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 The
Astronomy
Revolution
400 Years of Exploring the Cosmos

Edited by
Donald G. York
Owen Gingerich
Shuang-Nan Zhang
Front Cover Art: Upper-left corner: Bust of Zhang Heng 张衡 (78–139), Chinese mathematician, astronomer, geographer,
engineer, poet, and artist. Credit: Ancient Observatory, Beijing, Xiao Jun, Director. Upper-right corner: Bust of Galileo
Galilei (1564–1642), astronomer, physicist, mathematician, and inventor. Credit: Museo Galileo – Institute and Museum
of the History of Science, Florence. Center: Galileo’s Two Surviving Telescopes. Credit: Museo Galileo – Institute and
Museum of the History of Science, Florence.

Back Cover Art: Background: Large Magellanic Cloud in the Region of Supernova 1987A, February 4, 1999. From the
Hubblesite NewsCenter Archive. Credit: The Hubble Heritage Team (AURA/ STScI/NASA). Upper-right corner: Three
Rings of Gas Surround Supernova 1987A. From the Hubblesite Gallery Picture Album. Credit: Peter Challis (Harvard-
Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics).

CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Version Date: 2011914

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-3601-9 (eBook - PDF)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been
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 The contemplation of celestial things will make a man
both speak and think more sublimely and magnificently
when he descends to human affairs.
—Marcus Tullius Cicero, Roman Philosopher and Statesman (106–43 BCE)

Upon one tree there are many fruits, and in one kingdom many people.
How unreasonable it would be to suppose that besides the heaven and earth
which we can see there are no other heavens and no other earths!
—Deng Mu ( ), Chinese Philosopher (1247–1306 CE)
This page intentionally left blank.
This page intentionally left blank.
Contents
Preface...............................................................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................... xiii
Contributors...................................................................................................................................... xv
Introduction: The New Vision 400 Project.....................................................................................xvii

Part Iâ•… Creativity and Technology in Astronomical Discovery

Chapter 1 From the Language of Heaven to the Rationale of Matter............................................3

Tsung-Dao Lee

Chapter 2 The Impact of Modern Telescope Development on Astronomy................................. 13

Riccardo Giacconi

Chapter 3 Searching for Other Earths and Life in the Universe................................................. 29

Geoffrey W. Marcy

Part IIâ•…Impact of Telescopes on Our Knowledge of

the Universe

Chapter 4 The Formation and Evolution of Galaxies.................................................................. 43

Ben Moore

Chapter 5 Structure Formation in the Universe: From the Dark Side to First Light................... 61
Naoki Yoshida

Chapter 6 An Overview of Supernovae, the Explosive Deaths of Stars...................................... 81

Alexei V. Filippenko

Chapter 7 The Dark Secrets of Gaseous Nebulae: Highlights from Deep Spectroscopy.......... 103
Xiao-Wei Liu

Part IIIâ•… Some Near-Term Challenges in Astronomy

Chapter 8 Can We Detect Dark Matter?.................................................................................... 125
Elliott D. Bloom

ix
x Contents

Chapter 9 Can We Understand Dark Energy?........................................................................... 141

Mark Sullivan

Chapter 10 Astrophysical Black Holes in the Physical Universe................................................. 163

Shuang-Nan Zhang

Chapter 11 Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays................................................................................. 187

Glennys R. Farrar

Part IVâ•…Technologies for Future Questions

Chapter 12 New Technologies for Radio Astronomy..................................................................209

K. Y. Lo and Alan H. Bridle

Chapter 13 Advanced Optical Techniques in Astronomy........................................................... 227

Michael Shao

Chapter 14 Scientific Opportunities for 30-Meter-Class Optical Telescopes.............................. 237

Richard S. Ellis

Part Vâ•… Intellectual Impact of the Telescope on Society

Chapter 15 The Impact of Astronomy on Chinese Society in the Days before Telescopes........ 257
Yi-Long Huang

Chapter 16 The Impact of the Telescope in the West, 1608–1802............................................... 271

Owen Gingerich

Chapter 17 The Impact of the Telescope on Astronomy and Society in China........................... 281
Xiao-Chun Sun

Part VIâ•… “Big Questions” Raised by New Knowledge

Chapter 18 Exoplanet Atmospheres and the Search for Biosignatures....................................... 293

Sara Seager

Chapter 19 What New Telescopes Can Tell Us about “Other Worlds”.......................................309

Charles A. Beichman
Contents xi

Chapter 20 Multiverse Cosmology.............................................................................................. 331

Paul C. W. Davies

Chapter 21 Universe or Multiverse?............................................................................................. 345

Renata Kallosh and Andrei Linde

Chapter 22 Cosmos and Humanity in Traditional Chinese Thought........................................... 361

Yung Sik Kim

Chapter 23 Laws of Nature, Moral Order, and the Intelligibility of the Cosmos........................ 375
Peter Harrison

Chapter 24 Why Are the Laws of Nature as They Are? What Underlies Their Existence?........ 387
George F. R. Ellis

Appendix: The New Vision 400 Conference...............................................................................407

Preface
This book is a product of the New Vision 400 (NV400) conference held in Beijing in October 2008
in conjunction with the widely celebrated 400th anniversary of the invention of the telescope in
1608 by Hans Lipperhey (see http://nv400.uchicago.edu/). Like the conference, this book empha-
sizes the effects of technology on society and the origin of our understanding of numerous deep
questions that arise out of scientific research, specifically astronomy and our knowledge of the
cosmos. Looking beyond science questions to the role of moral responsibility in human civiliza-
tions, this volume offers the unique vantage points of contributions from both Eastern and Western
cultures, which often differ dramatically in worldview and in knowledge. A Chinese-language edi-
tion of this book, to be published by Peking University Press, is also in development.
Part I focuses on the general theme of creativity and technology in scientific—particularly
astronomical—discovery and is based on presentations that were primarily aimed at young people
at the public event preceding the NV400 conference. These discussions will be accessible to many
readers, regardless of their technical training. The editors structured the specific topics covered in
Parts II through V around selected examples of well-recognized areas of astronomical knowledge,
modern challenges, new technologies, and historical impact. The book concludes with Part VI, an
investigation of “big questions”: What is the origin of the laws of physics as we know them? Why do
these specific laws exist? Are these laws the same everywhere? How do these scientific laws relate
to the moral laws of society? Does what we know depend on cultural ways of asking the questions?
Is there life elsewhere? What about the questions that science cannot answer? The Introduction
that follows the Acknowledgments provides in-depth background information on the structure and
scope of this volume. The Appendix presents more information about the October 2008 conference
in Beijing.
We hope we have succeeded in shaping a book that celebrates the historical significance of the
telescope, informs the question of how we came to know what we know about the Universe, and
inspires young astronomers to deepen our understanding of the cosmos and of ourselves as we con-
tinue the quest to unveil the heavens.

Donald G. York, Chief Editor

Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics
The University of Chicago
Chicago, Illinois

Owen Gingerich, Co-Editor

Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics
Cambridge, Massachusett

Shuang-Nan Zhang, Co-Editor

Institute of High Energy Physics
Chinese Academy of Sciences
Beijing, China
and
Department of Physics
University of Alabama
Huntsville, Alabama

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