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AN IN-DEPTH GUIDE TO
MOBILE DEVICE
FORENSICS
AN IN-DEPTH GUIDE TO
MOBILE DEVICE
FORENSICS

Chuck Easttom
First Edition published 2022
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
© 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
The right of Chuck Easttom to be identified as author of this work has been asserted by him
in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author
and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the
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Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks
and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

ISBN: 978-0-367-63298-4 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-0-367-63300-4 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-11871-8 (ebk)

DOI: 10.1201/9781003118718

Typeset in Times
by MPS Limited, Dehradun
Contents
Section I Technical Details of Mobile Devices

Chapter 1 Wireless Basics .................................................................................. 3

Introduction.......................................................................................... 3
Electromagnetic Waves ....................................................................... 3
Radio Waves and Computer Networking........................................... 5
Multiple Access .................................................................................10
Cellular Technology ..........................................................................15
Cellular Networks..............................................................................15
GSM...................................................................................................15
EDGE.................................................................................................16
UMTS ................................................................................................17
LTE ....................................................................................................18
5G.......................................................................................................19
Cell System Components ..................................................................19
3GPP ..................................................................................................23
Other Wireless Transmissions...........................................................24
IEEE 802.11 Standard ............................................................... 24
802.11a................................................................................ 24
802.11b................................................................................ 25
802.11g................................................................................ 25
802.11n................................................................................ 25
802.11n 2009 ...................................................................... 25
802.11ax.............................................................................. 26
802.11 Channels ................................................................. 26
Wi-Fi Security .................................................................... 26
Bluetooth.................................................................................... 27
Chapter Summary ..............................................................................28
Chapter 1 Assessment .......................................................................28

Chapter 2 Mobile Hardware and Operating Systems........................................31

Introduction........................................................................................31
Hardware............................................................................................31
Antenna ...................................................................................... 32
Free-Space Path Loss ................................................................ 34
Math behind DSP ...................................................................... 35
SIM Cards.................................................................................. 38
CPU....................................................................................................41
Other Devices ....................................................................................43
Jammers ..................................................................................... 43

v
vi Contents

IMSI Catchers............................................................................ 44
Software Defined Radio ....................................................................44
Chapter Summary ..............................................................................46
Chapter 2 Assessment .......................................................................47
Notes ..................................................................................................48

Chapter 3 iOS Operating System.......................................................................49

Operating System Fundamentals.......................................................49
iOS Basics.......................................................................................... 52
Jailbreaking ................................................................................ 55
File System ........................................................................................55
Hardware Details ...............................................................................57
Sensors ....................................................................................... 57
iPhone Processor........................................................................ 58
iPhone Security..................................................................................58
Chapter Summary ..............................................................................60
Chapter 3 Assessment .......................................................................60
Chapter 3 Labs ..................................................................................61
Lab 3.1 ....................................................................................... 61

Chapter 4 Android Operating Systems ..............................................................63

Android Basics ..................................................................................63
Specialized Key Codes......................................................................65
Working with Android ......................................................................66
ADB ...................................................................................................66
Rooting Android ................................................................................70
EDL Mode .........................................................................................72
Operating System Details..................................................................72
Boot Process ......................................................................................73
File Systems.......................................................................................74
F2FS: Flash-Friendly File System ............................................ 75
JFFS2: Journaling Flash File System version 2....................... 75
YAFFS: Yet Another Flash File System.................................. 76
Security ..............................................................................................76
General Architecture.......................................................................... 77
Tools ..................................................................................................77
Deep into Android Code ...................................................................79
Chapter Summary ..............................................................................80
Chapter 4 Assessment .......................................................................82
Chapter 4 Labs ..................................................................................83
Lab 4.1 Codes............................................................................ 83
Lab 4.2 ADB ............................................................................. 84
Android Lab 4.3 ........................................................................ 85
Notes ..................................................................................................85
Contents vii

Section II Forensic Techniques

Chapter 5 iOS Forensics ....................................................................................89

Forensic Procedures........................................................................... 91
iOS Specific Processes ......................................................................93
Tools ..................................................................................................93
Cellebrite.................................................................................... 94
iMazing ...................................................................................... 94
iMyPhone D-Back ..................................................................... 96
Dr. Fone ..................................................................................... 99
Oxygen Forensics ............................................................................100
MobilEdit .........................................................................................102
Axiom ...................................................................................... 103
Reincubate................................................................................ 106
Ultdata...................................................................................... 106
iCloud............................................................................................... 108
Chapter Summary ............................................................................109
Chapter 5 Assessment .....................................................................109
Chapter 5 Labs ................................................................................109
Lab 5.1 ..................................................................................... 110
Notes ................................................................................................110

Chapter 6 Android Forensics ........................................................................... 111

Forensic Procedures......................................................................... 113
ADB .................................................................................................115
/data.......................................................................................... 116
/cache ....................................................................................... 116
/misc......................................................................................... 116
/mnt .......................................................................................... 117
Commands to Execute............................................................. 117
Android Only Tools ........................................................................121
Tool All-In-One....................................................................... 121
Android Tools.......................................................................... 122
Autopsy .................................................................................... 123
Bitpim ...................................................................................... 124
OSAF ....................................................................................... 124
Dual Use Tools................................................................................127
Cellebrite.................................................................................. 128
Dr. Fone ................................................................................... 129
Oxygen Forensics ............................................................................129
MobilEdit .........................................................................................132
Android App Decompiling..............................................................133
Chapter Summary ............................................................................135
Chapter 6 Assessment .....................................................................137
viii Contents

Chapter 6 Labs ................................................................................137

Lab 6.1 ADB ........................................................................... 138
Lab 6.2 Android Tools............................................................ 138
Notes ................................................................................................ 138

Chapter 7 JTAG and Chip-Off.........................................................................139

Electronics 101 ................................................................................140
Boundary Scanning..........................................................................141
JTAG Terms ............................................................................ 142
Common JTAG Tools ............................................................. 145
RIFF .................................................................................. 145
ORT BOX......................................................................... 146
Easy JTAG Box................................................................ 147
JTAG Standards...............................................................................148
SWGDE ................................................................................... 148
IEEE 1149................................................................................ 148
NIST......................................................................................... 148
JTAG Guidance ....................................................................... 148
Chip-Off...........................................................................................148
Chapter Summary ............................................................................149
Chapter 7 Assessment .....................................................................150

Chapter 8 SQLite Database Forensics .............................................................151

Relational Databases........................................................................ 151
Structured Query Language .................................................... 151
SQLite Basics ..................................................................................154
Other Viewers..................................................................................156
SQLite Viewer for Chrome..................................................... 156
SQLite Forensic Explorer........................................................ 159
SQLite Viewer......................................................................... 160
Systools SQLite Viewer .......................................................... 161
Chapter Summary ............................................................................162
Chapter 8 Assessment .....................................................................162
Chapter 8 Labs ................................................................................163
Lab 8.1 ..................................................................................... 163

Chapter 9 Cell Site Analysis and Smart TV Forensics .................................. 165

Introduction......................................................................................165
Cell Site Analysis ............................................................................165
Effective Use of Cell Tower Records .................................... 169
Smart Televisions ............................................................................172
Methodology ............................................................................ 173
Using ADB ....................................................................... 173
Contents ix

AnyDesk ........................................................................... 177

Chapter Summary ............................................................................178
Chapter 9 Assessment .....................................................................180
Chapter 9 Labs ................................................................................181
Lab 9.1 ..................................................................................... 181
Notes ................................................................................................181

Section III Additional Topics

Chapter 10 Anti Forensics..................................................................................185

Introduction......................................................................................185
Phone Locking.................................................................................185
Steganography.................................................................................. 185
InvisibleSecrets ........................................................................ 189
DeepSound............................................................................... 191
Cryptography ................................................................................... 191
Symmetric Cryptography ........................................................ 192
DES ................................................................................... 193
AES .......................................................................................... 195
Rijndael Steps ................................................................... 197
Rijndael Outline....................................................................... 198
Initial Round ..................................................................... 198
Rounds .............................................................................. 198
Final Round ...................................................................... 198
Improving Symmetric Ciphers ......................................... 199
Asymmetric Cryptography ...................................................... 199
RSA................................................................................... 199
Diffie–Hellman ................................................................. 201
Mobile Device Specific Cryptography.................................... 202
Cryptographic Hash................................................................. 204
Password Cracking .......................................................................... 205
GrayKey................................................................................... 206
Summary ..........................................................................................206
Chapter 10 Assessment ...................................................................206
Chapter 10 Labs ..............................................................................207
Lab 10.1 ................................................................................... 207
Note..................................................................................................207

Chapter 11 Legal Issues ..................................................................................... 209

Introduction......................................................................................209
Rules of Evidence............................................................................209
US Army Digital Evidence Storage........................................ 210
x Contents

Evidence Tracking................................................................... 211

Logs................................................................................... 211
Software Tracking ............................................................ 212
Barcode ............................................................................. 212
RFID ................................................................................. 212
Expert Testimony .................................................................... 213
Warrants...........................................................................................215
Ethics................................................................................................ 215
Types of Investigations ...................................................................217
Criminal Investigations............................................................ 217
Civil Investigations.................................................................. 217
Private Investigator Licenses ..........................................................218
The Scientific Method .....................................................................218
The Philosophy of Science...................................................... 219
Peer Review............................................................................. 219
Locard’s Principle of Transference......................................... 220
The Forensic Report ........................................................................220
Quality Control ................................................................................221
Lab Quality .............................................................................. 221
FBI RCFL ......................................................................... 221
American Society Of Crime Laboratory
Directors............................................................................ 221
ISO 27037......................................................................... 222
NIST.................................................................................. 223
Tool Quality Control ........................................................ 223
Investigator Quality Control.................................................... 223
Training & Education....................................................... 223
Examination Quality Control .................................................. 224
Chapter Summary ............................................................................224
Chapter 11 Assessment ...................................................................224
Notes ................................................................................................ 225
Appendix A: Answers to Review Questions.....................................................227
Index......................................................................................................................237
Section I
Technical Details of Mobile
Devices
 1 Wireless Basics

Wireless communications are fundamental to cellular technology. That includes the

essentialls of radio wave technology as well as cellullar networks. Cell networks
including GSM, EDGE, UMTS, LTE, and 5G. There are other wireless technolo­
gies included in mobile phones. These technologies include 802.11 Wi-Fi as well as
Bluetooth.

INTRODUCTION
It should be relatively obvious that cell phones use wireless communications.
However, we must be more specific in order to understand cellular technology. It is
important to define the type of wireless communication in question. That will re­
quire us to examine how the electromagnetic waves themselves behave. Mobile
forensics often focuses on just the device. And we will certainly be doing that in
later chapters. However, it is important that you also understand the actual signals
being transmitted. This chapter will provide a rigorous introduction to these topics
so that you can better understand the cellular technology introduced in the rest of
this book.

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
Wireless communication of any type requires using electromagnetic waves to
transmit the signal. Our first goal will be to understand the electromagnetic spec­
trum, then we will delve into how to encode data in such transmissions. It is im­
portant to have a fundamental understanding of the basic physics of electromagnetic
transmissions in order to understand precisely how mobile devices send and re­
ceive data.
Electromagnetic waves also known as electromagnetic radiation (EMR) are the
waves of an electromagnetic field propagating through space. Such waves include
visible light, radio waves, infrared and more. The complete spectrum of electro­
magnetic radiation is shown in Figure 1.1.
Notice that as the figure moves from left to right, the wavelength gets shorter,
and thus the frequency gets longer. This is a fundamental fact about electromagnetic
waves. They all travel at the same speed, the speed of light, which is approximately
300,000 km/second or 186,000 miles/second. Since the speed is constant, changing
frequency or wavelength must change the other measurement proportionally. In
Figure 1.2 you can see both wavelength and frequency illustrated.
At the top you see a wave with a large wavelength. Note that both waves have
the same total length. The wave on the top only has four peaks in this space of time,
whereas the wave on the bottom has eleven peaks. Clearly the wave on the bottom
has a higher frequency and shorter wavelength. It should also be noted that higher

DOI: 10.1201/9781003118718-1 3
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