Disjointed War Military Operations in Kosovo 1999

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Disjointed War Military Operations in Kosovo 1999 1st
Edition Bruce R. Nardulli And Walter Perry Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Bruce R. Nardulli and Walter Perry
ISBN(s): 9780833032317, 0833032313
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 2.18 MB
Year: 2002
Language: english
Disjointed
War
Military Operations in Kosovo, 1999

Bruce R. Nardulli, Walter L. Perry, Bruce Pirnie

John Gordon IV, John G. McGinn

Prepared for the

United States Army

Approved for public release;

distribution unlimited

R
Arroyo Center
The research described in this report was sponsored by the United
States Army under contract number DASW01-01-C-0003.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Disjointed war : military operations in Kosovo, 1999 / Bruce R. Nardulli ... [et al.].
p. cm.
“MR-1406.”
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 0-8330-3096-5
1. Kosovo (Serbia)—History—Civil War, 1998—Campaigns. 2. North Atlantic
Treaty Organization—Armed Forces—Yugoslavia. I. Nardulli, Bruce R.

DR2087.5 .D57 2002

949.703—dc21
2002024817

Cover photos courtesy of U.S. Air Force Link (B2) at www.af.mil,

and NATO Media Library (Round table Meeting) at www.nato.int.

RAND is a nonprofit institution that helps improve policy and

decisionmaking through research and analysis. RAND ® is a
registered trademark. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect
the opinions or policies of its research sponsors.

Cover design by Stephen Bloodsworth

© Copyright 2002 RAND

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any

form by any electronic or mechanical means (including
photocopying, recording, or information storage and retrieval)
without permission in writing from RAND.

Published 2002 by RAND

1700 Main Street, P.O. Box 2138, Santa Monica, CA 90407-2138
1200 South Hayes Street, Arlington, VA 22202-5050
201 North Craig Street, Suite 102, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
RAND URL: http://www.rand.org/
To order RAND documents or to obtain additional information,
contact Distribution Services: Telephone: (310) 451-7002;
Fax: (310) 451-6915; Email: [email protected]
 PREFACE

Following the 1999 Kosovo conflict, the Army asked RAND Arroyo
Center to prepare an authoritative and detailed account of military
operations with a focus on ground operations, especially Task Force
Hawk. In response, the Arroyo Center delivered a classified report
for use by the Army Staff and others with an interest in the Kosovo
conflict. This document is an unclassified version of that report. The
purpose is to offer the Army a more accessible document, while also
reaching a wider audience. It should interest those concerned with
employment of Army and joint forces. It should also interest those
concerned with broader national security issues, especially the
planning and conduct of contingency operations.

This research was sponsored jointly by the Director of Strategy,

Plans, and Policy, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations
and Plans (G-3); the Director of the Center for Land Warfare (with
sponsorship now assumed by the Director, Army Quadrennial
Defense Review Office); Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for
Programs; and the Technical Advisor to the Deputy Chief of Staff for
Operations and Plans. It was conducted in the Arroyo Center’s
Strategy, Doctrine, and Resources Program. The Arroyo Center is a
federally funded research and development center sponsored by the
United States Army.

iii
iv Disjointed War: Military Operations in Kosovo, 1999

For more information on RAND Arroyo Center, contact the Director

of Operations (telephone 310-393-0411, extension 6500; FAX 310-
451-6952; e-mail [email protected]), or visit the Arroyo Center’s Web
site at http://www.rand.org/organization/ard/.
 CONTENTS

Preface ......................................... iii

Figures ......................................... ix
Tables.......................................... xi
Summary ....................................... xiii
Acknowledgments................................. xix
Abbreviations .................................... xxi

Chapter One
INTRODUCTION .............................. 1
A Battle of Constraints and NATO’s Strategic Choices .... 2
Impact on Planning ............................ 3
Impact on Air Operations ........................ 4
Impact on Task Force Hawk ...................... 5
The Deficiencies of Operation Allied Force............ 6
About the Report............................... 8

Chapter Two
AT THE BRINK: APRIL 1998 TO MARCH 1999 ......... 11
Mounting Tensions and Concerns Over Kosovo ........ 13
Initial NATO Planning ......................... 13
October Crisis ................................. 15
Rambouillet and Its Aftermath..................... 17

Chapter Three
AIR OPERATION ............................... 21
NATO and U.S. Goals ........................... 21

v
vi Disjointed War: Military Operations in Kosovo, 1999

Public Renunciation of Ground Force Options ......... 22

Initial Operations .............................. 24
Command and Control ........................ 25
Restrictions on Air Operations ................... 27
Yugoslav Forces................................ 27
Air Defense ................................. 28
Ground Forces in Kosovo ....................... 30
Slowly Expanding Air Operations ................... 31
Introduction of Naval Air ....................... 31
Expansion of Fixed Targets...................... 32
Aircraft Reinforcement ........................ 32
Controversy Over the Weight of Effort ............. 33
NATO’s Determination to Prevail................... 36
Turning Point: The NATO Summit Conference....... 36
Escalating Attacks on Yugoslav Infrastructure ........ 37
Halting Steps Toward a Possible Land Invasion....... 38
Tightening the Noose: The Ahtisaari-Chernomyrdin
Mission .................................. 43
Successes and Limitations of the Overall Air Operation... 44
Overall Success .............................. 45
Fixed Targets ................................ 45
Limited Collateral Damage...................... 46
Operational Problems ......................... 47
Low Effectiveness of Air Strikes Against Fielded Forces ... 48
Marginal Effect in Halting Violence Against Kosovar
Albanians ................................ 49
Joint Chiefs of Staff Briefing, June 10, 1999 .......... 50
NATO SHAPE Briefing, September 16, 1999.......... 52
The Allied Force Munitions Effectiveness Assessment
Team.................................... 53
Annual Data Exchange, Sub-Regional Arms Control ... 54
Summary of Strike Assessments .................. 54

Chapter Four
TASK FORCE HAWK ............................ 57
Origin and Controversy .......................... 57
The Decision to Deploy Task Force Hawk ........... 59
The Change to Albania ......................... 61
Deployment of Task Force Hawk ................. 66
Command and Control .......................... 76
 Contents vii

Command and Control at Rinas .................. 78

Task Force Hawk Operations ...................... 80
Deep Operations Planning ...................... 80
Mission Planning ............................. 82
Training and Rehearsals........................ 85
Forward Operating Base ....................... 87
Integration with Air Operations and Targeting ....... 88
Task Force Hunter.............................. 92
Why Wasn’t Task Force Hawk Employed in Kosovo? ..... 94
Contributions of Task Force Hawk .................. 95
Operational and Tactical Contributions ............ 96

Chapter Five
ENFORCING THE PEACE ........................ 99
Preparation for Operation Joint Guardian ............ 99
United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244 ..... 100
Initial Operations in Kosovo ...................... 101
Kosovo Force Structure and Disposition ............ 101
Entry of Task Force Falcon ...................... 103
Initial Tasks ................................. 104
Challenges Facing KFOR ......................... 105
The Law and Order Problem .................... 106
U.S. Emphasis on Force Protection in Kosovo ........ 108
Kosovo in Contrast to Bosnia ...................... 109

Chapter Six
CONCLUSION ................................ 111
The Leverage Derived from an Air-Land Campaign
Approach................................. 111
Joint “Air-Only” Operations ....................... 112
Designation of a Land Component Commander ...... 113
Sensor-to-Shooter Response Time ................ 115
Joint Doctrine for Attack Helicopter Operations ...... 115
Planning for Major Political Constraints on Future
Military Operations ......................... 116
Characteristic Restraints ....................... 116
Tendency to Rely on Air Power ................... 117
Improving Military Planning ...................... 118
The Army’s Title 10 Planning Responsibilities ........ 118
Need for Expanded Ground-Force Options ........... 119
Disparities in Coalition Capabilities ................. 120
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Practice 1: Statistical analysis and interpretation

Learning Objective 1: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 3: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 3: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 4: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 5: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 6: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 7: Practical applications and examples
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Abstract 2: Study tips and learning strategies
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 11: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 16: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 17: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 3: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 22: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 23: Best practices and recommendations
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 25: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 26: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 26: Current trends and future directions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 29: Ethical considerations and implications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Introduction 4: Best practices and recommendations
Example 30: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 33: Best practices and recommendations
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 34: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 37: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 38: Current trends and future directions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 5: Critical analysis and evaluation
Example 40: Current trends and future directions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 41: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 43: Key terms and definitions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 49: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Part 6: Case studies and real-world applications
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 51: Research findings and conclusions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 53: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 53: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 54: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 56: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 60: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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