International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056

Volume: 12 Issue: 08 | Aug 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

Hybrid Computing: Redefining Computation

Shourya Gupta1, Abhiraj Nair2

1Diploma Student, Department of Computer Engineering, Thakur Polytechnic, Kandivali East-400101

2Diploma Student, Department of Computer Engineering, Thakur Polytechnic, Kandivali East-400101
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Abstract - Hybrid computing is an innovative approach that computing etc. With this, hybrid computing combines the
integrates classical computing, quantum computing, and strengths of several computing standards and diminishes
cloud-edge computing to optimize performance, scalability, the dependence on only one.
and efficiency. This paradigm shift enables systems to tackle
complex computational problems that traditional computing Hybrid computing can play a big role in the fields of cyber
alone cannot handle. Hybrid quantum-classical models security, big data analytics, artificial intelligence and
accelerate scientific research and AI by solving problems in scientific simulations. Cloud computing and edge computing
drug discovery, physics, and deep learning. Edge-AI hybrid combined together can process data in real time, quantum
models improve predictive maintenance and real-time fault computing specializes in calculations using quantum
identification in manufacturing and industry, increasing mechanics, resulting in a much faster computation and
productivity and cost-effectiveness. In order to enable safer classical computing excels at managing organized data and
and more intelligent transportation, autonomous cars use deterministic processes. Hybrid computing introduces us to
hybrid computing for AI-driven vision, quantum-powered new horizons in information processing , fine-tuning and
route optimization, and cloud-based simulations. problem-solving by integrating these technologies together,
Notwithstanding its benefits, hybrid computing has allowing for unexplored future possibilities.
integration, complexity, and vendor lock-in issues that call for
creative fixes. This essay examines hybrid computing's 2.BACKGROUND
architecture, uses, difficulties, and prospects, emphasizing how
Previously, there was a combination of analog and digital
it is revolutionizing a number of industries.
computers, which was used to take advantage of their
Key Words: Hybrid Computing, Classical Computing, respective plus points, with analog being superior at solving
Quantum Computing, Cloud Computing, Edge Computing, complex equations and doing real time simulations and
Predictive Maintenance, Autonomous Vehicles, Real- digital computers having a high degree of accuracy and
time Processing, Optimization. programmability. Initial applications of hybrid systems
included:
1.INTRODUCTION
Applications for scientific simulations include weather
forecasting and aerodynamics.

Engineering computations: In fields that demand highly

accurate real-time processing.

Applications in the military and aerospace Real-time signals

were processed by analog components, while decision-
making was managed by digital systems. One of the well-
known early hybrid systems was the Hybrid Electronic
Computer (HEC), which combined analog and digital
computation to solve complex problems more efficiently than
purely digital or analog machines.The Development of
Distributed and Parallel Computing in the 1980s and 1990sIn
order to increase processing power and efficiency, computing
designs moved toward distributed systems and parallel
Fig 1: Venn Diagram of Hybrid Computing computing as microprocessor technology developed. In this
time frame, Parallel processing was first used in
Hybrid computing is a computing technique that combines
supercomputers, where several CPUs worked on several
several computing models to provide the best output and
tasks at once. In order to do mathematical and scientific
proficiency. Hybrid computing is a combination of cloud
calculations, vector and array processors were developed.
computing, edge computing, quantum computing and
With the rise in popularity of client-server architectures,
other conventional computing architectures like classical
hybrid computing models were made possible, in which

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 08 | Aug 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

certain tasks were handled locally and others were delegated 3.ARCHITECTURE
to strong distant servers. Examples include the Connection
Machine (CM), which used a massively parallel architecture
to process AI-related tasks. 000s: CPU-GPU Hybridization and
Heterogeneous Computing The proliferation of data-intensive
applications led to the evolution of hybrid computing into
heterogeneous computing, which involves integrating various
processor types into a single system. Among the significant
developments were, CPU-GPU integration: Originally created
for graphics rendering, GPUs have been repurposed for
parallel computing applications including simulations, deep
learning, and big data analytics. Hybrid cloud computing: In
order to improve scalability and cost effectiveness,
businesses have begun combining on-premises and cloud-
based resources. Hybrid cloud computing – Businesses
started adopting a combination of on-premises and cloud-
based resources for better scalability and cost efficiency.
Hybrid Cloud, Edge, and Quantum-Classical Computing from
the 2010s to the Present. The combination of cloud, edge, and Fig 2: Architecture of Hybrid Computing
quantum computing has further broadened the field of hybrid
computing. Contemporary hybrid structures consist of For a much greater performance and faster operation, hybrid
Hybrid cloud computing: Businesses use both public and computing combines several computational models which
private clouds to maximize workload dispersion, security, include cloud-edge computing, quantum computing, and
and cost. classical computing. The following layers are commonly seen
in hybrid computing architectures.
Integration of edge computing lowers latency and bandwidth
consumption in Internet of Things applications by processing 3.1.Hardware Layer
data closer to the source. Hybrid quantum-classical systems
In order to tackle complicated problems more quickly, The hardware layer of hybrid computing includes three main
businesses like IBM, Google, and D-Wave have created computing models those being cloud computing, quantum
quantum computing frameworks that integrate classical and computing and classical computing, each of which improves
quantum processors.Hybrid Cloud Computing – Businesses efficiency and performance. The CPUs, GPUs, TPU’s and
started adopting a combination of on-premises and cloud- FPGA’s make up the base of the hardware equipment, which
based resources for better scalability and cost efficiency. manage general-purpose computing, structured data
Hybrid Cloud, Edge, and Quantum-Classical Computing from processing, and AI components. For complicated problems
the 2010s to the Present. The combination of cloud, edge, and like cryptography, optimization, Natural Language
quantum computing has further broadened the field of hybrid Understanding (NLU), quantum computing hardware—such
computing. Businesses use both public and private clouds to as Quantum Processing Units (QPUs), superconducting
maximize workload dispersion, security, and cost. Including qubits, and photonic quantum computers—offers
edge computing processes data closer to the source, reducing exponential speedups. This decreases the delay and
latency and bandwidth usage in Internet of Things increases usability. Fast data handling, quantum-classical
applications. integration frameworks, and a secure link between cloud,
quantum and classical computing guarantees smooth
Companies such as D-Wave, Google, and IBM have developed communication and task distribution. They serve as the
frameworks for quantum computing that combine quantum foundation for hybrid computing, facilitating advances in
and classical computers. large-scale optimization issues, scientific research, and
artificial intelligence.

3.2.Middleware Layer
The middleware layer serves as a link between cloud
computing, quantum computing, and classical computing
providing the required integration, management, flow
control. Database middleware like ODBC, message-oriented
middleware, transaction monitors and other middleware
that let software to communicate with various hardware
components are examples of middleware in classical

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 08 | Aug 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

computing. Middleware in cloud computing consists of API safeguard data integrity and stop unwanted access,
gateways, service meshes, function orchestration traditional computing depends on cybersecurity
middleware, integration platforms. In edge computing, frameworks, firewalls, and encryption techniques. Post-
middleware can includes technologies like edge quantum security and quantum cryptography are introduced
orchestration middleware, IoT middleware, real-time data by quantum computing to protect against potential dangers
processing security middleware etc. The middleware from quantum decryption capabilities. To secure remote
components and crucial in letting hybrid systems make full processing and storage, cloud computing uses AI-driven
use of being an integration of various other computing threat detection, data encryption, and distributed security
archetypes, as these are the components that allow the models. Fault tolerance, error correction techniques, and
systems to manage data, maximize efficiency and main the intelligent task distribution are other features of hybrid
security, thus permitting the hybrid systems their computing that guarantee optimal performance while
applications in artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, crypto preserving high availability, low latency, and power
etc. efficiency. In vital applications like finance, healthcare, and
defense, this layer is essential for safeguarding private data
3.3.Computational Layer and streamlining hybrid computational workflows

The main task of the computational layer is to combine the 4.TYPES OF HYBRID COMPUTING
models of cloud computing, quantum computing and
classical computing and improve the efficiency and speed of
the difficult tasks. Because classical computing uses CPUs,
GPUs, and TPUs to handle structured, deterministic
computations, it is ideal for daily processing, AI inference,
and database administration. Quantum computing
accelerates problem-solving in fields like optimization,
cryptography, and molecular simulations by utilizing
quantum parallelism via Quantum Processing Units (QPUs)
and frameworks like Qiskit and Cirq. Large-scale data
analytics and real-time decision-making are made possible
by cloud computing's scalability and distributed processing Fig 3: Types of Hybrid Computing
via edge devices, cloud-based AI models, and high-
performance computing clusters. Through hybrid 4.1.Classical Quantum Hybrid Computing
frameworks and APIs, these computational models work
together to enable dynamic workload distribution for speed, A quantum computing system that functions in tandem with
accuracy, and efficiency across a range of applications. a classical computing system is known as hybrid quantum-
classical computing. The quantum processor receives data
3.4.Application Layer from multiple classical computers, which also manage the
control system, read out the measurements, make the cloud
Hybrid computing's application layer depicts practical accessible, and more. Without these classical systems
applications where cloud, quantum, and classical computing completely integrated as hybrid computing systems, the
collaborate to improve problem-solving skills. Business quantum processor is useless because it can only do
applications, AI-driven analytics, and real-time data computation. Making it difficult to distinguish between
processing are all powered by classical computing, which analog and digital quantum computing models. Because of its
guarantees the effective completion of standard accessibility and ease of use, the digital model is more widely
computational tasks. Quantum computing solves issues that used than the other. But the resulting high mistake rates are
traditional systems find difficult to solve, leading to advances a source of frustration for both researchers and hobbyists.
in financial modeling, cybersecurity, material research, and Regardless of the definition, the ultimate objective of all
drug discovery. Cloud computing is essential for parties is to identify applications for quantum computers
applications like smart cities, autonomous systems, and within the limitations now in place.
large-scale simulations because it improves accessibility by
offering remote AI processing, IoT-based automation, and 4.2.Cloud-Edge Hybrid Computing
real-time data insights.
In order to maximize efficiency, scalability, and performance,
3.5.Securiy & Optimization Layer cloud-edge hybrid computing is an architectural concept that
smoothly combines cloud and edge computing. Cloud
The secure, effective, and dependable operation of cloud, computing provides centralized, high-processing power for
quantum, and classical computing systems is guaranteed by large-scale storage, analytics, and machine learning, while
the security and optimization layer of hybrid computing. To edge computing brings computation closer to data sources,

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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 08 | Aug 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

reducing latency and enhancing real-time decision-making. equipment breakdowns before they happen. All industrial
In this hybrid paradigm, edge devices—such as IoT sensors, sectors benefit from this hybrid approach.
smartphones, and autonomous cars—process time-sensitive
data locally, while cloud servers manage heavy computing 5.3.Autonomous Vehicle
workloads, long-term storage, and deep learning model
training. This design ensures dynamic load balancing by The development of autonomous vehicles is greatly aided by
allocating tasks between the edge and the cloud based on hybrid computing, which combines artificial intelligence
processing demands and network circumstances (AI), quantum algorithms, and cloud-based simulations to
enhance real-time processing, safety, and decision-making.
4.3.CPU-GPU Hybrid Computing AI-powered perception systems interpret sensor input from
cameras, LiDAR, and radar using machine learning models to
CPU-GPU The graphics processing units (GPUs) and central detect objects and navigate lanes. Through the simultaneous
processing units (CPUs) are combined in a computational evaluation of several routes, quantum computing improves
architecture called hybrid computing to optimize route optimization, allowing for quicker and more effective
performance in a range of applications. Because of their navigation. Large-scale simulations and real-time data
design, which enables complex logic execution, control flow exchange between cars and intelligent traffic systems are
management, and sequential processing, CPUs are suitable made easier by cloud-based hybrid models, which enhance
for general-purpose computing. However, because GPUs traffic flow and overall vehicle safety
specialize in massively parallel processing, which allows
them to operate thousands of threads simultaneously, they 6.CHALLENGES
are ideal for data-intensive tasks like deep learning, scientific
simulations, and big data analytics. These two architectures 6.1.Enhanced Complexity
are combined in hybrid computing systems to maximize
computational efficiency. Using popular frameworks like Managing a hybrid cloud infrastructure might present
NVIDIA CUDA, AMD ROCm, and OpenCL, developers may additional difficulties and complexities. Assuring smooth
design optimized hybrid programs that effectively distribute connectivity and data consistency between on-premises
workloads between CPUs and GPUs. infrastructure and public cloud services, as well as
integrating and orchestrating services across various cloud
5.APPLICATION platforms, calls for in-house (or outsourced) expertise. In
order to access and gather resources, hybrid clouds usually
5.1.Scientific Research & AI need software-defined networking, storage technologies,
virtualization, and containerization.
Quantum-classical hybrid models, which integrate the best
aspects of both quantum and conventional computers, are 6.2.Integration
revolutionizing drug discovery, physics, and AI training. By
simulating molecular interactions with unprecedented It might be difficult to integrate hybrid cloud environments
accuracy in drug research, hybrid models speed up the with current IT systems and apps. When combining legacy
development of novel drugs. These models contribute to systems with contemporary cloud technologies, including
materials science and high-energy physics research. serverless environments or containers, compatibility
Quantum-enhanced machine learning improves generative problems, data migration complications, and interoperability
AI models, natural language processing, and pattern issues frequently occur.
identification. It pushes the boundaries of scientific
advancement by fusing classical and quantum capacities. 7.FUTURE TRENDS

5.2.Industry & Manufacturing By 2025, breakthrough innovations in hybrid computing will

revolutionize data processing and storage. Integration of
Predictive maintenance and real-time defect identification in quantum computing will help areas like medication
industrial settings are being revolutionized by edge-AI development and cryptography by solving complicated
hybrid models, which integrate edge computing, cloud issues more quickly than before. Converged hybrid
analytics, and AI-driven insights. infrastructure will also simplify IT management by
combining networking, storage, and computer. The Hybrid
Artificial intelligence (AI)-enhanced image processing and Cloud Market size is projected to grow from USD 96.04
sensor data are used in manufacturing lines for real-time Billion in 2024 to USD 319.5 Billion by 2032, exhibiting a
defect detection. In order to minimize downtime and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 16.21% during the
operating expenses, predictive maintenance uses AI-driven forecast period (2024 - 2032).[6]
anomaly detection and sensor fusion to anticipate

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Fig 4: Hybrid Computing Market[6]

7.1. Improved Compliance and Security

According to IBM's 2023 Cloud Security Report, 95% of Fig 5: Hybrid Cloud
businesses think security is a key consideration when
implementing hybrid cloud solutions. Businesses will 8.CONCLUSION
continue to prefer secure cloud solutions since the
worldwide cybersecurity industry, which is directly related Through the integration of classical, quantum, and cloud
to hybrid cloud security, is predicted to expand from $173.5 computing, hybrid computing represents a significant shift in
billion in 2022 to $424.97 billion by 2030 (Fortune Business computational paradigms to address issues in autonomous
Insights) systems, manufacturing, scientific research, and artificial
intelligence. Hybrid computing boosts productivity,
7.2.Development of AI and Data Analytics scalability, and real-time decision-making by utilizing the
advantages of each paradigm, opening the door to
By 2025, edge and hybrid cloud computing (IDC) will be innovations in data processing and optimization. To
used to process 90% of enterprise-generated data outside of guarantee broad acceptance, nevertheless, issues including
traditional data centers. According to Allied Market system complexity, interoperability, and security concerns
Research, the AI market for hybrid cloud computing is need to be resolved. Cloud-edge integrations, AI-driven
expected to reach $180 billion by 2030, growing at a hybrid models, and quantum computing developments are
compound annual growth rate of 22%. all contributing to hybrid computing's potential to
revolutionize technology. As more and more companies
7.3.Growing Use of Open-Source Platforms embrace hybrid infrastructures, this computing approach
will keep spurring innovation and transforming
The most popular open-source orchestration platform in computational power in a variety of fields.
hybrid cloud computing is Kubernetes, whose popularity has
increased by 84% since 2021 (CNCF Annual Survey 2023). 9.REFERENCES
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 International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 12 Issue: 08 | Aug 2025 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072

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