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 Encyclopedia of
the OTTOMAN empire

Gábor Ágoston
Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.

Bruce Masters
Wesleyan University, Connecticut
 Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire

Copyright © 2009 by Gábor Ágoston and Bruce Masters

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any infor-
mation storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the ­publisher.
For information contact:

Facts On File, Inc.

An imprint of Infobase Publishing
132 West 31st Street
New York NY 10001

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ágoston, Gábor.
Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire / Gábor Ágoston and Bruce Masters.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-6259-1
ISBN-10: 0-8160-6259-5
1. Turkey—History—Ottoman Empire, 1288–1918—Encyclopedias. 2. Turkey—
Civilization—Encyclopedias. I. Masters, Bruce Alan, 1950– I. Title.
DR486.A375 2008
956'.01503—dc22 2008020716

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Text design by Joan M. Toro, Erik Lindstrom

Maps by Sholto Ainslie

Printed in the United States of America

VB Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

This book is printed on acid-free paper and

contains 30 percent postconsumer recycled content.
 CONTENTS
Editors and Contributors vii Alemdar Mustafa Pasha 29 B
List of Illustrations and Aleppo 30 Baban family 70
Alexandrette 32 Baghdad 70
Maps xvii
Alexandria 33 bailo 72
Acknowledgments xxi Algiers 33 Balkan wars 73
Note on Transliteration Ali Emiri Efendi 34 banks and banking 74
and Spelling xxiii Ali Kuşçu 35 Barbarossa brothers 77
Introduction xxv Âlî Pasha, Mehmed Emin 36 Barbary states 78
Ali Pasha of Janina 37 Basra 78
aliya 38 bathhouse 79
Entries A-Z Alliance Israélite Universelle 38 Bayezid I 80
A American Board of Bayezid II 82
Commissioners for Bedouins 84
Abbas I 1 Foreign Missions 39
Abbas Hilmi 2 Beirut 86
amir al-hajj 40
Abbasid Caliphate 3 Bektaşi Order 88
Anatolian emirates 40
Abd al-Qadir al-Jazairi 4 Belgrade 89
Anaza Confederation 42
Abduh, Muhammad 4 Black Sea 89
Anglo-Ottoman Convention 42
Abdülaziz 5 Bosnia and Herzegovina 91
Ankara, Battle of 43
Abdülhamid I 5 Branković family 93
Antioch 44
Abdülhamid II 6 Bucharest, Treaty of 94
Antun, Farah 44
Abdülmecid 9 Buda 94
Arabistan 45
Acre 9 budgets 96
Arab Revolt 45
administration, central 10 Bulgaria 99
architecture 46
administration, provincial 13 Bulgarian National
Armenia 51
Awakening 102
Adriatic Sea 17 Armenian Apostolic Church 53
Bulgarian Orthodox
al-Afghani, Jamal al-Din 18 Armenian Massacres 54 Church 103
agriculture 19 ashraf 55 Bursa 105
ahdname 21 Atatürk, Kemal 56 Büyük Süleyman Pasha 106
Ahmed I 22 Auspicious Incident 60 Byzantine Empire 107
Ahmed II 24 Austria 61
Ahmed III 24 ayan 64 C
Ahmed Cevdet Pasha 26 Azak 67 Caffa 112
Alawi 27 al-Azhar 67 Cairo 112
Albania 28 al-Azm family 68 caliphate 114
iii
iv Contents

calligraphy 115 Dawud Pasha 177 Greek War of

capitulations 118 death and funerary culture 177 Independence 240
caravan 119 debt and the Public Debt
Administration 180 H
caravansaray 120
devşirme 183 Hagia Sophia 243
cartography 120
dhimmi 185 hahambaşı 246
Caucasus 124
Dinshaway Incident 186 Haifa 246
Celali revolts 127
Dolmabahçe Palace 186 hajj 246
Cem 128
dragoman 188 Hama 248
censorship 130
Drava River 188 Hamidiye 249
ceramics 132
Druzes 189 harem 249
Cezzar Ahmed Pasha 134
Duwayhi, Istifanus 190 al-Hashimi, Faysal
charity 135
ibn Husayn 251
coffee/coffeehouses 138
E al-Hashimi, Husayn ibn Ali 251
Committee of Union and
Eastern Question 191 hayduk 252
Progress 139
economy and economic Hejaz 253
condominium 141
policy 192 Hejaz Railroad 253
Constantinople, conquest
Edirne 195 historiography 253
of 142
Edirne, Treaty of 197 Hungary 255
constitution/Constitutional
Periods 144 education 198 Hünkar Iskelesi, Treaty of 258
contraband 145 Egypt 204 Husayn-McMahon
conversion 145 England 206 correspondence 259
Copts 147 enthronement and
accession ceremony 207 I
corsairs and pirates 148
Euphrates River 209 ibn Abd al-Wahhab,
Cossacks 149 Muhammad 260
Evliya Çelebi 209
court and favorites 151 ibn Saud family 261
court chronicles 154 F Ibrahim I 262
court of law 156 fallah 211 Ibrahim Pasha 264
Cretan War 157 family 212 ihtisab and muhtesib 264
Crete 158 Farhi family 215 illustrated manuscripts
Crimean Tatars 158 Fatih mosque complex 216 and miniature paintings 265
Crimean War 161 fatwa 217 illustrated manuscripts in
Croatia 163 finances and fiscal structure 217 the Topkapı Palace
Cromer, Lord 164 firearms 218 Museum 270
cuisine 165 Fondaco dei turchi 220 imperial ideology 273
Cyprus 165 France 221 intelligence 276
Fuad Pasha 225 Iran 278
D Iraq 282
Dalmatia 168 G Ismail, Khedive 283
Damascus 168 Galata 226 Ismail I 284
Damascus Incident 171 Gaza 228 Istanbul 286
Damascus Riots 172 Germany 228 Izmir 290
Danube Province 172 ghaza 231
Danube River 173 Gökalp, Ziya 232 J
dar al-harb 174 Grand Bazaar 233 Jabal al-Druz 294
dar al-Islam 175 grand vizier 235 al-Jabarti, Abd al-Rahman 294
darülfünun 175 Greece 236 Jacobites 294
Davud Pasha 177 Greek Orthodox Church 238 Janbulad Ali Pasha 295
 Contents v

Janbulad family 296 Mahmud II 345 Mustafa Kamil 412

Janissaries 296 Malta 347 Mustafa Reşid Pasha 413
Jassy, Treaty of 298 mamluk 347 mutasarrafiyya 414
Jeddah 298 Mamluk Empire 348
Jerusalem 299 markets 349
N
Jews 300 Maronites 351 al-Nabulusi, Abd al-Ghani 415
jizya 303 martolos 353 Nadir Shah 415
Mawali Bedouin Nahda 416
K Confederation 353 Najaf 416
kadı 304 Mecca 354 Najd 417
kadıasker 305 Mecelle 355 Namik Kemal 417
Kamaniçe 306 medicine 357 Napoleon Bonaparte 418
kanun 306 Medina 362 Naqshbandiyya Order 419
Karadjordje 307 Mehmed I 362 nationalism 420
Karaites 308 Mehmed II 364 navy 425
Karbala 308 Mehmed III 368 neomartyrs 429
Karlowitz, Treaty of 309 Mehmed IV 370 Nestorians 430
Katib Çelebi 310 Mehmed V 371 newspapers 431
al-Kawakibi, Abd Mehmed VI 371 Nizam-ı Cedid 434
al-Rahman 311 Mehmed Ali 372 nomads 436
Khayr al-Din Pasha 311 Melkite Catholics 373 North Africa 438
khedive 312 menzil/menzilhane 374 novel 439
Kızılbaş 312 merchant communities 375
Knights of St. John 313 O
merchants 376
Köprülü family 313 Orhan Gazi 442
Mevlevi Order 377
Kosovo, Battle of 317 Osman I 444
Midhat Pasha 378
Küçük Kaynarca, Treaty of 317 Osman II 446
military acculturation 379
Kurds 318 Osman III 447
military slavery 382
Kuwait 320 Osman Pazvantoğlu 447
millet 383
Ottomanism 448
L missionaries 384
Özi 449
language and script 322 missionary schools 385
Lausanne, Treaty of 323 Mohács, Battle of 388 P
law and gender 325 Moldavia 389 palaces 451
Lawrence, T.E. 328 money and monetary Palace School 452
systems 391 Palestine 452
Lebanese Civil War 329
Mosul 394 Pan-Islamism 453
Lebanon 329
Mühendishane 395 parliament 456
Lepanto, Battle of 331
mukataa 396 Phanariots 457
Levant Company 333
Murad I 396 Philiki Hetairia 458
libraries 333
Murad II 399 photography 459
Libya 336
Murad III 401 plague 462
literature, classical
Ottoman 337 Murad IV 403 Poland 464
literature, folk 339 Murad V 404 political satire 465
literature, late Ottoman 340 music 404 population 467
Mustafa I 409 presidio 469
M Mustafa II 410 Prime Ministry’s Ottoman
al-Maani, Fakhr al-Din 344 Mustafa III 411 Archives 469
Mahmud I 344 Mustafa IV 412 printing 471
vi Contents

Q Sharif of Mecca 527 U

al-Qazdaghli household 475 Shaykh al-Balad 528 al-Ujaymi, Hindiyya 575
Shia Islam 528 Ukraine 576
R Shihab family 530 ulema 577
Ragusa 477 slavery 530 Uniates 578
railroads 478 Sobieski, Jan 533 Urabi, Ahmad Pasha 578
Rashid Rida, Muhammad 484 Sokollu family 534 Uskoks 579
reform 484 Spain 536
reisülküttab 486 V
Suez Canal 538
relazione 487 Venice 581
Sufism 539
revolutionary press 487 Vienna, sieges of 583
Süleyman I 541
Rhodes 489 Vlachs 585
Süleyman II 547
Rifaiyya Order 489
Sunni Islam 548 W
Russia 489
Svishtov, Treaty of 549 wagon fortress 587
Russo-Ottoman War of
Sykes-Picot Agreement 550 Wahhabis 587
1768-74 492
Syria 550 Wallachia 588
Russo-Ottoman Wars 494
waqf 590
S T warfare 591
Salafiyya 500 al-Tahtawi, Rifaat 551 weights and measures 595
salname 501 takfir 551 Weizmann, Chaim 598
Salonika 502 Takiyüddin 552 World War I 598
al-Sanusi, Muhammad 504 Tanzimat 553
Tawfiq, Khedive 555 Y
al-Sayyadi, Abu al-Huda 505
tax farming 555 Yazidis 602
sciences 506
telegraph 557 Yemen 602
Selim I 511
temettuat 558 Young Ottomans 603
Selim II 513
Tersane-i Amire 559 Young Turks 604
Selim III 514
Seljuks 515 Timur 562 Z
Serbia 517 Timurids 563 Zahir al-Umar 607
Serbian Orthodox Church 519 tobacco 564 Zand, Karim Khan 608
Sèvres, Treaty of 520 Topkapı Palace 566 Zionism 608
sex and sexuality 522 trade 568 Ziya Pasha 609
şeyhülislam 524 Transylvania 570
Shabbatai Zvi 525 Tripoli (Lebanon) 571
Chronology 612
Shadhliyya Order 525 Tripoli (Libya) 572
tuğra 572
Glossary 616
Shahrizor 526
Shammar Bedouin 526 Tunis 573 Bibliography 620
sharia 526 Turkey 574 Index 624
 EDITORS AND
CONTRIBUTORS
EDITORS is the author of several books and articles on Ottoman
Gábor Ágoston is associate professor at the Depart- architecture.
ment of History of Georgetown University. His research
focuses on Ottoman economic and military history from Ali Akyıldız teaches at the history department of Mar-
the 15th through 18th centuries, early modern Hungar- mara University (Istanbul). He has been one of the edi-
ian history, and on the comparative study of the Otto- tors of the new Turkish-language Encyclopedia of Islam
man and Habsburg Empires. In addition to his five (TDVİA) since 1997, and was a visiting professor at the
Hungarian–language books and numerous articles, he is universities of London and Tokyo. His Turkish–lan-
the author of Guns for the Sultan: Military Power and the guage publications include two books on the reforms in
Weapons Industry in the Ottoman Empire. the Ottoman central government during the Tanzimat
and on the introduction of paper money. His book on
Bruce Masters is the John Andrus Professor of History Ottoman Securities was published in both Turkish and
at Wesleyan University. He holds a Ph.D. in Near East- English.
ern Studies from the University of Chicago. His publica-
tions include Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab Hüseyin Al is board member of the Banking Regulation
World: The Birth of Sectarianism and The Origins of and Supervision Agency of Turkey. His research inter-
Western Economic Dominance in the Middle East: Mer- ests include the financial history of the Ottoman Empire
cantilism and the Islamic Economy in Aleppo, 1600–1750. with particular reference to banks, banking, capital mar-
kets, and relation with international money markets in
the 19th century. In addition to articles on the above
CONTRIBUTORS topics, he has published two books in Turkish on inter-
Erhan Afyoncu is assistant professor in the Department national capital and Ottoman finances in 1820–1875 and
of History at Marmara University, Istanbul. He teaches on Ottoman foreign debts in 1854–1856.
Ottoman political and military history in the 15th
through 18th centuries. He has published three books in Zeynep Atbaş has been a curator of manuscripts at the
Turkish, including a guidebook on how to conduct his- Topkapı Palace Museum since 1998. Her research inter-
torical research regarding the pre-Tanzimat era. est concerns Islamic manuscripts and she has published
several articles and papers on miniature paintings.
Zeynep Ahunbay is professor of architecture and head
of the Department on Restoration of Monuments at Cemil Aydın is assistant professor at the Department
Istanbul Technical University, and former president of History, University of North Carolina at Charlotte,
of ICOMOS Turkey (1999–2005). She teaches Otto- where he teaches courses on Middle Eastern and inter-
man architectural history and conservation of cultural national history. His recent publications include Politics
heritage. She has been involved in the restoration of of Anti-Westernism in Asia: Visions of World Order in
several war-damaged monuments in the Balkans. She Pan–Islamic and Pan–Asian Thought.

vii
viii Editors and Contributors

Salih Aynural is professor of history at the Gebze Insti- Mustafa Budak is vice general director of the State
tute of Technology, Turkey, where he teaches Ottoman Archives of Turkey and director of the Prime Ministry’s
economic history. In addition to his articles in Turkish Ottoman Archives in Istanbul. His fields of research
and English on the provisioning of Istanbul, he has pub- include the history of the Caucasus, the Crimean War,
lished a book in Turkish on the Istanbul mills, millers, and Turkish foreign policy. In addition to his articles on
and bakers in the 18th and 19th centuries. these subjects, he has published a Turkish-language book
on Ottoman foreign policy before the Lausanne Peace
Yakup Bektaş is an historian of technology with the Treaty.
Tokyo Institute of Technology. His articles on the his-
tory of the Ottoman and American telegraph appeared Yücel Bulut is assistant professor at the Department of
in Technology and Culture and in the British Journal for Sociology of Istanbul University. In addition to his Turk-
the History of Science. ish-language book on the history of Orientalism, he has
published numerous articles on contemporary Turkish
Bestami S. Bilgiç is assistant professor at the Depart- thought and the history of Turkish sociology.
ment of International Relations, Çanakkale Onsekiz
Mart University, Turkey. He teaches courses on political Baki Çakır was a researcher at the Research Center of
history, Balkan history, and Turkish foreign policy. His the Istanbul Municipality, between 1995 and 2000. In
research field is history and politics of the Balkans. He addition to his articles on Ottoman financial and institu-
has published several articles on Turkish-Greek relations tional history, he has published a book in Turkish on the
in the interwar period. Ottoman tax farming system in the 16th through 18th
centuries.
Ö. Faruk Bölükbaşı is a Ph.D. student at Marmara Uni-
versity, Istanbul. His thesis focuses on the history of the Coşkun Çakır is associate professor at the University of
Ottoman Imperial Mint. His book on Ottoman financial
Istanbul. His research interests include Ottoman eco-
administration in the time of Abdülhamid II was pub-
nomic and social history. He is the author of two Turk-
lished in Turkish.
ish–language books on Ottoman fiscal policy during the
Tanzimat era and on a 19th-century Anatolian city.
Günhan Börekçi is a Ph.D. candidate in history at Ohio
State University. His dissertation focuses on the Otto-
Vanesa Casanova–Fernandez is a Ph.D. candidate in the
man royal court and favorites during the reign of Sultan
Department of History at Georgetown University. Her
Ahmed I (r. 1603–1617). His article on the Janissaries’
dissertation examines the construction of ethno-religious
volley fire tactic appeared in 2006. He is also the co–edi-
tor for the publication of Feridun Ahmed Bey’s illus- identities and hegemonic masculinities on the Spanish-
trated chronicle on Sultan Süleyman’s last campaign in Moroccan frontier in the 17th through 19th centuries.
1566.
Tûba Çavdar is assistant professor in the Department of
İdris Bostan is professor in the Department of History Information Management at Marmara University, Istan-
at the University of Istanbul, and an expert on Ottoman bul. Her main field of research is the history of Ottoman
maritime history. His publications in Turkish include libraries and books. Her book on the Rare Book Collec-
several monographs on the history of the Ottoman Naval tion of the Istanbul Chamber of Commerce Library was
Arsenal (Tersane-i Amire), Ottoman sailing and rowing recently published.
ships, and the Aegean island under Ottoman rule. He is
also co–author of A Short History of the Period of Otto- Yüksel Çelik is lecturer in the Department of History at
man Sovereignty of the Aegean Islands, and The 1565 Marmara University, Istanbul, where he teaches courses
Ottoman Malta Campaign Register. on Ottoman military history and reforms. His research
interests include the Albanian National Awakening and
Palmira Brummett is professor of history and distin- Hüsrev Mehmed Pasha’s political and military activities
guished professor of humanities at the University of Ten- (1756–1855).
nessee. She is the author of Image and Imperialism in the
Ottoman Revolutionary Press, 1908–1911, and Ottoman Gökhan Çetinsaya is professor of history in the Depart-
Seapower and Levantine Diplomacy in the Age of Discov- ment of Humanities and Social Sciences at Istanbul
ery. Her current projects concern the Ottoman Adriatic Technical University. His main fields of research are
and early modern mapping, in narrative and image, of modern Turkish political history (19th and 20th centu-
Ottoman space and sovereignty. ries), Turkish foreign policy, and the history of the Mid-
 Editors and Contributors ix

dle East. He is the author of Ottoman Administration of Feridun M. Emecen is professor of history at the Uni-
Iraq, 1890–1908. versity of Istanbul. His research and teaching interests
include Ottoman chronicles, the history of the early
David Cameron Cuthell Jr. is the executive director Ottoman state, institutions, and provincial administra-
of the Institute of Turkish Studies in Washington D.C. tion, military, and urban history. He is the author of
and visiting adjunct professor at Columbia and George- numerous articles, encyclopedia entries and books on
town Universities. His research focuses on the 19th cen- early Ottoman history, the conquest of Constantinople,
tury immigration of Muslims from the Caucasus and the Jews of Manisa, and the administrative and economic
the Crimea and their role in transforming late Ottoman history of Manisa.
Anatolia.
Edhem Eldem is professor at the Department of His-
Géza Dávid is professor and head of department in the tory of Boğaziçi University, Istanbul, and has taught
Department of Turkish Philology at the University of as visiting professor at the University of California at
Budapest. His research interests include Ottoman demo- Berkeley and at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences
graphic and administrative history. Several of his articles Sociales, Paris. Among his fields of interest are foreign
appeared in his Studies in Demographic and Administra- trade in the Levant in the 18th century, Ottoman funer-
tive History of Ottoman Hungary. His recent publications ary epigraphy, the development of an urban bourgeoisie
include two co-edited books (with Pál Fodor): Ottomans, in late 19th-century Istanbul, the history of the Imperial
Hungarians, and Habsburgs in Central Europe, and Ran- Ottoman Bank, and late 19th-century Ottoman first-
som Slavery Along the Ottoman Borders. person narratives and biographies. His publications
include: French Trade in Istanbul in the Eighteenth
Fatmagül Demirel is assistant professor at Yıldız Tech- Century; A History of the Ottoman Bank; The Ottoman
nical University, Istanbul. Her research interests include City between East and West: Aleppo, Izmir and Istanbul
legal and cultural history of the late Ottoman period. (with Daniel Goffman and Bruce Masters); and Death
Her recent publications in Turkish include a mono- in Istanbul. Death and its Rituals in Ottoman–Islamic
graph on Ottoman censorship under Abdülhamid II (r. Culture.
1876–1909).
Sami Erdem is lecturer at the Divinity Faculty of Mar-
M. Uğur Derman has studied with the famous cal- mara University, Istanbul and was a visiting scholar at
ligrapher Necmeddin Okyay. He has published more the University of Jordan in 2005–2006. He has published
than 400 articles and encyclopedia entries and numer- on the modern history of Islamic and Ottoman law, the
ous books on Ottoman calligraphy and book culture, Mecelle, the Caliphate, and the modernization of law in
including Calligraphy Ottoman (1990), Letters in Gold the Muslim world. He was the chief editor of the Turk-
(1998), and The Art of Calligraphy in the Islamic Heri- ish-language journal Divan (Journal of Interdisciplinary
tage (1998). Studies, 2003–2007), and the co-editor of the TALİD’s
(Turkish Studies Review) special issue on the history of
Mehmet Ali Doğan is a Ph.D. candidate at the Middle Turkish law.
East Center of the University of Utah, where he studies
American missionary activities in the Middle East in the Zeynep Tarım Ertuğ is associate professor in the history
19th century. He is the co-editor of a forthcoming book department at Istanbul University, where she teaches
on American missionary enterprise in the Middle East in courses on Ottoman cultural history, visual sources,
the 19th and 20th centuries. and the Ottoman imperial court. Her research interests
include Ottoman manuscripts and miniatures, as well
Kathryn Ebel is academic and administrative director as court ceremony. Her book in Turkish on Ottoman
of Georgetown University’s McGhee Center for East- enthronement and funeral ceremonies in the 16th cen-
ern Mediterranean Studies in Alanya, Turkey. She is a tury was published in 1999.
specialist in the cartographic history of the Ottoman
Empire, including city views, miniature paintings, and Şeref Etker is consultant pediatric surgeon and urologist
other visual sources for the urban and historical geogra- at Zeynep-Kamil Hospital in Istanbul. His fields of inter-
phy of the Ottoman world. Her articles have appeared in ests include the medical interaction between the vari-
Imago Mundi and Türkiye Araştırmaları Literatür Der- ous religious communities in the Ottoman Empire, and
gisi. Her forthcoming book is titled City Views, Imperial modernization of Turkish military medicine. His articles
Visions: Cartography and the Visual Culture of Urban were published in Studies in Ottoman Science, among
Space in the Ottoman Empire, 1453–1603. others.
x Editors and Contributors

İhsan Fazlıoğlu is associate professor in the faculty essays: Rumeli under the Ottomans 15th–18th Centuries:
of Letters and Arts at Istanbul University. He holds a Institutions and Communities, and War and Peace in
Ph.D. in philosophy. He is an expert on the history of Rumeli, 15th to Beginning of 19th Century.
science and thought in the Ottoman Empire, focus-
ing his research on mathematical science and natural Molly Greene is a professor in the Department of His-
philosophy. tory at Princeton University, with a joint appointment
in the Program in Hellenic Studies. Trained as an Otto-
Aleksandar Fotić is associate professor at the Depart- man historian, she has a particular interest in the history
ment of History, University of Belgrade. He was visit- of the Greeks under Ottoman rule, as well as the history
ing professor at the Institute for Mediterranean Studies, of the early modern Mediterranean. Her publications
Rethymno (Greece) in 2002 and 2004. His research include A Shared World: Christians and Muslims in the
interests include the history of the Ottoman Balkans, the Early Modern Mediterranean.
status of non-Muslims, urban culture, and everyday life.
In addition to his articles in Serbian and English, he has Feza Günergun is professor of history of science at the
published a book in Serbian on Mount Athos and Hilan- University of Istanbul. Her research fields include the
dar in the Ottoman Empire (15–17th centuries) and introduction of modern sciences to Turkey in the 19th
edited one on private life in Serbia at the dawn of mod- and 20th centuries with a special focus on educational
ern age. institutions, journals, translations from European texts,
biographies of Turkish scholars, as well as historiography
Mehmet Genç has taught Ottoman economic history of science and history of metrology. She is the editor of
at the Universities of Istanbul and Marmara, and more Studies in Ottoman Science, and numerous books includ-
recently at Bilgi University. He is the foremost authority ing Imperialism and Science, and Science Technology and
on Ottoman economic history in the 18th century. Sev- Industry in the Ottoman World.
eral of his studies were collected in his Turkish-language
book entitled State and Economy in the Ottoman Empire. Eren Jon Alexander Gryskiewicz is a graduate of
He is the co-author and co-editor (with Erol Özvar) of a Georgetown University who has studied at the Lon-
recently published two-volume book on Ottoman finan- don School of Economics and Pembroke College,
cial institutions and budgets. Cambridge. Currently he is an international develop-
ment consultant based in Washington, DC.
Ibolya Gerelyes is deputy head of the Department of
Archeology at the Hungarian National Museum. She Steven Chase Gummer is a Ph.D. candidate in modern
has written numerous articles on Ottoman material cul- German history at Georgetown University. His disserta-
ture, archaeology, and architecture. Her edited volumes tion focuses on German foreign policy and the press in
include: Süleyman the Magnificent and His Age; Archae- the Ottoman Empire from 1875 to 1915. He has writ-
ology of the Ottoman Period in Hungary and (with Gyön- ten articles on the Ottoman public debt and the German
gyi Kovács) Turkish Flowers: Studies on Ottoman Art in reaction to the Eastern Crisis of 1875–1878.
Hungary.
Emrah Safa Gürkan is a Ph.D. candidate in early mod-
John–Paul Ghobrial is a Ph.D. candidate in the Depart- ern European history at Georgetown University. His dis-
ment of History at Princeton University. His disserta- sertation focuses on the Ottoman-Habsburg rivalry in
tion explores the circulation of news and information the Mediterranean in the 16th century.
among Ottoman officials, European merchants and dip-
lomats, and ordinary taxpayers in Istanbul in the latter Gottfried Hagen teaches Turkish (including Ottoman)
half of the 17th century. language and culture at the University of Michigan. His
research focuses on Ottoman intellectual history, with
Rossitsa Gradeva is associate professor at the Ameri- a particular interest in geography, historiography, and
can University in Bulgaria, and research fellow at the religion as world interpretation. He is the author of Ein
Institute of Balkan Studies, Bulgarian Academy of Sci- osmanischer Geograph bei der Arbeit. Die Entstehung
ences. Her research interests include Ottoman provincial und Gedankenwelt von Kātib Čelebis Ğihannümā, and
administration, application of Islamic law in the Otto- numerous articles.
man Empire, status of non–Muslim communities and
everyday life in the Ottoman Balkans, the Danube fron- Oleksander Halenko is head of the Center for Turkish
tier, and the decentralization processes in the pre–Tanzi- Studies at the Institute of History of the National Acad-
mat era. She has published two volumes of collected emy of Sciences of Ukraine and assistant professor of
 Editors and Contributors xi

history at the University of Kyiv-Mohyla Academy. His versity, Istanbul. Her research interests include west-
research focuses on Turko-Slavic relations and on the his- ern influences in Turkish literature and the history of
tory of the northern Black Sea region, including the Otto- Ottoman literature during the Tanzimat era. She has
man province of Kefe (Caffa), and the Crimean Khanate. published books in Turkish on the memoirs of Ahmet
His book in progress examines the slave trade in the Black Midhat Efendi, on Beşir Fuad, and on the Turkish novel.
Sea region from its origins to the 18th century.
Mária Ivanics is associate professor and head of the
M. Şükrü Hanioğlu is professor and chair in Near East- Department of Altaic Studies at the University of Szeged,
ern Studies and director of the Program in Near Eastern Hungary. Her research interests include the history and
Studies at Princeton University. He is a specialist on late sources of the Golden Horde and the Crimean Khan-
Ottoman history, with particular interest in the history ate. She is the author of a book in Hungarian about the
of the Committee of Union and Progress and the Young role of the Crimean Tatars in the Habsburg-Ottoman
Turk Revolution. His publications include The Young War of 1593–1606 and co-author (with Mirkasym A.
Turks in Opposition; Preparation for a Revolution; and A Usmanov) of a book in German on the Genghis-name, a
Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire. 17th–century historical source written in the Volga-Tur-
kic language.
Colin Heywood taught Ottoman history for 25 years at
SOAS, until his retirement in 1999, and was visiting pro- Ahmet Zeki İzgöer is an historian at the Prime Minis-
fessor at Princeton, Chicago, and Cyprus. He is now an try’s Ottoman Archives in Istanbul. In addition to his
honorary research fellow in the Maritime History Research monograph on Ahmed Cevdet Paha, he has edited and
Centre, University of Hull. He has published a number of published in modern Turkish more than 20 books origi-
articles on diverse aspects of Ottoman history and, more nally written in Ottoman Turkish, including the mem-
recently, on English and Mediterranean maritime history oirs of Cemal Pasha (1913–22), the works of Namik
and on the intellectual legacy of Fernand Braudel. Some of Kemal and Ziya Gökalp, and the Salnames of Diyarbekir.
the former have been collected in Writing Ottoman His-
tory: Documents and Interpretations. He is currently edit- Maureen Jackson is a Ph.D. candidate at the University of
ing The Levant Voyage of the Blackham Galley, 1696–8: Washington, Department of Comparative Literature. Her
the Sea Diary of John Looker, Ship’s Surgeon and (with areas of interest include Ottoman, Turkish, and Jewish
Maria Fusaro) After Braudel: The ‘Northern Invasion’ and social history, with a focus on Ottoman classical music.
the Mediterranean Maritime Economy, 1580–1820.
Mustafa Kaçar is professor at the University of Istanbul.
Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu is secretary general of the His research interests include the history of science and
Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC). He was technology in the Ottoman Empire (17th –19th centu-
the founding chair of the first department of history of ries), introduction of modern sciences to Turkey, history
science in Turkey at the University of Istanbul (1984– of military engineering education, and Ottoman scien-
2000), and has taught at Ankara, Exeter, Istanbul, and tific instruments.
Munich universities. He is former president of IUHPS,
member of Academie Europea and the International Sevtap Kadıoğlu is associate professor in the Depart-
Academy of History of Science. He is the holder of the ment of History of Science at the University of Istanbul.
UNESCO Avicenna Medal; Alexandre Koyré Medal of Her research focuses on the modernization of scientific
the International Academy of History of Science, and and educational institutions in the Ottoman Empire and
numerous honorary academic titles. He was the found- on the history of science in Turkey. Her book on the his-
ing director general of OIC Research Centre for Islamic tory of Istanbul University’s faculty of science (1900–
History, Art and Culture (IRCICA, 1980–2004). He is 1946) was recently published in Turkish.
the editor and co-author of the 15 volume Series of His-
tory of Ottoman Scientific Literature; the two-volume Kemal H. Karpat is professor emeritus of history at the
History of the Ottoman State and Civilization; Culture University of Wisconsin, Madison. From 1967 through
and Learning in Islam; and author of Science Technology 2003 he was associated as lecturer, researcher, or scholar
and Learning in the Ottoman Empire; Turks in Egypt and in residence with several major Turkish universities as
their Cultural Heritage; and History of the Ottoman Uni- well as Montana State University, New York University,
versity (Darülfünun). Harvard, Princeton, Johns Hopkins, and Paris. He has
authored and edited more than 20 books, including his
Handan İnci is associate professor in the Department of last major work The Politicization of Islam: Reconstruct-
Turkish Language and Literature at Mimar Sinan Uni- ing Identity, State, Faith, and Community in the Late
xii Editors and Contributors

Ottoman State. He is also the editor of the International of the Aegean island of Andros under Ottoman rule and
Journal of Turkish Studies, and occasional contributor to co-edited The Ottoman Empire, the Balkans, the Greek
Turkish newspapers. Lands.

Eugenia Kermeli is a lecturer in the history department Tijana Krstić is assistant professor at Pennsylvania State
at Bilkent University, Ankara. She had also taught at the University, where she teaches Ottoman and Mediterra-
universities of Manchester and Liverpool. Her primary nean history. Her forthcoming book is entitled Contested
fields of research are the transition from late Byzantine Conversions to Islam, and she is the author of articles on
to early Ottoman institutions, the position of dhimmis in religious politics in the early modern Ottoman Empire
the Ottoman Empire, and Ottoman legal history. She is that will appear in Comparative Studies in Society and
the co-editor of Islamic Law: Theory and Practice. She is History and the Turkish Studies Association Journal.
currently working on a monograph on parallel systems
of justice in the Ottoman Empire. Sadi S. Kucur is assistant professor at the Department of
History, Marmara University, Istanbul, where he teaches
Markus Koller is associate professor for South Eastern courses on the Seljuks. His research and publications
European history at the University of Gießen, Germany. concern Seljuk institutional, social and economic history,
His numerous studies on Ottoman and Balkan history as well as numismatics and epigraphy.
include Bosnien an der Schwelle zur Neuzeit. Eine Kul-
turgeschichte der Gewalt (1747–1798) (2004). He is also Nenad Moačanin is professor at the Department of His-
the co-editor (with Kemal Karpat) of Ottoman Bosnia: A tory, University of Zagreb. He teaches Croatian history
History in Peril and (with Vera Costantini) Living in the in the context of the history of the western Balkans in
Ottoman Ecumenical Community: Essays in Honour of the 16th–18th centuries, as well as Ottoman paleography
Suraiya Faroqhi (2008). and diplomatics. He has published four books that focus
on social and economic history, in particular taxation,
Dariusz Kołodziejczyk is associate professor at the demography, and rural economy, including Town and
Institute of History, University of Warsaw. He also holds Country on the Middle Danube, 1526 – 1690.
a position in the Polish Academy of Sciences and was
visiting professor at the University of Notre Dame. His Hidayet Y. Nuhoğlu was lecturer at Hacettepe Univer-
research interests include the history of the Ottoman sity (1978–82) and Istanbul University (1990–2000)
Empire and the Crimean Khanate, international relations and researcher and assistant director general at IRCICA
in early modern Europe, and multicultural experience of (Research Centre for Islamic History, Art and Culture)
today’s Eastern Europe. His publications include Otto- in Istanbul (1980–2000). In addition to his articles he has
man-Polish Diplomatic Relations (15th–18th Century), edited works on Ottoman education and learning and on
and The Ottoman Survey Register of Podolia (ca. 1681). Ottoman postage stamps.

Orhan Koloğlu is assistant professor at the Press İlber Ortaylı is professor of history at the universities of
Museum of Istanbul. His fields of research include the Galatasaray (Istanbul) and Bilkent, and head of Topkapı
history of the late Ottoman Empire and modern Tur- Palace Museum. He is a specialist of 19th century Otto-
key, modernization, political movements, parties and man and Russian history, especially the history of public
their leaders, and the Ottoman and Turkish press. He administration, urban, diplomatic, cultural, and intel-
has published numerous books in Turkish on the Otto- lectual history. His articles in English were collected in
man and Turkish press, the history of the early Turkish Ottoman Studies, and Studies on Ottoman Transforma-
republic, Free Masonry in republican Turkey, as well as tion. He is also the author of numerous Turkish-language
biographies of Sultan Abdülhamid II, Kemal Atatürk, books on the 19th-century, post-Tanzimat era provincial
and former prime minister Bülent Ecevit. administration, the family in the Ottoman Empire, Ger-
man influences in the Ottoman Empire, westernization,
Elias Kolovos is lecturer in the Department of History and the Topkapı Palace.
and Archaeology at the University of Crete, Greece. He
taught as a visiting lecturer at the Ecole Pratique des Victor Ostapchuk teaches Ottoman studies at the
Hautes Etudes in Paris and at Boğaziçi University in Department of Near and Middle Eastern Civilizations
Istanbul. His research interests include Ottoman peas- of the University of Toronto. His interests include the
ant history, the history of monasteries under Ottoman Ottoman Black Sea and the empire’s relations with Mus-
administration, and insular societies in the Ottoman covy, Poland, and Ukraine; Ottoman institutional his-
Empire. He has published a book in Greek on the history tory; Ottoman historical archaeology; and the history
 Editors and Contributors xiii

of the Great Eurasian Steppe. In addition to his numer- European countries (Dalla frontiera al confine). Lately
ous scholarly articles he is the author of a forthcoming she wrote a short history of the Ottoman Empire in Ital-
monograph entitled Warfare and Diplomacy across Sea ian and an historical play The Venetian Sultana, already
and Steppe: The Ottoman Black Sea Frontier in the Early performed in Ankara and Istanbul.
Seventeenth Century.
Şefik Peksevgen is assistant professor in the Department
Erol Özvar is associate professor in the Department of of History at Yeditepe University, Istanbul. His research
Economics at Marmara University, Istanbul. He is an interests include political history of the Ottoman Empire
expert on Ottoman economic and financial history. His in the early modern era, with a special emphasis on
publications in Turkish include a monograph on the life building and exercising sovereign power in a compara-
long tax farming (malikane) system in Ottoman finances tive perspective.
and a two-volume book on Ottoman financial institu-
tions and budgets which he co-edited and co-authored Christine Philliou is assistant professor in the Depart-
with Mehmet Genç. ment of History at Columbia University. She specializes
in the social and political history of the 18th- and 19th-
Sándor Papp is associate professor and chair of depart- centuries Ottoman Empire and is particularly interested
ment at the Gáspár Károli University of the Hungarian in the role of Phanariots in Ottoman governance. Her
Reformed (Calvinist) Church (Budapest) and associ- forthcoming book is entitled Biography of an Empire:
ate professor at the University of Szeged, Hungary. His Ottoman Governance in the Age of Revolution.
research interests include Ottoman diplomatics and
paleography, Ottoman–Hungarian relations, and the Andrew Robarts is a Ph.D. candidate in Russian and
history of Ottoman vassal states. He is the author of Die Ottoman history at Georgetown University, where he
Verleihungs–, Bekräftigungs– und Vertragsurkunden der also received a Master’s Degree in foreign service. His
Osmanen für Ungarn und Siebenbürgen. dissertation focuses on population movements and the
spread of disease between the Ottoman and Russian
Şevket Pamuk teaches economic history and political empires in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. He has
economy at the London School of Economics and Politi- published articles on Bulgarian history and the Russian
cal Science where he directs the chair on contemporary Federation’s migration management policies.
Turkey and at Boğaziçi University, Istanbul. He is the
author of The Ottoman Empire and European Capital- Claudia Römer is associate professor and head of the
ism, Trade, Investment and Production, 1820–1913; A Institute of Oriental Studies, University of Vienna. Her
Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire, and A His- research interests include Ottoman diplomatics; early
tory of the Middle East Economies in the Twentieth Cen- modern Ottoman social and economic history; Ottoman
tury (with Roger Owen). Pamuk was the president of the historical grammar, syntax and stylistics; contact linguis-
European Historical Economics Society (2003–2005). tics; and Ottoman proverbs. Apart from articles on these
topics, she has published Ottoman documents: (with
Daniel Panzac was until his retirement director of research Anton C. Schaendlinger) Die Schreiben Süleymans des
at CNRS, University of Provance in Aix-en-Provance, Prächtigen an Karl V., Ferdinand I. und Maximilian II;
France. A former president of the European Association Die Schreiben Süleymans des Prächtigen an Beamte, Mil-
for Middle East Studies, Professor Panzac is a special- itärbeamte, Vasallen und Richter; Osmanische Festungs-
ist on Ottoman demographic and maritime history. His besatzungen in Ungarn zur Zeit Murāds III; and (with
many publications include: Barbary Corsairs: The End of Gisela Procházka–Eisl) Osmanische Beamtenschreiben
a Legend, 1800–1820; La caravane maritime: Marins euro- und Privatbriefe der Zeit Süleymāns des Prächtigen.
péens et marchands ottomans en Méditerranée, 1680–1830;
La peste dans l’Empire ottoman, 1700–1850 ; Quarantaines İlhan Şahin is professor at the Kyrgyz–Turkish Manas
et lazarets: l’Europe et la peste d’Orient, XVIIe–XXe siècles. University, Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan). In addition to his
numerous articles in Turkish and English on Ottoman
Maria Pia Pedani is associate professor in the Depart- administrative, social and economic history, he has pub-
ment of Historical Studies at the University Ca’ Fos- lished a book in Turkish on the Yağcı Bedir Yörüks. A
cari of Venice. She is the author of several books in selection of his articles on the nomads was published in
Italian, about Ottoman ambassadors to Venice (In nome his Nomads in the Ottoman Empire.
del Gran Signore), Ottoman documents kept in the Vene-
tian State Archives (I “Documenti Turchi” dell’Archivio Kahraman Şakul is a Ph.D. candidate in Middle East his-
di Stato di Venezia) and borders between Muslim and tory at Georgetown University. His dissertation focuses
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