volume i Imt1cm3
m
di Density mass
Name
Kit 273.15 temperature k Et273.15
0
F F 32 LOF Iic 32
Significantfigure

fiction
Multi Division

1234 i0 ex 4.242 1.23 5.22

0.606 2 0 0 Addition Subtraction
ooo3 3 0.00 nonzero exactnumber numbersfromdefinition counted numbers

2.0 4 1 0
04205 1 nonzero O
 Week 2 Chapter2 Atoms Molecules andIons

Dalton'sAtomic
Theory

l Element atom
2 Element Atom
3 Compound 2
4 Chemicalreaction
X
oThomson'satommodel election

etcharge 1.60 C
e
mass ANMtg e e o
e
P charge i 1.60 C
mass 1.672 1024 oRutherford'satommodel aparticle
Mmass 1.6741024 positivecharge
Neutron

Chadwick
Millikan

number
Atomic Z f elementsymbol
Mass
number
A Zt Isotope Z A X
compound Molecule diatomicmolecule
1 atomicmolecule i
Ion atomicion
mon atom1 NotMit
Lpoly atomic ion 2 OHCN
formula
molecular H20 GH1206

empiricalformula H20 CH20

 KIPotassium Chemical Nomenclature

ration Anion
KN03 Potassium nitrate
ioniccompounds metal
metal tnon tide
ppt 27N28 ex Koo potassium oxide

MM Manganese
12 Transitionmetals

Hi Mercury
II ex Feel ironINchloride
Pb lead molecular
compounds metal t non
non
mmmmnm
metal t tide
HN
2 di tri tetra penta hexa hepta octa nona dea
MN.it Permanganate
SOI Sulfate acid Ht HCl H30CI i hydrochloricacid

i Nitride acid
ON acid

acid ON
ON anion

two nitricacid ON
acid H ONMIM ae its
acid Per ate
H2o carbonicacid x Peri Ht
Hit acid
phosphoric Reference
idacid ate
wasacid ie
I referenceacid

v hypo asacid hypo.ie

OH hydroxide base hydroxideion10H7

hydrates 1H20 It ex Balbo2H20 bariumdichloride
dihid
rate
Organicchemistry

Me GH2M2
Week 3 Chapter3 MassRelationships in Chemical Reactions

Mole 1200g T Mol NA 6.0221415 1023

Bydefinition Ramu I am 1.66x1024g

NA
Percentcomposition
Noo

Chemical
reaction reactants products

limiting reaction
reagent t excessreagent

Yield
Theoretical limitingreagent product

Yield
Actual product

actual
Yet 100
ther

MRKCaSMg
3H219 2mg 2 g
NH4N3
NH319 HN3aq aq
 Week Chapter4 Reactions
in Aqueous Solutions

Ii reversible reaction solution 2 substance homogeneous mixture

solute solution

solvent

electrolyte dissolve Strong

electrolyte 100 dissolution
Lweak electrolyte notcompletelydissociated
lead
none
yte X

Cations H Anions
H
hydration ion
ppt6 precipitate solution
ex Cds Pbs Nil A1 3
CT Bi I molecular PbNO3 1aq 2NaIaq t 2dam aq
t AgtHi Pb
equation
IEft
precipitate

insoluble ionic
e quation PE't fit 2I pbI.is tf 2Nd
NI Not spectatorions
soil
netionicequation Pb t 2I Pb
Isis
t Ajit BEHiPD
insoluble

Solubility Solvent
site
Coi Poi 5
Ni OH Acid Base
INSOLUBLECOMPOUNDS

plantdye
H219 Plant
dye
carbonatebicarbonate CO21g
 Arrhenius Acid
Lbase OH
Branstad Acid protonHt 1 1 Mono ticacid
pro
P16 1Base protonHt 2Di imeacid
acid
wtic
3 Trip
Neutralizationreaction acidtbase salt twater
HttOH H20 Oxidation
Reduction
reactions

2Mg 2Mi 4E oxidationhalfreaction Mgis reducingagent

HWtoti t Hotor at 4E 202 halfreaction O is oxidizingagent
Reduction

l Ht MtHoo t MOHtH
2
3 F.cl F2 Brita
M 1L at
disproportionionreaction
dried
oooooos.ie
201T
t mol Cbi t t
ar CTtho
oxidizers
Solution stoichiometry

r mobility
moles ofsolute
litersofso
Dilution solution solvent P
Gran
metricanalysis
l
2 precipitate

3 precipitate

Titration Solution Chemicalreaction known concentration solution

accurately
s complete

Solution of unknownconcentration
Equivalencepoint reaction Complete

indicator equivalencepointer
Week5 Gases
Gas
PoiN1m2 pressure
Force massMade
ration
Area

pressure Pascal
Point
Llatin 760mmHg ton
706 101.325
Pa
Boyle'sLaw
Pat
law
Charles
TN constant
p K
Avogadro'sLaw Van T PI
constant constant

cfVanderWaalsequation
nRT R Gasconstant
P v nh nRT
mm
STP Oc Iam StandardTemperatureand
Pressure

ofteasing mass
mf force
Repulsive
force
attractive

pass molar ofthe

gas
p
densitycalculations d t
F
ofPartialPressures N T
DaltonsLaw

V AB

NT B PB
Pat

Xj
name
PT PIXAR X i

molefraction

1K KEI mi
Yams
me
Gas
d iffusion

Gaseffusion
m unE
t
Week6 6 Thermochemistry
Energy

ex Radiantenergy Thermalenergy ChemicalenergyNuclear

energy Potential
energy

Heat thermalenergy

temperature thermal
energy

Thermo
chemistry heat

system I
open closedisolated
process exothermicprocess

L endothermic Process

Istlawofthermodynamics i
Nsystem Narrowing

N qw L1 PLN
t heat work
products Hreactants
Enthalpy
H He 70 i endothermic
I iexothermic
t t
0
specificheat Is 19 1 q
heat
capacity c Mg Pc t Emts
at at mixa httfinal tinitial
standardenthalpy
of formation LIHi
1atm 1
stable element
to ex HiNoto HI 42KJ1m

of
standardenthalpy reaction
illHim
1atm

a aAtbB d dD Him d allHitIt HIM

ri products
nailreactants
Law reactant product
Hess's

of
enthalpy Solution

solute solvent Heat Han Hcomponent

Week7 QuantumTheory Electronic Structureof atoms

speed ofwave U do electromagneticradiation

EAU
my fm
wavelength frequency
E 3.0108
mls
Eenergy U
i
t
Photon Planck's
constant 6.63 1034Js
htKEtw
Bohr's Model oftheatom
1 E
2 energylevel LIE Rn E f
light
Laser intense monomericcoherent

DeBroglie 2 hi dimu
did momentum

uncertainty ofposition

Schrodingerwave
equation 4 4 E E
quantumnumber
4
1 l In me1
pi
ms
iii o
d
I 2
bend

nl.me.ms
Shell in
shell
sub nl
inline
orbital

2 MI
electronconfiguration
SET
not Paramagnetic Diamagnetic
It
 week8 8 Periodic Relationships Amongthe Elements

basics
acidic
Basic Acidic
co cost

elements
Representative Cations noblegas
partiallyfilled
is porbital Anions noblegas
Noble
gas Porbitalisfullyfilled Iso
electronic

Transitionmetals Dorbitalpartiallyfiled ex NotMAAi F E F Ne iso

electronic

ZincCadmiumMercury
Dorbital Transitionmetal cation

7S IMd
orbital Lanthanides

tforbital t Actinides

Effectivenuclearcharge Zeit
p positivecharge

Zeit Et Eshieldingconstant
E electron
innerorcore electron
core
Group Zef rt zeal

Radii
Atomic cationradii

anionradii

gaseousatom
energy groundstate
Ionization
I3
N F Ne
Be
co 9ft
i
Na

electronaffinity

fff
B
Be N Ne
group7A
F
EA
it Fig 328Mm 328Mm
 DB Group elements
ME m2 LiNaKRbCs Mt
S 1 2Mm 2H2011 2M aq H21g
2Ms 021g 2M2015

Group dents ni nia i BeMgCaSrBa

Basic A 2A Mls 2H201I M a 1q H21g Be H2011
Ionic Mls 2H201g Mg aq H21g

3 so
Group elements
nini m2 BAlGa InTl
hotel
4A Amp 4A1m 30219 203Is
Acidic 5A 7A 1S t ataq aq 3H21g
Molecular

Discrete Group elements

nini m2 CSiGeSnPb

Group elements
nini m2 watersoluble
Group elements
nini R2
Grup elements
nini m2 Fa Br I At EA
X e X
X219 H219 2HX19
Group elements
nini m2 noble
gases

is P
ionization

IPO ionization
Week9 9 Chemical Bonding I Basic Concepts
Valenceelectron chemicalbonding

IonicBond electrostaticforce

ElectrostaticLatticeenergy
U
charge Lattice
energy charge
f
Ek Qf f
Covalentbond

bond
length triplebond bond
double bond
single

Polarcovalentbond Polarbond
F 1
electronegativity
cflElectronelfinin
O covalent shareei

3 02 E2 Polarcovalent partialtransfer ofe

Ionic transfer e
octet 2
Formalcharge
I
octet 1 Formalcharge morepreferred P
structure
resonance

resonancestructures electronegativity

Octet

octet Beth HBeH BF3 F

Fpi
incomplete

odd
electronmolecules
No
F
if I
expanded octet
S
Fo
E
bondenthalpy gaseousmolecule i single double triple
 MolecularGeometry and
Week10 Chemical Bonding
Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals
ShellElectronPairRepulsion
Valence USER
AR
trigonalplanar i 120 AB3

f
tetrahedral 109.5 AB4

bi
trigonal pyramidal 2 1900120 AB5
octahedral
98 AB6
Ho
bent SO 2 ABEABE
trigonalpyramidal NH3 10 3 ABE
distortedtetrahedron SE ARE
AB3E2
Tshaped af
linear i II ABE3
ABE

Dipolemomentsandpolar
molecules
distance

il f between
H F tear changes
fist f
charge

E
h
10

fig 2 sp
3 sp f
as 5tspd if
Gospite
E

4t sp fi

ex si hybridization t l t t hybridized is 2 p2
orbital
 sigmabond 11 singlebond Ib
PibondIT 2 doublebond
If IT
triplebond to
molecularorbital
theory
bondingmolecular
orbital ft
lantibondingmolecularorbital

P interaction

energy
00 00 not SO
mr
T sp t T e t
No 8 8
Atom Molecule Atom Atom Molecule Atom

MO
l M0
2 bondingMO anti MO
bonding

3 MO
4 MO 2
5 MO

6 M0

bondorder bonding bondingMO

anti

delocalized molecularorbital 3
 weekII Intermolecular Forces and Liquids and Solids

phase solid liquid gas

Intermolecularforce ex
free
Intermolecular

free
Intramolecular of Intramolecularforce ex

AceTint
intermolecular Intermolecularforce

dipoleforce i
dipole

Ion dipoleforce 1 Qft forceT

forces
dispersion
T
t polarization
T T polarizationT t T
dispersionforce

bond
Hydrogen NHO HF.tl H ONF dipole
dipole

dipoledipole H20HF
NH3

Surfacetension Surface T
tension intermolecular
T
force

Cohesion I T
L Adhesion to

water viscosity viscosity tinterm

dealer T
force

40
t
 crystalline

amorphous exglass
unitcell crystallinestructure

Unit
Basic Cells SimpleCubic Fbi
90
Tetragonal
Orthorhombic
ate
attic
ftp.r
Monoclinic
Atb atFE900
heard
Rhombus
abt Bit900
fell
Unit Trini 900
Hexagonal
abt FB 90 F1200

I cells
Cubicunit SimpleCubic Cubic
C entered
Base CenteredCubic
Face
is Innit
atom all I 2 4
ar relation Asr a nor

ClosedPacking HCP B
ABA Hexagonal FCC A
BABE

Xraydiffraction Bragg'sLaw HsinEnd

Types ofcrystals Ionic

crystal crystal MolecularCrustal Metallic
Covalent Crystal

latticepoint 1 atom Molecule metalatom

bond
covalent M bond
metallic

Tm T t tSoft f
t t t T

Gas
vaporization fondation
Sublimation
Liquid deposition

a
Melting freezing

Solid
equilibrium
vaporpressure rateofcondensing rateofevaporation

MolarHeatofVaporization Clausius ClapeyronEquation

to In
in
normalboilingpoint 1atm

CriticalTemperature

CriticalPressure Tc

of
Molarheat fusion Ll
Has

Hess'slaw Hsub Hast LlHrap

phasediagram