RUSSIAN REVOLUTION | NCERT 9 | MIND MAP | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
THE FEBRUARY REVOLUTION (1917)
├── 1. Background & Conditions
│ ├── City: Petrograd (Capital)
│ ├── Social Division:
│ │ ├── Right bank: Workers' quarters and factories
│ │ └── Left bank: Winter Palace, Duma, elite residences
│ ├── Harsh Winter:
│ │ ├── Extreme frost and heavy snow
│ │ └── Acute food shortages
│ └── Tsar vs. Parliament:
│ ├── Tsar wanted to dissolve Duma
│ └── Parliamentarians opposed this
├── 2. Key Events
│ ├── 22 Feb : Lockout at a factory (Right Bank)
│ ├── 23 Feb: Strike in 50 factories
│ │ ├── Women workers led protests
│ │ └── Marked as International Women’s Day
│ ├── Workers crossed to Nevskii Prospekt
│ ├── Government response: Curfew, cavalry & police deployed
│ └── Protesters returned on 24th and 25th
├── 3. Escalation
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION | NCERT 9 | MIND MAP | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION | NCERT 9 | MIND MAP | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
│ ├── 25 Feb: Duma suspended by government
│ │ └── Politicians opposed the suspension
│ ├── 26 Feb: More protests on the left bank
│ └── 27 Feb:
│ ├── Police HQ ransacked
│ ├── Slogans: Bread, wages, working hours, democracy
│ ├── Troops refused to fire on protestors
│ ├── Regiments mutinied & joined protesters
│ └── Formation of Petrograd Soviet (workers + soldiers)
├── 4. Collapse of Tsarism
│ ├── 2 March: Tsar abdicated (on advice of military commanders)
│ ├── Formation of:
│ │ ├── Provisional Government (by Soviet + Duma leaders)
│ │ └── Russia’s future to be decided by Constituent Assembly
After February Revolution
├── 1. Provisional Government
│ ├── Influenced by: Army officials, landowners, industrialists
│ ├── Included: Liberals and socialists
│ ├── Goals: Work towards an elected government
│ └── Reforms:
│ ├── Removed restrictions on public meetings & associations
│ └── Soviets (workers' councils) formed across the country
│ └── No uniform election system
├── 2. Lenin’s Return & April Theses
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION | NCERT 9 | MIND MAP | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION | NCERT 9 | MIND MAP | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
│ ├── Lenin returned in April 1917 (from exile)
│ ├── Opposed World War I since 1914
│ ├── Declared April Theses :
│ │ 1. End the war
│ │ 2. Transfer land to peasants
│ │ 3. Nationalise banks
│ ├── Urged Bolsheviks to:
│ │ ├── Reject the Provisional Government
│ │ └── Rename themselves Communist Party ☭
│ └── Initially opposed by fellow Bolsheviks (seen as too radical)
├── 3. Spread of Workers' and Soldiers' Movements
│ ├── Growth of workers' movements during summer
│ ├── Factory committees questioned industrialists
│ ├── Rise in trade unions
│ ├── Soldiers' committees formed within army
│ └── June 1917: All Russian Congress of Soviets
│ └── Representatives from 500 Soviets
├── 4. Government Reaction & Repression
│ ├── Provisional Government losing control
│ ├── Feared growing Bolshevik influence
│ ├── Cracked down on:
│ │ ├── Worker control of factories
│ │ └── Bolshevik demonstrations (July 1917)
│ └── Bolshevik leaders arrested or forced to flee
├── 5. Peasants & Socialist Revolutionaries
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION | NCERT 9 | MIND MAP | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION | NCERT 9 | MIND MAP | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
│ ├── Demanded land redistribution
│ ├── Land committees formed
│ ├── Encouraged by Socialist Revolutionaries
│ └── Peasant land seizures increased (July – Sept 1917)
October Revolution 1917
├── 1. Background
│ ├── Conflict intensified between:
│ │ ├── Provisional Government
│ │ └── Bolsheviks ☭
│ ├── Lenin feared a possible dictatorship
│ └── Called for uprising in September 1917
├── 2. Preparation for Revolution
│ ├── Lenin mobilised support from:
│ │ ├── Soviets
│ │ ├── Factories
│ │ └── Army
│ ├── 16 October 1917:
│ │ ├── Lenin convinced Petrograd Soviet & Bolsheviks
│ │ └── Military Revolutionary Committee formed
│ │ └── Headed by Leon Trotskii
│ └── Secret planning of uprising
├── 3. 24 October 1917: The Uprising
│ ├── Prime Minister Kerenskii left Petrograd to bring troops
│ ├── Government actions:
│ │ ├── Seized Bolshevik newspaper offices
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION | NCERT 9 | MIND MAP | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION | NCERT 9 | MIND MAP | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
│ │ └── Sent troops to secure Winter Palace and telegraph lines
│ ├── Bolshevik response:
│ │ ├── Committee ordered seizure of govt. offices
│ │ └── Ministers arrested
├── 4. Military Action
│ ├── Ship Aurora shelled Winter Palace
│ ├── Other naval vessels took over key military positions
│ └── By nightfall: Petrograd under Bolshevik control
├── 5. Outcome
│ ├── Ministers surrendered
│ ├── All Russian Congress of Soviets:
│ │ └── Majority supported Bolshevik takeover
│ ├── Uprisings spread to other cities
│ └── Heavy fighting in Moscow& Petrograd
Changes After October 1917
├── 1. Economic Changes
│ ├── Abolition of private property
│ ├── Nationalisation (Nov 1917)
│ │ ├── Industries
│ │ └── Banks
│ ├── Land declared "social property"
│ └── Peasants seized land of nobles
├── 2. Social Reforms
│ ├── Partition of large city houses by family needs
│ ├── Ban on aristocratic titles
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION | NCERT 9 | MIND MAP | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION | NCERT 9 | MIND MAP | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
│ └── New army uniforms (1918 competition)
│ └── Chose the Soviet hat – Budeonovka
├── 3. Political Changes
│ ├── Bolsheviks renamed: Russian Communist Party (Bolshevik)
│ ├── Constituent Assembly Elections – Nov 1917
│ │ ├── Bolsheviks lacked majority
│ │ └── Assembly dissolved by Lenin – Jan 1918
│ ├── All Russian Congress of Soviets = Parliament
│ └── Russia became a One-Party State
├── 4. Governance & Control
│ ├── Trade Unions brought under party control
│ └── Secret Police established:
│ ├── Cheka → OGPU → NKVD
│ └── Harsh punishment for critics
├── 5. Cultural Impact
│ ├── Young writers & artists initially supported the revolution
│ ├── Socialist ideals encouraged artistic experiments
│ └── Many became disillusioned due to censorship
The Civil War (1918–1920)
├── 1. Breakdown of the Army
│ ├── Land redistribution ordered by Bolsheviks
│ └── Soldiers (mostly peasants) deserted to claim land at home
├── 2. Opposition to Bolsheviks
│ ├── Non-Bolshevik Socialists, Liberals, Autocracy supporters condemned uprising
│ └── Leaders moved to South Russia, formed armed groups
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION | NCERT 9 | MIND MAP | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION | NCERT 9 | MIND MAP | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
├── 3. Factions in Civil War
│ ├── Reds → Bolsheviks
│ ├── Whites → Pro-Tsarists (Supported private property)
│ └── Greens → Socialist Revolutionaries (SRs)
├── 4. Foreign Intervention
│ ├── France, Britain, USA, Japan supported the Whites
│ └── Feared the spread of socialism
├── 5. Consequences
│ ├── Looting, famine, banditry became common
│ ├── Whites punished peasants who had taken land
│ └── Whites lost popular support
├── 6. Bolshevik Victory
│ ├── By Jan 1920, Reds controlled most of former Russian empire
│ ├── Gained support from:
│ │ ├── Non-Russian nationalities
│ │ └── Muslim jadidists
│ └── In some regions, Bolshevik colonists oppressed locals (e.g., Khiva)
├── 7. Creation of the USSR (1922)
│ ├── Soviet Union formed from former Russian Empire
│ └── Non-Russian areas given political autonomy
├── 8. Challenges to Unity
│ ├── Harsh anti-nomadism policies
│ ├── Forced unpopular policies on local governments
│ └── Mixed success in winning national support
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION | NCERT 9 | MIND MAP | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION | NCERT 9 | MIND MAP | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
Making a Socialist Society
├── 1. Economic Measures
│ ├── Industries & Banks nationalised (continued during Civil War)
│ ├── Land socialised – peasants allowed to cultivate
│ └── Demonstrated collective work on confiscated land
├── 2. Centralised Planning
│ ├── Officials planned economic development
│ ├── Introduced Five-Year Plans
│ │ ├── First Plan: 1927–1932
│ │ └── Second Plan: 1933–1938
│ └── Government fixed all prices to promote industrial growth
├── 3. Industrial Growth
│ ├── Industrial output doubled (1929–1933)
│ │ ├── Oil
│ │ ├── Coal
│ │ └── Steel
│ ├── New industrial cities (e.g., Magnitogorsk)
│ └── Rapid construction = poor working conditions
├── 4. Working Conditions
│ ├── Harsh climates and poor facilities
│ ├── In Magnitogorsk:
│ │ ├── 3 years to build steel plant
│ │ └── 550 work stoppages in 1st year
│ └── Winter hardships (e.g., outdoor toilets in extreme cold)
├── 5. Social Measures
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION | NCERT 9 | MIND MAP | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION | NCERT 9 | MIND MAP | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
│ ├── Extended education system
│ ├── Workers and peasants admitted to universities
│ ├── Crèches in factories for women workers’ children
│ ├── Cheap public healthcare introduced
│ └── Model living quarters built for workers
├── 6. Limitations
│ └── Progress was uneven due to limited government resources
Stalinism and Collectivisation
├── 1. Background (1927–1928)
│ ├── Acute grain shortage in Soviet towns
│ ├── Government fixed grain prices
│ └── Peasants refused to sell at low prices
├── 2. Stalin's Emergency Measures
│ ├── Stalin succeeded Lenin as party head
│ ├── Believed kulaks were hoarding grain
│ ├── Speculation to be stopped, grain confiscated
│ └── Party members raided kulaks in grain-producing areas
├── 3. Causes of Collectivisation
│ ├── Shortages blamed on small peasant farms
│ ├── Peasant land from 1917 reforms seen as outdated
│ ├── Aim: Modernise agriculture using machines
│ └── Eliminate kulaks and form large, state-controlled farms
├── 4. The Collectivisation Programme (1929 Onwards)
│ ├── Peasants forced into collective farms (kolkhoz)
│ ├── Land, tools, livestock transferred to collectives
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION | NCERT 9 | MIND MAP | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION | NCERT 9 | MIND MAP | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
│ ├── Profit shared among workers
│ └── Government controlled production
├── 5. Resistance and Repression
│ ├── Widespread peasant resistance
│ ├── Livestock destruction – cattle fell by 1/3 (1929–1931)
│ ├── Harsh punishments – deportation, exile
│ ├── Peasants claimed they weren't rich or anti-socialist
│ └── Independent cultivation allowed, but discouraged
├── 6. Consequences of Collectivisation
│ ├── No immediate rise in production
│ ├── 1930–33: Devastating famine → Over 4 million deaths
│ └── Agricultural failure despite forced collectivisation
├── 7. Internal Party Criticism and Stalin’s Repression
│ ├── Party members criticised:
│ │ ├── Industrial confusion
│ │ └── Agricultural disaster
│ ├── Stalin accused critics of conspiracy
│ ├── Widespread arrests, show trials
│ ├── By 1939: 2 million imprisoned or sent to labour camps
│ ├── Many forced false confessions
│ └── Talented professionals executed; no one spoke out
Global Influence of the Russian Revolution
├── 1. Worldwide Reaction to the Revolution
│ ├── European socialist parties divided on Bolsheviks’ methods
│ └── Inspired global imagination of a workers’ state
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION | NCERT 9 | MIND MAP | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION | NCERT 9 | MIND MAP | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
├── 2. Formation of Communist Parties
│ ├── Inspired communist movements worldwide
│ ├── Example: Communist Party of Great Britain
│ └── Bolsheviks supported similar revolutions abroad
├── 3. Bolshevik International Efforts
│ ├── Conference of the Peoples of the East (1920)
│ ├── Formation of Comintern (Communist International)
│ └── Communist University of the Workers of the East (education for revolutionaries)
├── 4. USSR as a Global Symbol of Socialism
│ ├── USSR represented socialism on the world stage
│ └── Attracted revolutionaries and thinkers from many countries
├── 5. Decline of Soviet Model
│ ├── By 1950s: Criticism within USSR & global socialist movements
│ ├── Achievements:
│ │ ├── Development in industry & agriculture
│ │ └── Improved living standards for poor
│ ├── Failures:
│ │ ├── Denial of freedoms
│ │ └── Use of repression and control
├── 6. Global Reassessment of Socialism
│ ├── USSR’s reputation declined by late 20th century
│ ├── Socialist ideals still respected in USSR
│ └── Socialism rethought and adapted differently in each country
RUSSIAN REVOLUTION | NCERT 9 | MIND MAP | ARJUN MOHANAN MM
