POWERCONVERTER

CIRCUITS
SHEPHERD
WILLIAM
Ohio University
Athens, Ohio, U.S.A.

LI ZHANG
University of Leeds
Leeds, England

MARCEL

MARCELDEKKER,
INC. NEWYORK * BASEL
DEKKER

Copyright 䉷 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Although great care has been taken to provide accurate and current information, neither
the author(s) nor the publisher, nor anyone else associated with this publication, shall be
liable for any loss, damage, or liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused
by this book. The material contained herein is not intended to provide specific advice or
recom-mendations for any specific situation.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks

and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN: 0-8247-5054-3

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Headquarters
Marcel Dekker, Inc., 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A.
tel: 212-696-9000; fax: 212-685-4540

Distribution and Customer Service

Marcel Dekker, Inc., Cimarron Road, Monticello, New York 12701, U.S.A.
tel: 800-228-1160; fax: 845-796-1772

Eastern Hemisphere Distribution

Marcel Dekker AG, Hutgasse 4, Postfach 812, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland
tel: 41-61-260-6300; fax: 41-61-260-6333

World Wide Web

http://www.dekker.com

The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in bulk quantities. For more
information, write to Special Sales/Professional Marketing at the headquarters address
above.

Copyright 䉷 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording,
or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publisher.

Current printing (last digit):

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Copyright 䉷 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

 ELECTRICAL AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING
A Series of Reference Books and Textbooks

FOUNDING EDITOR

Marlin 0.nturston
Department of Electrical Engineering
The Ohio State University
Columbus, Ohio

1. Rational Fault Analysis, edifed by Richard Saeks and S. R. Liberty

2. Nonparametric Methods in Communications, edited by P. Papanfoni-
Kazakos and Dimifri Kazakos
3. Interactive Pattern Recognition, Yi-tzuu Chien
4. Solid-state Electronics, Lawrence E. Murr
5. Electronic, Magnetic, and Thermal Properties of Solid Materials, Klaus
Schroder
6. Magnetic-BubbleMemory Technology, Hsu Chang
7. Transformer and Inductor Design Handbook, Colonel Wm. T.
McLyman
8. Electromagnetics: Classical and Modern Theory and Applications,
Samuel Seely and Alexander D. Poularikas
9. One-DimensionalDigital Signal Processing, Chi-Tsong Chen
10. InterconnectedDynamical Systems, Raymond A. DeCarlo and Richard
Saeks
11. Modern Digital Control Systems, Raymond G. Jacquof
12. Hybrid Circuit Design and Manufacture, Roydn D. Jones
13. Magnetic Core Selection for Transformers and Inductors: A User's
Guide to Practice and Specification, Colonel Wm. T. McLyman
14. Static and Rotating ElectromagneticDevices, Richard H. Engelmann
15. Energy-Efficient Electric Motors: Selection and Application, John C.
Andreas
16. ElectromagneticCompossibility, Heinz M. Schlicke
17. Electronics: Models, Analysis, and Systems, James G. Goffling
18. Digital Filter Design Handbook, Fred J. Taylor
19. Multivariable Control: An Introduction, P. K. Sinha
20. Flexible Circuits: Design and Applications, Steve Gurley, wifh con-
tributions by Cad A. Edstrom, Jr., Ray D. Greenway, and William P.
Kelly
21. Circuit Interruption: Theory and Techniques, Thomas E. Browne, Jr.
22. Switch Mode Power Conversion: Basic Theory and Design, K. Kit Sum
23. Pattern Recognition: Applications to Large Data-Set Problems, Sing-
Tze Bow

Copyright 䉷 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

24. Custom-Specific Integrated Circuits: Design and Fabrication, Stanley L.
Hunt
25. Digital Circuits: Logic and Design, Ronald C. Emery
26. Large-Scale Control Systems: Theories and Techniques, Magdi S.
Mahmoud, Mohamed F. Hassan, and Mohamed G. Datwish
27. Microprocessor Software Project Management, Eli T. Fathi and Cedric
V. W. Armstrong (Sponsored by Ontario Centre for Microelectronics)
28. Low Frequency Electromagnetic Design, Michael P. Perry
29. Multidimensional Systems: Techniques and Applications, edited by
Spyms G. Tzafesfas
30. AC Motors for High-Performance Applications: Analysis and Control,
Sakae Yamamura
31. Ceramic Motors for Electronics: Processing, Properties, and Applica-
tions, edited by Relva C. Buchanan
32. Microcomputer Bus Structures and Bus Interface Design, Arthur L.
Dexter
33. End User's Guide to Innovative Flexible Circuit Packaging, Jay J.
Minief
34. Reliability Engineering for Electronic Design, Norman B. Fuqua
35. Design Fundamentals for Low-Voltage Distribution and Control, Frank
W. Kussy and Jack L. Warren
36. Encapsulation of Electronic Devices and Components, Edward R.
Salmon
37. ProtectiveRelaying: Principles and Applications, J. Lewis Blackbum
38. Testing Active and Passive ElectronicComponents, Richard F. Powell
39. Adaptive Control Systems: Techniques and Applications, K V. Chalam
40. Computer-Aided Analysis of Power Electronic Systems, Venkatachari
Rajagopalan
41. IntegratedCircuit Quality and Reliability, Eugene R. Hnatek
42. Systolic Signal Processing Systems, edited by €ad E. Swartzlander, Jr.
43. Adaptive Digital Filters and Signal Analysis, Maurice G.Bellanger
44. Electronic Ceramics: Properties, Configuration, and Applications, edi-
ted by Lionel M. Levinson
45. Computer Systems Engineering Management, Robert S. Alford
46. Systems Modeling and Computer Simulation, edited by Naim A. Kheir
47. Rigid-Flex Printed Wiring Design for Production Readiness, Walter S.
Rigling
48. Analog Methods for Computer-Aided Circuit Analysis and Diagnosis,
edited by Taka0 Ozawa
49. Transformer and inductor Design Handbook: Second Edition, Revised
and Expanded, Colonel Wm. T. McLyman
50. Power System Grounding and Transients: An Introduction, A. P. Sakis
Meliopoulos
51. Signal Processing Handbook, edited by C. H. Chen
52. Electronic Product Design for Automated Manufacturing, H. Richard
Stillwell
53. Dynamic Models and Discrete Event Simulation, William Delaney and
Eminia Vaccari
54. FET Technology and Application: An Introduction, Edwin S. Oxner

Copyright 䉷 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

55. Digital Speech Processing, Synthesis, and Recognition, Sadaoki Furui
56. VLSl RlSC Architecture and Organization, Stephen 8. furber
57. Surface Mount and Related Technologies, Gemld Ginsberg
58. Uninterruptible Power Supplies: Power Conditioners for Critical
Equipment, David C. GM7th
59. Polyphase Induction Motors: Analysis, Design, and Application, Paul L.
Cochran
60. Battery Technology Handbook, edited by H. A. Kiehne
61. Network Modeling, Simulation, and Analysis, edited by Ricardo f .
Garzia and Mario R. Garzia
62. Linear Circuits, Systems, and Signal Processing: Advanced Theory
and Applications, edited by Nobuo Nagai
63. High-VoltageEngineering: Theory and Practice, edited by M. Khalifa
64. Large-Scale Systems Control and Decision Making, edited by Hiroyuki
Tamura and Tsuneo Yoshikawa
65. Industrial Power Distribution and Illuminating Systems, Kao Chen
66. Distributed Computer Control for Industrial Automation, Dobn'voje
Popovic and Vfay P. Bhatkar
67. Computer-AidedAnalysis of Active Circuits, Adrian loinovici
68. Designingwith Analog Switches, Steve Moore
69. Contamination Effects on Electronic Products, Carl J. Tautscher
70. Computer-OperatedSystems Control, Magdi S. Mahmoud
71. Integrated Microwave Circuits, edited by YoshihiroKonishi
72. Ceramic Materials for Electronics: Processing, Properties, and Ap-
plications, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, edited by Relva C.
Buchanan
73. Electromagnetic Compatibility: Principles and Applications, David A.
Wesfon
74. Intelligent Robotic Systems, edited by Spyros G. Tzafestas
75. Switching Phenomena in High-Voltage Circuit Breakers, edited by
Kunio Nakanishi
76. Advances in Speech Signal Processing, edited by Sadaoki Furui and
M. Mohan Sondhi
77. Pattern Recognitionand Image Preprocessing, Sing-Tze Bow
78. Energy-Efficient Electric Motors: Selection and Application, Second
Edition, John C. Andreas
79. Stochastic Large-Scale Engineering Systems, edited by Spyms G.
Tzafestas and Keigo Watanabe
80. Two-DimensionalDigital Filters, Wu-ShengLu and Andreas Antoniou
81. Computer-Aided Analysis and Design of Switch-Mode Power Supplies,
Yirn-Shu Lee
82. Placement and Routing of Electronic Modules, edited by Michael Pecht
83. Applied Control: Current Trends and Modern Methodologies, edited by
Spyros G.Tzafesfas
84. Algorithms for Computer-Aided Design of Multivariable Control
Systems, Sfanoje Bingulac and Hugh F. VanLandingham
85. Symmetrical Components for Power Systems Engineering, J. Lewis
Blackburn
86. Advanced Digital Signal Processing: Theory and Applications, Glenn
Zelniker and Fred J. Taylor

Copyright 䉷 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

 87. Neural Networks and Simulation Methods, Jian-Kang Wu
88. Power Distribution Engineering: Fundamentals and Applications,
James J. Burke
89. Modem Digital Control Systems: Second Edition, Raymond G. Jacquot
90. Adaptive IIR Filtering in Signal Processing and Control, Phillip A.
Regalia
91. Integrated Circuit Quality and Reliability: Second Edition, Revised and
Expanded, Eugene R. Hnatek
92. Handbook of Electric Motors, edited by Richard H. Engelmann and
William U. Middendorf
93. Power-SwitchingConverters, Simon S. Ang
94. Systems Modeling and Computer Simulation: Second Edition, Naim A.
Kheir
95. EM1 Filter Design, Richard Lee Ozenbaugh
96. Power Hybrid Circuit Design and Manufacture, Uaim Taraseiskey
97. Robust Control System Design: Advanced State Space Techniques,
Chia-Chi Tsui
98. Spatial Electric Load Forecasting, H. Lee Willis
99. Permanent Magnet Motor Technology: Design and Applications, Jacek
F. Gieras and Mitchell Wing
100. High Voltage Circuit Breakers: Design and Applications, Ruben D.
Garzon
101. Integrating Electrical Heating Elements in Appliance Design, Thor
Hegbom
102. Magnetic Core Selection for Transformers and Inductors: A User’s
Guide to Practice and Specification, Second Edition, Colonel Wm. T.
McLyman
103. Statistical Methods in Control and Signal Processing, edited by Tohru
Katayama and Sueo Sugimoto
104. Radio Receiver Design, Robert C.Dixon
105. Electrical Contacts: Principles and Applications, edited by Paul G.
Slade
106. Handbook of Electrical Engineering Calculations, edited by Arun G.
Phadke
107. Reliability Control for Electronic Systems, Donald J. LaCombe
108. Embedded Systems Design with 8051 Microcontrollers: Hardware and
Software, Zdravko Karakehayov, Knud Smed Christensen, and Ole
Winther
109. Pilot Protective Relaying, edited by WalterA. Elmore
110. High-Voltage Engineering: Theory and Practice, Second Edition,
Revised and Expanded, Mazen Abdel-Salam, Hussein Anis, Ahdab El-
Morshedy, and Roshdy Radwan
111. EM1 Filter Design: Second Edition, Revised and Expanded, Richard
Lee Ozenbaugh
112. Electromagnetic Compatibility: Principles and Applications, Second
Edition, Revised and Expanded, David A. Weston
113. Permanent Magnet Motor Technology: Design and Applications, Sec-
ond Edition, Revised and Expanded, Jacek F. Gieras and Mitchell
Wing

Copyright 䉷 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

 114. High Voltage Circuit Breakers: Design and Applications, Second Edi-
tion, Revised and Expanded, Ruben D. Garzon
115. High Reliability Magnetic Devices: Design and Fabrication, Colonel
Wm. T. McLyman
116. Practical Reliability of Electronic Equipment and Products, Eugene R.
Hnatek
117. Electromagnetic Modeling by Finite Element Methods, Jot30 Pedro A.
Bastos and Nelson Sadowski
118. Battery Technology Handbook: Second Edition, edited by H. A. Kiehne
119. Power Converter Circuits, William Shepherd and Li Zhang
120. Handbook of Electric Motors: Second Edition, Revised and Ex-
panded, edited by Hamid A, Toliyat and Gerald €3. Kliman
121. Transformer and Inductor Design Handbook, Colonel Wm. 7.
McLyman

Additional Volumes in Preparation

Energy-Efficient Electric Motors: Third Edition, Revised and Ex-

panded, Ali Emadi

Copyright 䉷 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Preface

This book is intended for use in junior and senior level undergraduate courses
in power electronics. Classical analysis is used throughout. The coverage is con-
cerned exclusively with power electronic circuits. No coverage is given to the
physics and the fabrication of power electronic switches, nor to the detailed design
of power electronic circuit protection and ancillary components.
Rectifier circuits are treated in a far more comprehensive and detailed man-
ner than is customary in contemporary texts. Chapter 14 is devoted to matrix
converters, which usually receive scant attention. Chapter 13 is devoted to enve-
lope cycloconverters, which usually receive no attention at all. Features of the
text include the large number of worked numerical examples and the very large
number of end of chapter problems, with answers.
The material contained in this book has been used for classroom and exami-
nation purposes at the University of Leeds, England; the University of Bradford,
England; and Ohio University, Athens, Ohio. The authors are grateful for the
permissions to reproduce the relevant material.
Some short sections of this book are reproduced from earlier work by one
of the authors. The writers are grateful to Cambridge University Press, England,
for permission to reproduce this previously published work.
The typing of the manuscript, with its many iterations, was done by Janelle
Baney, Suzanne Vazzano, Erin Dill, Juan Echeverry, and Brad Lafferty of the
Schools of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science of Ohio University. We
are deeply grateful for their contributions.
Much of the computer transcription of the text and diagrams was undertaken
at the Instructional Media Services Unit of the Alden Library at Ohio University.

Copyright 䉷 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Our thanks are due to Peggy Sattler, the head of the unit, and particularly to Lara
Neel, graduate assistant. Our deepest gratitude goes to them for their dedicated
professionalism.
At the latter end, the final transfer of the material to computer disc, with
text corrections, was performed by postgraduate students Yanling Sun and Liang-
jie Zhu of the Ohio University School of Education.
William Shepherd
Li Zhang

Copyright 䉷 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Contents

Preface
Nomenclature

Part 1 AC to DC Converters (Rectifiers)

1. Switching and Semiconductor Switches

2. Single-Phase Uncontrolled Rectifier Circuits
3. Single-Phase Controlled Rectifier Circuits
4. Three-Phase, Half-Wave, Uncontrolled (Diode)
Bridge Rectifier Circuits
5. Three-Phase Half-Wave Controlled Bridge Rectifier Circuits
6. Three-Phase Full-Wave Uncontrolled Bridge Rectifier Circuits
7. Three-Phase Full-Wave Controlled Bridge Rectifier Circuits
with Passive Load Impedance
8. Rectifier Power Factor and Pulse-Width Modulation
Controlled Rectifier Circuits

Copyright 䉷 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Part 2 DC to AC Converters (Inverters)

9. Three-Phase, Naturally Commutated, Controlled Bridge

Rectifier–Inverter
10. Three-Phase Step-Wave Inverter Circuits
11. Three-Phase, Pulse-Width Modulation, Controlled Inverter Circuits

Part 3 AC to AC Converters
12. Phase-Controlled Cycloconverters
13. Envelope Cycloconverters
14. Matrix Converters

Part 4 DC to DC Converters

15. DC–DC Circuits Converter

16. Switch-Mode Converter Power Supplies

Appendix: General Expressions for Fourier Series

Answers to Problems
References

Copyright 䉷 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Nomenclature

A1 B 1 C1 Fourier coefficients of first order

an bn cn Fourier coefficients of nth order
as bs cs Fourier coefficients of the supply point current
e instantaneous emf, V
ec instantaneous capacitor voltage, V
el instantaneous inductor voltage, V
eL instantaneous load voltage, V
er instantaneous ripple voltage, V
eab ebc eca instantaneous line supply voltages in a three-phase system, V
eaN ebN ecN instantaneous phase load voltages in a three-phase system, V
eAN eBN eCN instantaneous phase supply voltages in a three-phase system, V
f frequency, Hz
i instantaneous current, A
ia ib ic instantaneous line currents in a three-phase system, A
ic instantaneous capacitor current, A
ica icb icc instantaneous currents in the capacitor branches of a three-phase
system, A
iL instantaneous load current, A
iR instantaneous resistor current, A
is instantaneous supply current, A
isa isb isc instantaneous supply currents in the lines of a three-phase sys-
tem, A
iss instantaneous steady-state component of current, A

Copyright 䉷 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

it instantaneous transient component of current, A
n harmonic order
p frequency ratio
t time, s
Imin minimum value of the rms supply current, A
Isc short circuit current, A
Î peak value of the sinusoidal short-circuit current, A
L self-inductance coefficient, H
Ls self-inductance coefficient of supply line inductance, A
M modulation ratio
N number of turns
P average power, W
Pa Pb Pc average power per phase in a three-phase system, W
Pin average input power, W
PL average load power, W
Ps average supply point power, W
PF power factor
PFc power factor in the presence of compensation
PFmax maximum value of power factor
QL reactive component of load voltamperes, VA
R resistance, ⍀
RF ripple factor
SL apparent voltamperes of the load, VA
T time constant, S
V terminal voltage of battery, V
Xc capacitive reactance, ⍀
XL inductive reactance, ⍀
Xsc short-circuit (inductive) reactance, ⍀
Z impedance, ⍀

GREEK SYMBOLS
␣ thyristor firing angle, radian
␣␤ limits of conduction in a diode battery-charger circuit (Chapter
2), radian
␣′ inherent delay angle caused by supply inductance, radian
␦ dimensionless ‘‘figure of merit’’
␸ instantaneous flux, Wb
␺ displacement angle between voltage and fundamental current,
radian
␺n displacement angle between voltage and nth harmonic compo-
nent of current, radian

Copyright 䉷 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

␺s displacement angle between voltage and supply current, radian
␮ overlap angle, radian
␪ conduction angle, radian
␻ angular supply frequency, radian/s
⌬ small value of angle, radian
⌽ phase angle to sinusoidal currents of supply frequency, radian
⌽n phase angle to sinusoidal currents of nth harmonic frequency,
radian

Copyright 䉷 2004 by Marcel Dekker, Inc. All Rights Reserved.