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Matthews_cover.indd 1 8/5/2011 7:06:58 PM
Matthews_ffirs.indd ii 7/28/2011 12:51:10 AM
 Integrated Vector
Management

Matthews_ffirs.indd i 7/28/2011 12:51:10 AM

Matthews_ffirs.indd ii 7/28/2011 12:51:10 AM
 Integrated Vector
Management
Controlling Vectors of Malaria and
Other Insect Vector Borne Diseases

Graham Matthews
Emeritus Professor of Pest Management
International Pesticide Application
Research Centre
Imperial College, London, UK

A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication

Matthews_ffirs.indd iii 7/28/2011 12:51:10 AM

 This edition first published 2011 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, formed by the merger of

Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing.

Registered Office
John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,
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For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for
information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright
material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.

The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been
asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in

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service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners.
The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.
This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information
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publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice
or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional
should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Matthews, G. A.
Integrated vector management : controlling vectors of malaria and other insect vector
borne diseases / Graham Matthews.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-470-65966-3 (hardcover : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-470-65966-1
1. Insects as carriers of disease–Integrated control. 2. Vector control. 3. Insect
pests–Integrated control. I. Title. II. Title: Controlling vectors of malaria and other
insect vector borne diseases.
RA639.5.M38 2011
614.4’32–dc23
2011018906
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDF [9781119950325];

ePub [9781119950332]; Mobi [9781119950349]

Set in 9/12.5pt Interstate Light by SPi Publisher Services, Pondicherry, India

1 2011

Matthews_ffirs.indd iv 7/28/2011 12:51:10 AM

 Contents

Preface ix
Acknowledgements xi

1 Introduction 1
Insect vectors 5
Distribution of vectors 5
Mosquitoes 5
Anopheles spp. 7
Aedes spp. 9
Culex spp. 9
Flies 10
Simulium spp. 10
Glossina spp. tsetse flies 10
Phlebotomine sand flies 13
Musca domestica and other synanthropic spp. 13
Other vectors 14
Triatomine bugs 14
Chemical control 14
Hazard and toxicity 14
Toxicity 15
Insecticides 17
WHO recommendations 18
Formulations 19
Packaging and storage 22
Waste disposal 22
Conclusion 22
References 23

2 Indoor Residual Spraying 25

Equipment for indoor residual spraying 31
Spray volume 39
Insecticides 39
Operator exposure 42
Resident exposure 42
Implementation of indoor residual spraying 43
Village intervention teams 43
Planning programmes 48

Matthews_ftoc.indd v 7/28/2011 5:45:58 PM

 vi Contents

Insecticides 51
Equipment required 52
Storage 52
Training 52
Monitoring 53
Environmental assessment 56
Evaluation 56
Economics 57
Conclusion 58
References 59

3 Space Treatment 63
Requirements for space treatments 67
Equipment for space treatments 72
Portable equipment 73
Mist treatments 79
Vehicle mounted equipment 80
Aerial application 86
Insecticides 93
Planning 95
Assessment of space sprays 96
Monitoring 98
Conclusion 99
References 99

4 Bed Nets and Treated Clothing 105

Material 107
Mesh size 109
Shape 111
Insecticide 111
Insecticide impregnation 115
Impact of washing nets 116
Distribution of nets 117
Trial data 119
Operational use 120
Treated clothing 122
Impregnated sheeting 124
Conclusion 126
References 126

5 Larviciding 131
Larvicide application 133
Mosquito control 133
Oils 137
Insecticides 137
Application of mosquito larvicides 138

Matthews_ftoc.indd vi 7/28/2011 5:45:58 PM

 Contents vii

Knapsack spraying 138

Motorised equipment 138
Aerial application for mosquito control 140
Application of aerial sprays 140
Application of granules 141
Ground application 142
Aerial application 144
Monitoring 148
Black flies 148
Insecticides 150
Aerial application of larvicides for black fly control 150
Boat application 155
Applications in small streams 156
Monitoring 156
Conclusion 158
References 158

6 Integrated Vector Management 163

Cultural controls 167
House design 167
Drainage and water management schemes 170
Personal protection 172
Impregnated clothing 172
Insecticide treated bed nets 173
Repellents 173
Barrier treatments 175
Implementation of IVM 175
An example of IVM at Copper mines in Zambia 177
Costs 182
Development of new technology 185
Conclusion 185
References 186

7 Other Insects – Flies, Cockroaches and Bed Bugs 191

Flies 192
Refuse dumps 193
Space treatments 193
Mist treatments 194
Cockroaches 194
Traps 196
Sprays 196
Baits 197
Bed bugs 198
Conclusion 201
References 201

Matthews_ftoc.indd vii 7/28/2011 5:45:58 PM

 viii Contents

8 Looking Ahead 203

New insecticides? 203
Can insecticides with new modes of action be developed? 204
Insecticide resistance 205
Bio-pesticides 207
Spray technology 208
Electrostatic spraying? 209
Different sprayers? 209
Different nozzles? 209
Using a paint 210
Innovative application technique 210
Genetically modified mosquitoes 210
Attractants 213
Urbanisation 214
Economics 216
Conclusion 217
References 218

Appendix A: Calibration 223

Appendix B: Conversion Tables 225

Index 227

Matthews_ftoc.indd viii 7/28/2011 5:45:58 PM

 Preface

Insects are responsible for the transmission of several extremely important

diseases of man, including malaria, dengue hemorrhagic fever and onchocer-
ciasis. While considering all major vectors, much of this book concentrates on
the control of Anopheline mosquitoes, as the vectors of malaria. Globally, the
number of cases of malaria is estimated at about 250 million with the greatest
burden of this disease in sub-Saharan Africa, accounting for over 80% of the
cases. Absenteeism from work causes an estimated reduction of economic
growth of 1.3%. In 2006, WHO estimated that there were over 800,000
deaths, with 90% in the African region, where malaria is the cause of 17% of
the mortality of children under 5 years of age.
One of the United Nations Millennium goals is to halt and begin to reverse
the incidence of malaria and other major diseases by 2015. Much progress has
been made and the Global Fund had approved funding for programmes that
had distributed 104 million bed nets and treated 108 million cases of malaria
by the end of 2009. However in Africa, where there is the greatest need to
control malaria, work is hampered by poverty, weak health systems due
to limited numbers of skilled health workers and problems of accessibility to
those most in need.
A key method of reducing the deaths of children has been the advocacy of
deploying insecticide treated bed nets to protect young children. Funding
from key philanthropic, bilateral and multilateral sources and increased
manufacture of these nets, from 30 million in 2004 to 95 million in 2007, has
enabled net distribution in many countries, but there is still much progress
still to be made to achieve the distribution of an estimated 250 million treated
nets to reach 80% coverage in sub-Saharan Africa. As well as the deaths of
young children, illness due to malaria affects vast numbers of people including
farmers and others, thus affecting food security and economic productivity.
If the control of vectors can be extended to become area-wide control
programmes and encompass not just the control of mosquitoes, but also
include vectors of other diseases, there is hope that productivity can be
increased in sub-Saharan Africa and other less developed areas of the world
so that poverty can be alleviated.
Controlling the vector by different techniques is increasingly important as
the malarial parasite, Plasmodium spp. continues to develop resistance to
drugs, thus effective reduction of the vector will reduce the number of people
that will require treatment. Operational research to enable implementation or
improvement of the tools already developed to control the insect vectors

ix

Matthews_fpref.indd ix 7/28/2011 12:51:01 AM

 x Preface

remains poorly funded. There is a need to develop practical combinations of

vector control as part of integrated vector management programmes, yet
already there is talk of eradicating malaria when much more research is
needed to develop any new controls and as yet unproven methods for such a
strategy to work.
Few trained in medicine will have any training in vector control, while
specialist medical entomologists get little training in the use of insecticides.
This book aims to provide an update on the methods of vector control that
can be utilised today in the context of development since DDT was used
against vectors. Future developments look beyond our present knowledge to
assess whether any new approach, such as the deployment of genetically
modified mosquitoes, can be added to our toolbox of control methods.

Matthews_fpref.indd x 7/28/2011 12:51:01 AM

 Acknowledgements

I wish to thank the following who have read and commented on one or more
chapters and for supplying information: Andy Adams, Andy Bywater, Pierre
Baleguel, Jane Bonds, John Clayton, Nigel Frazer-Evans, John Invest, Helen
Pates Jamet, John Lucas, Bob Mickle, Peter Mukuka, Don Roberts, Graham
White and especially Mark Latham, who has contributed significantly with his
experience of mosquito control in the USA. Their contribution in their areas of
specialist knowledge in vector control has greatly improved this book.
I am also indebted to the following for the supply of photographs and
diagrams: Didier Baleguel, Roy Bateman, Clive Boase, Jane Bonds, John
Clayton, Hans Dobson, Nigel Frazer-Evans, Chung Gait Fee, Ulrike Fillinger,
Jörg Heckel, Eliningaya John Kweka, Mark Latham, Steve Lindsay, John Lucas,
Bob Mickle, Peter Mukuka, Michael Reihle, Don Roberts, Werner Stahl, John
Thomas. Figures 2.2 and 2.3 are reproduced from The Excellent Powder – DDT’s
Political and Scientific History by Donald Roberts, Richard Tren with Roger
Bate and Jennifer Zambone, published by Dog Ear Publishing, Indianapolis,
USA. Figure 4.1 is with permission of the Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian
Institute, Washington DC: Purchase – Harold P. Stern Memorial Fund, F1995.17.
I thank Robert Hudson for alerting me to the illustration shown in Figure 4.1
The work has been based on experience with vector control equipment at
the International Pesticide Application Research Centre, Imperial College
since 1972, participating with the World Health Organisation Pesticide
Evaluation Scheme in relation to equipment for vector control and
more recently with field work by the Yaounde Initiative Foundation, Cameroon.
I thank Moira for her understanding and encouragement during my visits to
Cameroon and the writing of this book.

xi

Matthews_flast.indd xi 7/28/2011 12:51:05 AM

Matthews_flast.indd xii 7/28/2011 12:51:05 AM
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