Biological Forum – An International Journal 15(3): 247-250(2023)

ISSN No. (Print): 0975-1130

ISSN No. (Online): 2249-3239
Evaluation of different Plant Leaves Extract as Seed Treatment against Reniform
Nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) on Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.)
Rameshwar Lal1*, H.K. Sharma2, M.K. Sharma3, Vikas Kumar Aloria1, Vishnu Dadhich1 and Mukesh Jaiman1
1
M.Sc. Scholar, Department of Nematology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture,
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur (Rajasthan), India.
2
Associate Professor, Department of Nematology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture,
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur (Rajasthan), India.
3
Professor, Department of Nematology, Rajasthan College of Agriculture,
Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology, Udaipur (Rajasthan), India.
(Corresponding author: Rameshwar Lal*)
(Received: 15 January 2023; Revised: 17 February 2023; Accepted: 24 February 2023; Published: 22 March 2023)
(Published by Research Trend)
ABSTRACT: Cowpea is an important crop of Indian subcontinent and its losses by the reniform nematode
(Rotylenchulus reniformis) cause’s significant harm to the farmers. To find out a herbal management
practice a pot experiment was carried out under protected condition consisting of completely randomized
design with six seed treatments using plant leaves extract viz., Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum), Pyrethrum
(Chrysanthemum cinerarieaefolium), Datura (Datura stramonium), Ashwagandha (Withania sominifera),
Congress grass (Parthenium hysterophorus) @ 10 per cent concentration, and untreated control laid out in
four replications.The soil was inoculated with 2J/g soil with reniform nematode. Datura (10%) was found
best treatment followed by Pyrethrum (10%) and Congress grass (10%) in improving plant growth of
cowpea and reducing reproduction of reniform nematode. According to the findings, Datura (Datura
stramonium) significantly increased cowpea plant growth characteristics viz., shoot length by 42.8%and no.
of nodules/plant by 51.50%. Datura application also, reduced number of female count at the time of
harvest by 51.76% and final nematode population (200cc-1 soil) by 56.36% as compared to the control pots.
It can thus be inferred that the use of Datura leaves extract can be a potential treatment in the
management of reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis.
Keywords: Plant leaves extract, Seed treatment, Reniform nematode, Organic farming, Allelopathy.

INTRODUCTION effective, but their adverse effects and careless

application have accelerated the development of
The cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.), which is also
biological control, such as plant leaf extract
known as "Lobia," is a crop that is grown as food,
management strategies for integrated management of
animal feed, and fodder purpose in semi-arid and
plant parasitic nematodes with various types of
tropical regions of Africa, Asia, Europe, the United
antagonistic organisms.
States, Central America, and South America. In
Southern Africa, where it first arrived and was MATERIALS AND METHODS
domesticated, it then migrated to East and West Africa
The experiment was carried out in pots containing soil
as well as Asia. In India, occupied around 28.14 million
that was infected with reniform nematodes (2 larvae per
ha with 21.91 million tonnes production (Anonymous,
g/soil) and obtained from the department's pure culture.
2020-21).
On cowpea seeds, the best formulation of plant leaf
Reniform nematodes cause overall losses up to 13.2%,
extracts, including Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum),
although crop-specific losses are estimated to be 9%
Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerarieaefolium), Datura
cowpea, 20% tomato, 19% okra, 19% lettuce, 49%-
(Datura stramonium), Ashwagandha (Withania
pointed guard and 38% in brinjal (Palaniswamy and
sominifera), and Congress grass (Parthenium
Balasubramanian 1981). Almost more than 140 species
hysterophorus), were applied @ 10% concentration.
of 115 plant taxa in 46 families are attacked by the
The required dose of plant leaf extract measured for
reniform nematode (Jatala, 1991). According to reports,
each seed lot. The required quantity of seeds for each
reniform nematodes reduce cowpea yields by 13.2
treatment was taken separately in beaker. Reniform
percent (Jonathan, 2009). According to Singh (2015),
nematode-infested soil from the department's pure
Rajasthan's reniform nematode, R. reniformis, caused
culture was used to plant the treated and untreated seeds
yield losses of 10.0 to 28.7% in mung bean crops.
in 9-inch pots. Each treatment was maintained at four
Chemical management of the nematode proved to be
replications.
Lal et al., Biological Forum – An International Journal 15(3): 247-250(2023) 247
One plant from each pot was kept after 10 days of Shoot weight (g): The highest shoot weight was
germination, and a control treatment that only included recorded with Datura (21.13g) followed by Pyrethrum
nematodes was kept for comparison. Plants were (19.25g), Congress grass (15.75g) while minimum
harvested at 45 days after sowing. At harvest, shoot weight was observed (8.15g) untreated check.
measurements of properties like the number of nodules Root length (cm): The highest root length was
per plant, root length, root weight, and shoot length and recorded with Datura (23.00cm) followed by Pyrethrum
shoot weight were done. (21.15cm), Congress grass (19.05cm) while minimum
The root was properly washed with tap water then root length was observed (9.40cm) untreated check.
followed by stained with 0.1% acid fuchsin, and then Root weight (g): The highest shoot weight was
kept in clear lacto phenol for 24 hours. Following this, a recorded with Datura (4.10g) followed by Pyrethrum
stereoscopic binocular microscope was used to properly (3.40g), Congress grass (2.90g) while minimum root
examine the roots in order to count the number of weight was observed (1.80g) untreated check.
females per plant, the number of egg masses per plant, Number of nodules/ plants: The highest number of
the number of eggs and larvae per egg mass, and the nodules per plant was recorded with Datura (30.25)
total nematode population per 200cc of soil. The soil followed by Pyrethrum (27.66), Congress grass (24.00)
was thoroughly mixed after the plant was removed from while lowest number of nodules per plant was observed
the pot, and 200cc of soil from each pot was taken and (14.67) in untreated check.
processed using Cobb's sieving and decanting technique Nematode Reproduction Parameters: All plant
(Cobb, 1918), followed by Baermann's funnel leaves extract as seed treatment decrease the number of
technique (Christie and Perry 1951), to estimate the females per plant, number of egg masses per plant,
nematode population in the soil. Statistics were used to Number of eggs and larvae per egg mass and final
analyse the data at p=0.05 significance interval and nematode population per 200cc soil.
measures of dispersion like CD and SD were estimated. Number of females per plant: The significant higher
reduction in number of females per plant was observed
RESULT
with Datura at 10 per cent (18.33) followed by
An experiment was carried out to studies the efficacy of Pyrethrum (20.67), Congress grass (22.33) and
plant leaves extract as seed treatment against reniform maximum number of females per plant was (38.00)
nematode on plant growth parameters as well as observed with untreated check.
nematode reproduction of reniform nematode. Five Number of egg masses per plant: The significant
plant leaves extract such as Tulsi, Pyrethrum, Datura, higher reduction in number of egg masses per plant was
Ashwagandha and Congress grass at 10 per cent observed with Datura (16.67) followed by Pyrethrum
concentration and untreated control were also used. (18.33), Congress grass (20.00) and maximum number
Observations on plant growth parameters viz., shoot of egg masses per plant was (36.33) observed with
length, root length, shoot weight, root weight and untreated check.
number of nodules per plant and nematode reproduction Number of eggs and larvae per egg mass: The
viz., number of females per plant, number of egg significant higher reduction in number of eggs and
masses per plant, number of eggs and larvae per egg larvae per egg mass was observed with Datura (65.33)
mass and final nematode population per 200cc soil were followed by Pyrethrum (72.00), Congress grass (81.50)
recorded. and maximum number of eggs and larvae per egg mass
Plant Growth Parameters was (112.66) observed with untreated check.
Shoot length (cm): The highest shoot length was Final nematode population per 200 cc soil: The
observed with Datura (39.05cm) followed by significant higher reduction in final nematode
Pyrethrum (35.10cm), Congress grass (33.25cm). population per 200cc soil was observed with Datura
However, the minimum shoot length (22.30cm) was (329.00) followed by Pyrethrum (372.00), Congress
observed with untreated control. grass (435.00) and maximum final nematode population
per 200cc soil was (754.00) observed with untreated
check.
Table 1 : Efficacy of plant leaves extract as seed treatment against reniform nematode (Rotylenchulus
reniformis) infecting Cowpea.
Plant Growth Parameters Nematode reproduction
No. of No. of No. of egg Final nematode
Treatment Shoot length Root length Root No. of eggs and
Shoot weight(g) nodules females masses population/200 cc
(cm) (cm) weight(g) larvae/egg mass
/plant /plant /plant soil
Tulsi@10% 27.50 12.06 14.07 2.10 18.33 28.00 27.50 98.67 527.00
Pyrethrum (@10 % 35.10 19.25 21.15 3.40 27.66 20.67 18.33 72.00 372.00
Datura @10 % 39.05 21.13 23.00 4.10 30.25 18.33 16.67 65.33 329.00
468.00
Ashwagandha@ 10% 30.15 14..05 17.25 2.50 21.33 25.00 23.00 89.00
Congress grass @ 10% 33.25 15.75 19.05 2.90 24.00 22.33 20.00 81.50 435.00
Control 22.30 8.15 9.40 1.80 14.67 38.00 36.33 112.66 754.00
SEm± 0.667 0.408 0.608 0.041 0.867 0.789 0.678 3.787 19.066
CD at 5% 2.001 1.224 1.824 0.123 2.601 2.367 2.034 11.361 57.198
Data are the average value of four replication, Initial inoculation level 2 larvae/ g soil

Lal et al., Biological Forum – An International Journal 15(3): 247-250(2023) 248

 Fig. 1. Efficacy of plant leaves extract as seed treatment on plant growth parameters.

Fig. 2. Efficacy of plant leaves extract as seed treatment on nematode reproduction.

DISCUSSION of shoot and root weights were also observed However,
maximum reduction of nematode population was
Singh and Prasad (2010) found that extracts of
noticed in neem and marigold leaf extracts. The study
Calotropis and Parthenium reduced nematode
conducted by Patil et al. (2016) evaluated different
population in both extracts of Calotropis leaf and root.
plant extracts of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera),
Parihar et al. (2012) evaluated organic additives against
lantana (Lantana camara) and aak (Calotropis
root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne javanica) infecting
gigantea) as seed soaking treatment against reniform
bottle gourd under glasshouse conditions. Fresh
nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis infesting cowpea
chopped leaves of five different plant species were
extracts 20 and 30 per cent concentrations. The aqueous
mixed with soil before inoculation of bottle gourd with
extracted soaked seeds were sown in reniform
second stage juveniles (J2s) of root-knot nematode. Soil
nematode infested soil having 3J/g soil. The growth
treated with Datura stramonium leaves were most
parameters of cowpea plants were better and reniform
effective in reducing the reproductive potential of
nematode, (R. reniformis) reproduction and populations
populations of root-knot nematode and increased
were reduced in all the treatments compared to
chlorophyll content and plant growth parameters viz.,
inoculated control. Similarly, Khoraniya and Baheti
length, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root as
(2020) experimental findings showed that seed
compared to other plant species viz., Argemone
treatment with Periwinkle leaves powder at 10 per cent
mexicana, Lantana camara, Parthenium hysterophorus
w/w was most effective followed by parthenium leaves
and Withania somnifera. Singh et al. (2018) found that
powder at 10 per cent and water hyacinth leaves
plants inoculated with 10 and 100 nematodes (J) were
powder at 10 per cent w/w in improving plant growth of
similar in growth as compared to check treatment.
chickpea and reduced reproduction of root-knot,
However, gradual loss in plant growth parameters was
Meloidogyne incognita.
observed with increase in inoculum levels. This showed
Rajvaniya et al. (2021) conducted an experiment to test
that Rotylenchulus reniformis was found pathogenic to
the effectiveness of plant extracts to control a type of
the sunflower crop which adversely affected the
worm infecting cluster bean. They used plant extracts
growth. For the management of nematode five plants
such as aak (Calotropis procera), lantana (Lantana
leaves namely neem, marigold, dhatura, aak, and
camara), and water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as
lantana were evaluated for the nematicidal properties
seed treatment at different concentrations. The results
against R. reniformis When plants extracts (S/8 &S/16
showed that aak (Calotropis procera) significantly
dilutions) were put around sunflower crop in pots,
improved the plant growth parameters of cluster bean
resulted an increase in shoot length, max being in
and reduced the infestation of reniform nematode
dhatura leaves extract Similarly, a significant increase
Lal et al., Biological Forum – An International Journal 15(3): 247-250(2023) 249
(Rotylenchulus reniformis) infecting cluster bean Jonathan, E. I. (2009). Nematology: fundamentals and
compared to other treatments. Applications. New India publishing Agency, New
Delhi, 292p.
CONCLUSIONS Khoraniya, P. and Baheti, B. L. (2020). Bio-efficacy of
botanical based seed treatment against root knot
Results of seed treatment trial with plant leaves extract nematode, Meloidogyne incognita infesting chickpea
of Datura (Datura stramonium) @ 10 per cent (Cicer arietinum L.). Journal of Entomology and
concentration were highly promising, followed by Zoology Studies, 8, 9-12.
Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerarieaefolium) @ 10 Palaniswamy, S. and Balasubramanian, P. (1981). Assessment
per cent concentration, and Congress grass (Parthenium of avoidable yield loss in cotton variety Suvin'
hysterophorus) @ 10 per cent concentration for (Gossypium barbadense L.) by fumigation with
improvement in the plant growth of cowpea and metham sodium (Abstr.). In National Nematological
reducing infection and reproduction of reniform Symposium of Nematological Society of India,
Coimbatore (p. 52).
nematode. It can be concluded that the application of
Parihar, K., Rehman, B., and Siddiqui, M. A. (2012). Impact
Datura leaves in the management of this nematode is of organic additives for sustainable management of
highly effective, the application rate and availability of root-knot nematode in bottle gourd. Biosciences
Datura in semi-arid areas of Rajasthan makes this an International, 1(4),102-105.
economic as well as employable management practice. Patil, J., Sharma, M. K. and Yadav, S. (2016). Management of
reniform nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis on
Acknowledgement. The author is very thankful to the Head
cowpea by using botanicals. Indian Journal of
of Department, Department of Nematology and Dean,
Ecology, 43(2), 613-614.
Rajasthan college of Agriculture, Udaipur for providing
Rajvaniya, D. K., Sharma, H. K., Sharma, M. K., and Jangir,
laboratory equipment’s and other facility.
B. (2021). Eco-friendly management of reniform
Conflict of Interest. None.
nematode (Rotylenchulus reniformis) using botanicals
on cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L.). Journal
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How to cite this article: Rameshwar Lal, H.K. Sharma, M.K. Sharma, Vikas Kumar Aloria, Vishnu Dadhich and Mukesh
Jaiman (2023). Evaluation of different Plant Leaves Extract as Seed Treatment against Reniform Nematode (Rotylenchulus
reniformis) on Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.). Biological Forum – An International Journal, 15(3): 247-250.

Lal et al., Biological Forum – An International Journal 15(3): 247-250(2023) 250