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GENDER MATTERS IN GLOBAL POLITICS

Gender Matters in Global Politics is a comprehensive textbook for advanced under-

graduates studying feminism and international relations, gender and global politics
and similar courses. It provides students with an accessible but in-depth account of
the most significant theories, methodologies, debates and issues.

This textbook is written by an international line-up of established and emerging

scholars from a range of theoretical perspectives, providing students with provoca-
tive and cutting-edge insights into the study and practices of (how) gender matters
in global politics.

Key features and benefits of the book:

• Introduces students to the wide variety of feminist and gender theory and
explains the relevance to contemporary global politics.
• Explains the insights of feminist theory for a range of other disciplines including
international relations, international political economy and security studies.
• Addresses a large number of key contemporary issues such as human rights, traf-
ficking, rape as a tool of war, peacekeeping and state-building, terrorism and
environmental politics.
• Features extensive pedagogy to facilitate learning – seminar exercises, text boxes,
photographs, suggestions for further reading, web resources and a glossary of key
terms.

In this innovative and groundbreaking textbook, gender is represented as a noun, a verb

and a logic, allowing both students and lecturers to develop a sophisticated under-
standing of the crucial role that gender plays in the theories, policies and practices
of global politics.

Laura J. Shepherd is a Lecturer in International Relations at the Department of

Political Science and International Studies (POLSIS), University of Birmingham.
She teaches and researches in the areas of gender politics, international relations and
critical security studies.
GENDER MATTERS IN
GLOBAL POLITICS
A feminist introduction to
International Relations

Edited by
Laura J. Shepherd
First published 2010
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN

Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada

by Routledge
270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2010.

To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.

© 2010 Editorial selection and matter, Laura J. Shepherd; individual chapters the contributors

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or

reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Gender matters in global politics: a feminist introduction to international relation / edition by Laura J. Shepherd.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-415-45387-5—ISBN 978-0-415-45388-2—ISBN 978-0-203-86494-4
1. International relational. 2. Feminism. 3. Feminist theory. I. Shepherd, Laura J.
JZ1253.2.G46 2009
327.101—dc22
2009021805

ISBN 0-203-86494-8 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 13: 978-0-415-45387-5 (hbk)

ISBN 13: 978-0-415-45388-2 (pbk)
ISBN 13: 978-0-203-86494-4 (ebk)

ISBN 10: 0-415-45387-9 (hbk)

ISBN 10: 0-415-45388-7 (pbk)
ISBN 10: 0-203-86494-8 (ebk)
 CONTENTS

Notes on Contributors ix
Acknowledgements xv
Foreword by Cynthia Enloe xvii
Glossary xix

SECTION ONE: THEORY/PRACTICE 1

1. Sex or Gender? Bodies in World Politics and Why Gender Matters 3

Laura J. Shepherd
2. Ontologies, Epistemologies, Methodologies 17
Lene Hansen
3. Feminist International Relations: Making Sense . . . 28
Marysia Zalewski
4. Postcolonial Theories and Challenges to ‘First World-ism’ 44
Anna M. Agathangelou and Heather M. Turcotte

SECTION TWO: ETHICS AND THE HUMAN SUBJECT 59

5. Ethics 61
Kimberly Hutchings
6. Body Politics: Human Rights in International Relations 74
Jill Steans
7. Trafficking in Human Beings 89
Barbara Sullivan

v
CONTENTS

SECTION THREE: VIOLENCE AND SECURITY 103

8. Militarism and War 105

Cynthia Cockburn
9. The ‘War on Terrorism’ 116
Krista Hunt
10. Genocide and Mass Violence 127
Adam Jones
11. Sexual Violence in War 148
Donna Pankhurst
12. Peacekeeping, Peacebuilding and Post-conflict Reconstruction 161
Nadine Puechguirbal
13. Cyborg Soldiers and Militarised Masculinities 176
Cristina Masters

SECTION FOUR: POLITICAL ECONOMY 187

14. Mainstreaming Gender in International Institutions 189

Jacqui True
15. International/Global Political Economy 204
V. Spike Peterson
16. Development Institutions and Neoliberal Globalisation 218
Penny Griffin
17. Production, Employment and Consumption 234
Juanita Elias and Lucy Ferguson

SECTION FIVE: IDENTITIES, ORDERS, BORDERS 249

18. Migration 251
Jindy Pettman
19. Religion 265
Suruchi Thapar-Bjorkert and Laura J. Shepherd
20. Nationalism 280
Dibyesh Anand
21. Transnational Activism 292
Valentine M. Moghadam

vi
 CONTENTS

SECTION SIX: INFORMATION,

COMMUNICATION, TECHNOLOGY 307

22. Popular Culture and the Politics of the Visual 309

Christina Rowley
23. Sex, Gender and Cyberspace 326
M. I. Franklin
Conclusion 347
Terrell Carver

Bibliography 351

Index 409

vii
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Adam Jones is Associate Professor of Political Science at the University of British

Columbia Okanagan in Kelowna, Canada. He is author of Gender Inclusive: Essays
on Violence, Men, and Feminist International Relations (Routledge, 2009) and author
or editor of a dozen other books on genocide and human rights, gender and IR, and
transitional mass media. He serves as executive director of Gendercide Watch (www.
gendercide.org).

Anna M. Agathangelou is Associate Professor of Political Science and Women’s

Studies at York University, Toronto, and is the co-director of Global Change
Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus. Her publications include The Global Political Economy
of Sex: Desire, Violence and Insecurity in Mediterranean Nation-States (Palgrave
Macmillan, 2006), and Transforming World Politics: From Empire to Multiple Worlds
(Routledge, 2009), co-authored with L.H.M. Ling (New School).

Barbara Sullivan is Senior Lecturer in the School of Political science & International
Studies, University of Queensland, Australia. She teaches and researches in the area
of gender politics, feminist political theory, prostitution and trafficking. She has
published in a range of political science and criminology journals as well as in two
recent comparative politics texts: Gendering the State in the Age of Globalization:
Women’s Movements and State Feminism in Post Industrial Democracies edited by
Melissa Haussman and Birgit Sauer (Rowman & Littlefield, 2007) and The Politics
of Prostitution: Women’s Movements, Democratic States and the Globalisation of Sex
Commerce edited by Joyce Outshoorn (Cambridge University Press, 2004).

Christina Rowley is a doctoral researcher in the Department of Politics, University

of Bristol. She has published on the politics of science fiction (2005), on representa-
tions of gender in Firefly/Serenity (2007) and (with Jutta Weldes) on identities and
US foreign policy (2008). She is one of the editors of the ‘Popular Culture and
World Politics’ book series (Lexington).

Cristina Masters is Lecturer of International Politics in the discipline area of

Politics at the . She teaches and researches in the areas of
feminist poststructural theory, gender politics, and practices of war and violence.
Recent publications include a chapter on Judith Butler in Critical Theorists and

ix
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

International Relations (Routledge, 2009), edited by Nicholas Vaughan-Williams

and Jenny Edkins, ‘Femina Sacra: The “War on/of Terror”, Women and the Femi-
nine’ in Security Dialogue (2009), and ‘Bodies of Technology and the Politics of the
Flesh’ in Rethinking The ‘Man’ Question: Sex, Gender and Violence in International
Relations (Zed Books, 2008), edited by Jane L. Parpart and Marysia Zalewski.

Cynthia Cockburn is a feminist researcher and writer based at The City University,
London, UK, where she is a Visiting Professor in the Department of Sociology. Her
recent publications include The Space Between Us: Gender and National Identities in
Conflict (1998), The Line: Women, Partition and the Gender Order in Cyprus (2004),
and From Where We Stand: War, Women’s Activism and Feminist Analysis (2007), all
published by Zed Books.

Dibyesh Anand is an Associate Professor at Westminster University. His publica-

tions are in the areas of Global Politics, Tibet, Nationalism and Gender. He has
authored Geopolitical Exotica: Tibet in Western Imagination and Hindu Nationalism
in India and the Politics of Fear. He is currently working on a book China’s Tibet,
Indian diaspora in Tanzania, and a project on the China-India border.

Donna Pankhurst is Professor of Peacebuilding and Development at the Depart-

ment of Peace Studies, University of Bradford, UK. In recent years she has researched
in Africa on conflict, post-conflict settlements and peacebuilding, particularly with
a focus on gender issues. Recent publications include Gendered Peace: Women’s Strug-
gles for Post-Conflict Justice and Reconciliation (Routledge, 2007).

Heather M. Turcotte is Assistant Professor in Political Science, Women’s Studies and

International Studies at the University of Connecticut, Storrs. Her research and teach-
ing focuses on Africana Studies, global critical race theory, economies of violence and
transnational feminism. She is currently working on a book-length project that exam-
ines gender violence and geopolitical segregation to analyse how U.S.-Nigerian petro-
leum relations, through the discourses of international security and law, inform and
are informed by sexual violence and the possibilities of transnational justice.

Jacqui True is Senior Lecturer in International Relations in the Department of Polit-

ical Studies at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. She researches and teaches
in the areas of global governance and gender mainstreaming, feminist methodologies,
and critical international political economy. Her most recent book is Doing Feminist
Research in the Political and Social Sciences (Palgrave 2009) with Brooke Ackerly.

Jill Steans is Senior Lecturer in International Relations Theory at the University

of Birmingham. She is the author of a number of books and articles on gender in
International Relations and international political economy, including Gender and
International Relations (Polity Press, 2006).

Jindy Pettman is Emeritus Professor and Visiting Fellow in Humanities at the

Australian National University. She is author of Worlding Women: A Feminist

x
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

International Politics (Routledge 1996) and a founding editor of the International

Feminist Journal of Politics. Her current research interests focus on transnational
feminisms, and on the gendered politics of peace and war, in Asia and the Pacific in
particular.

Juanita Elias is Senior Lecturer in International Politics at the University of

Adelaide, Australia. Her research and teaching interests are in the areas of Interna-
tional Political Economy, gendered approaches to International Politics, and
Southeast Asian political economy. She is the author of Fashioning Inequality: The
Multinational Corporation and Gendered Employment in a Globalising World (Ash-
gate, 2004) and the co-author of International Relations: The Basics (Routledge,
2007). Her research also appears in journals such as the Review of International Stud-
ies, Third World Quarterly, Men and Masculinities, Economy and Society and New
Political Economy.

Kimberly Hutchings is Professor of International Relations at the London School

of Economics. Her current research interests include global ethics, political violence
and assumptions about political temporality and the philosophy of history in
International Relations theories. Her books include Hegel and Feminist Philosophy
(Blackwell, 2003) and Time and World Politics: Thinking the Present (Manchester
University Press, 2008).

Krista Hunt teaches gender and global politics at the University of Toronto. Her
current teaching and research focuses on unlearning privilege in a global/local con-
text. Recent publications include ‘Disciplining Women, Disciplining Women’s
Rights’ in Janie Leatherman (ed) Discipline and Punishment in Global Politics: Illu-
sions of Control (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) and Engendering the War on Terror: War
Stories and Camouflaged Politics, edited with Kim Rygiel (Ashgate, 2007).

Laura J. Shepherd is Lecturer in International Relations at the Department of

Political Science and International Studies (POLSIS), University of Birmingham.
She teaches and researches in the areas of gender politics, international relations and
critical security studies. Recent publications include Gender, Violence and Security:
Discourse as Practice (Zed Books, 2008), and articles in International Studies Quar-
terly, Review of International Studies and Political Studies Review.

Lene Hansen is Associate Professor of International Relations in the Department of

Political Science, University of Copenhagen. Her publications include Security as
Practice: Discourse Analysis and the Bosnian War (Routledge, 2006), The Evolution of
International Security Studies, co-authored with Barry Buzan (Cambridge University
Press, 2009) and European Integration and National Identity: The Challenge of the
Nordic States, co-edited with Ole Wæver (Routledge, 2002).

Lucy Ferguson is a Lecturer in the International Development Department at

the University of Birmingham, where she teaches and researches in the areas of
gender and development. She is currently on leave of absence to pursue a Research

xi
NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

Fellowship at the University of Sheffield, where she is developing her work on the
gender dimensions of tourism as a development strategy. Recent publications include
‘The World Tourism Organisation’ in the journal New Political Economy and she is
working on a number of articles based around recent research.

M. I. Franklin is Reader and Convener of the Transnational Communications and

Global Media Postgraduate Program at Goldsmiths (UK). Recent books include
Understanding Methods: Quantitative and Qualitative Research in Theory and Prac-
tice, co-authored with S. A. Banducci (Routledge, forthcoming), Resounding Inter-
national Relations: On Music, Culture and Politics (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), and
Postcolonial Politics, the Internet, and Everyday Life: Pacific Traversals Online (Rout-
ledge, 2005).

Marysia Zalewski is Director of the Centre for Gender Studies at the University
of Aberdeen. She has published widely in the areas of gender and International
Relations and feminist theory. She is currently completing a monograph on the
relationship between feminism and International Relations.

Nadine Puechguirbal is currently the Women and War Advisor for the Interna-
tional Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in Geneva. She worked as the Senior
Gender Advisor for the UN Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) between
2004 and 2008. Ms. Puechguirbal is a Senior Fellow at the University for Peace in
Costa Rica where she teaches for the MA on Gender and Peace Building.

Penny Griffin is a Lecturer in Politics and International Relations in the School of

Social Sciences and International Studies (SSIS), University of New South Wales
(Australia). Her research and teaching interests include gender studies, International
Political Economy, International Relations and Development Studies. Recent
publications include Gendering the World Bank: Neoliberalism and the Gendered
Foundations of Global Governance (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).

Suruchi Thapar-Bjorkert currently holds a senior lectureship at University of

Bristol in the Department of Sociology. Her research falls in four specific areas:
gendered discourses of colonialism and nationalism, gendered violence in India and
Europe, gender, social capital and social exclusion and qualitative research method-
ologies. She has published widely in journals such as Feminist Review, Women’s Stud-
ies International Forum, Journal of Gender Studies, Women’s History Review, Interna-
tional Journal of Social Research Methodology and Oral History Journal.

Terrell Carver is Professor of Political Theory at the University of Bristol. He has

published extensively on gender, sex and sexuality in a feminist and international
frame, including ‘The Machine in the Man’ in Rethinking the Man Question (Zed
Books, 2008), ‘Men in the Feminist Gaze: What does this mean in IR?’ in Millen-
nium: Journal of International Studies 37:1 (2008), and ‘International Relations’ in
the Routledge International Encyclopedia of Men and Masculinities (2008).

xii
 NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

V. Spike Peterson is a Professor in the Department of Political Science at the Uni-

versity of Arizona, with affiliations in Women’s Studies, Institute for LGBT Studies,
and International Studies. Her recent publications include A Critical Rewriting of
Global Political Economy: Reproductive, Productive and Virtual Economies (Routledge,
2003) and with Anne Sisson Runyan, Global Gender Issues in the New Millennium
(Westview Press, 2009). Her current research focuses on informalization, inequali-
ties, intersectionality and global insecurities.

Valentine M. Moghadam is Professor of Sociology and Director of the Women’s

Studies Program at Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. Her areas of
research include globalization, transnational social movements and feminist net-
works, and gender and social change in the Middle East and North Africa. Among
her many publications are Modernizing Women: Gender and Social Change in the
Middle East (Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1993, 2003), Globalizing Women: Transna-
tional Feminist Networks (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), and most recently,
Globalization and Social Movements: Islamism, Feminism, and the Global Justice
Movement (Rowman & Littlefield, 2009).

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