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Electric Power System Applications of Optimization
Second Edition Momoh Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Momoh, James A
ISBN(s): 9781420065879, 1420065874
Edition: 2nd ed
File Details: PDF, 32.40 MB
Year: 2008
Language: english
 Second Edition

Electric
Power System
Applications
of Optimization
 Second Edition

Electric
Power System
Applications
of Optimization
James A. Momoh

Boca Raton London New York

CRC Press is an imprint of the

Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
CRC Press
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2009 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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Contents

Preface................................................................................................................. xvii
Author................................................................................................................ xxiii

Chapter 1 Introduction........................................................................... 1
1.1 Structure of a Generic Electric Power System ........................................ 1
1.2 Power System Models ................................................................................ 3
1.3 Power System Control................................................................................ 5
1.4 Power System Security Assessment ......................................................... 8
1.5 Power System Optimization as a Function of Time ............................ 11
1.6 Review of Optimization Techniques Applicable
to Power Systems ...................................................................................... 13
References.............................................................................................................. 16

Chapter 2 Electric Power System Models .......................................... 17

2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 17
2.2 Complex Power Concepts........................................................................ 18
2.3 Three-Phase Systems................................................................................. 20
2.3.1 Y-Connected Systems ................................................................. 21
2.3.2 Delta-Connected Systems........................................................... 23
2.3.3 Power Relationships ................................................................... 25
2.4 Per Unit Representation ........................................................................... 27
2.5 Synchronous Machine Modeling ............................................................ 28
2.5.1 Classical Representation of the Synchronous Machine ......... 29
2.6 Reactive Capability Limits....................................................................... 30
2.7 Prime Movers and Governing Systems ................................................. 31
2.7.1 Hydraulic Turbines and Governing Models ........................... 31
2.7.2 Steam Turbines and Governing System Models .................... 33
2.8 Automatic Gain Control........................................................................... 34
2.8.1 Power Control in a Multigenerator Environment .................. 34
2.8.2 AGC System Models................................................................... 38
2.8.2.1 Case A: Two Generating Units .................................. 38
2.9 Transmission Subsystems ........................................................................ 40
2.10 Y-Bus Incorporating the Transformer Effect ......................................... 42
2.10.1 Fixed Tap-Setting Transformer ................................................. 42
2.10.2 TCUL Transformer...................................................................... 45
2.10.3 Phase-Shifting Transformer ....................................................... 45
2.11 Load Models .............................................................................................. 50
2.11.1 Static Load Models...................................................................... 50
2.12 Available Transfer Capability ................................................................. 52
2.12.1 ATC Definition and Formulation ............................................. 52
2.12.2 ATC Calculation.......................................................................... 53

v
vi Contents

2.13 Illustrative Examples ................................................................................ 54

2.14 Conclusions ................................................................................................ 58
2.15 Problem Set ................................................................................................ 58
References.............................................................................................................. 61

Chapter 3 Power-Flow Computations ................................................ 63

3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 63
3.2 Types of Buses for PF Studies ................................................................. 64
3.3 General Form of the PFEs ........................................................................ 66
3.3.1 PF Control by Transformer Regulation ..................................... 67
3.4 Practical Modeling Considerations......................................................... 69
3.4.1 Generation Subsystem .................................................................. 69
3.4.1.1 Rectangular Formulation .............................................. 72
3.4.1.2 Polar Formulation .......................................................... 72
3.5 Iterative Techniques for PF Solution ...................................................... 72
3.5.1 G–S Iterative Technique ............................................................... 73
3.5.1.1 G–S Algorithm ................................................................ 73
3.5.1.2 G–S Method Applied to the PFEs................................ 74
3.5.1.3 G–S Iterative Technique ................................................ 75
3.5.1.4 Line Flow and Losses .................................................... 77
3.5.2 N–R Method................................................................................... 78
3.5.2.1 N–R Algorithm in the Scalar Case............................... 78
3.5.2.2 N–R Algorithm in the n-Dimensional Case ............... 83
3.5.2.3 N–R Algorithm Applied to the PFEs .......................... 84
3.5.3 Fast-Decoupled PF Method ......................................................... 97
3.5.4 Linearized (DC) PF Method ...................................................... 100
3.6 Practical Applications of PF Studies..................................................... 102
3.6.1 Case Study Discussion ............................................................... 103
3.7 Illustrative Examples .............................................................................. 103
3.8 Conclusion................................................................................................ 108
3.9 Problem Set .............................................................................................. 109
References............................................................................................................ 112

Chapter 4 Constrained Optimization and Applications................. 113

4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................. 113
4.2 Theorems on the Optimization of Constrained
Functions .................................................................................................. 114
4.2.1 Continuity Assumption.............................................................. 115
4.2.2 Theorems ...................................................................................... 115
4.3 Procedure for Optimizing Constrained
Problems (Functions) .............................................................................. 116
4.4 Karush–Kuhn–Tucker Condition.......................................................... 117
Contents vii

4.5 Illustrative Problems................................................................................. 118

4.5.1 Nonpower Systems Application Examples............................... 119
4.6 Power Systems Application Examples................................................... 120
4.6.1 Optimal Operation of an All-Thermal System:
Equal Incremental Cost-Loading ................................................ 120
4.6.2 Optimal Operation of an All-Thermal System,
Including Losses ............................................................................ 123
4.7 Illustrative Examples ................................................................................ 127
4.8 Conclusion.................................................................................................. 133
4.9 Problem Set ................................................................................................ 134
References............................................................................................................ 136

Chapter 5 Linear Programming and Applications .......................... 137

5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................... 137
5.2 Mathematical Model and Nomenclature in LP .................................... 138
5.2.1 Implicit Assumptions in LP ......................................................... 139
5.3 LP Solution Techniques............................................................................ 140
5.3.1 Graphical Method ......................................................................... 140
5.3.2 Matrix Approach to LP ................................................................ 142
5.3.3 Simplex Method ............................................................................ 144
5.3.4 Lemma of Matrix Inversion......................................................... 146
5.3.5 Revised Simplex Method ............................................................. 150
5.4 Duality in LP.............................................................................................. 153
5.5 Khun–Tucker Conditions in LP .............................................................. 156
5.5.1 Case 1: LP and KKT Conditions for Problems
with Equality Constraints ............................................................ 156
5.5.2 Case 2: KKT Applied to the Dual LP Problem ......................... 158
5.5.3 Case 3: KKT Applied to LP Problems with Equality
Constraints ..................................................................................... 160
5.6 Mixed-Integer Programming ................................................................... 162
5.6.1 Branch-and-Bound Technique for Binary Integer
Programming Problems ............................................................... 164
5.7 Sensitivity Methods for Postoptimization in LP................................... 168
5.7.1 Case 1: Perturbation in the Parameters b1 ................................. 169
5.7.2 Case 2: Perturbation in the Cost Coefficients cj ........................ 169
5.7.3 Case 3: Perturbation in the Coefficient aij .................................. 170
5.7.4 Case 4: Injection of New Constraints ......................................... 170
5.7.5 Case 5: Injection of New Variables............................................. 170
5.7.6 Sensitivity Analysis Solution Technique for Changes
in Parameters bi ............................................................................. 170
5.7.6.1 Solution Methodology ................................................... 172
5.7.6.2 Implementation Algorithm ........................................... 174
5.7.6.3 Duality in Postoptimal Analysis .................................. 177
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- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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Example 19: Literature review and discussion
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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[Figure 25: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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[Figure 38: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
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- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
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Definition: Practical applications and examples
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 51: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Practical applications and examples
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Historical development and evolution
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 54: Study tips and learning strategies
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
Example 56: Current trends and future directions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Topic 7: Historical development and evolution
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 62: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 64: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 65: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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- Note: Important consideration
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• Key terms and definitions
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[Figure 69: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
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Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 72: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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- Note: Important consideration
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• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
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- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 82: Key terms and definitions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 84: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 84: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 85: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 86: Best practices and recommendations
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 87: Study tips and learning strategies
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Summary 10: Research findings and conclusions
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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