General Concepts:

Overview of a Computer and the Information Processing Cycle

A computer is an electronic device that processes information through the following steps: input, processing, output, storage, and
communication.

Grade 10
Input This is the data received by the computer, which can come from various devices such as keyboards, mouse,
touchscreens, or external sensors.
• Data and instructions provided to a computer to enable tasks. Examples include keyboards and mouse
Processing The CPU processes the input data through calculations and operations based on predefined instructions.
Output After processing, the computer produces output in formats such as text, images, sounds, or physical forms via
devices like monitors, printers, or speakers.
• The processed data, which can be displayed as text, graphics, audio, or video. Output devices include
monitors and printers.
Storage The data can be stored for future use in devices like hard drives, SSDs, or cloud storage systems.
• Examples include hard disks, USB drives, and SSDs. Storage capacity is measured in KB, MB, GB, TB, etc.
Communication Computers can communicate with other devices or networks, facilitating data exchange or connecting to other
systems.
Connecting Peripherals:
• Cabled: USB, Ethernet.
• Wireless: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth.
Grade 11
Input • Purpose: Input is used to provide data or commands to the computer.
• Devices: Keyboards, scanners, cameras, and touchscreens.
• Limitations: Scanners may struggle with low-quality originals, and digital cameras’ quality depends on
resolution and lighting.
Biometric and Specialized Input:
• Fingerprint scanners, retinal scanners, and voice recognition systems are used for security and unique
identification
Output • Purpose: Output refers to processed data presented to the user, such as displayed text, printed reports, or
sound.
• Devices: Monitors, printers (inkjet, laser), and speakers.
Storage • Cloud Storage: Stores data on remote servers, accessible over the internet.
• Backup: Regular backups, such as external hard drives and cloud services, prevent data loss.
Processing and System Unit:
• Motherboard, CPU, RAM, ROM are crucial for data processing.
• CPU Speed: Measured in GHz, which determines the processor's speed.
Communication
Grade 12
Input Raw data is entered via input devices.
• Input Devices: Keyboards, mouse, cameras.
• Advantages include versatility
• limitations include input errors or ergonomic issues.
Risks Associated with Input Devices:
• Keylogging Software: Malware that can steal sensitive data like passwords or credit card numbers by
tracking keystrokes.
Processing The CPU performs operations on the data
Storage Data is saved on storage devices for future access
• Storage Devices: HDDs, SSDs, and cloud storage offer varying capacities
• Limitations include risk of physical damage and slower speeds for HDDs.
Output Results are presented to the user.
• Output Devices: Monitors, printers.
 • Advantages include visible results
• limitations include costs and quality.
Communications Data is transferred via devices like Wi-Fi or USB.
• Communication Devices: Wi-Fi and Bluetooth enable data transfer.
• limitations include interference or slow speeds.

Algorithms and Simple Examples Using Pseudocode

An algorithm is a set of instructions the computer follows to perform tasks or to solve a problem.
Finding the Largest Number
Input: The data is collected If number1 > number2 and number1 > number3:
Three numbers, e.g., 5, 9, and 2
Processing: The algorithm processes the input data using logical Print(number1)
operations Else if number2 > number1 and number2 > number3:
Compare each number to find the largest. Print(number2)
Else: Print(number3)
Output: Data may be saved for future use or reference Print(number2)
The largest number.
Storage: Data may be saved for future use or reference. The result is stored for future use or outputted.
Communication: The algorithm may send or receive data from The result could be sent to another system or device (e.g., sent to a
other systems database).

Overview of the different types of computers

Grade 10, 11, 12
Multi-purpose Dedicated devices
These devices can perform a variety of tasks and are designed to These are computers designed to perform a specific function.
be flexible and adaptable.
Desktop: A traditional personal computer that is used at a ATMs: Automated Teller Machines that allow users to
workstation. withdraw cash and perform banking tasks such as
 withdrawing money, checking balances, and
transferring funds. They typically run specialized
software for security and user interface.
Laptop: A portable computer with similar functionality Electronic Devices like washing machines, microwaves, and
to a desktop but more compact and mobile. Appliances: refrigerators that use embedded systems to
control their operations.
Tablet A portable, touch-screen device that can perform many tasks like browsing and word processing.
Server: A powerful computer that manages resources and services for other computers, often within a network.
Smartphone: A portable device that combines communication (calls, texts) with computing capabilities (apps, browsing).
2-in-1 Devices: A hybrid between a laptop and a tablet, offering the functionality of both.
Client/Server: A client-server system is one where a client (user device or software) requests services or resources from a server
(a more powerful computer providing those services). For example, in a network, a client might request data from a
server, which processes the request and sends back the necessary information.
Convergence
Convergence: refers to the merging of distinct technologies, industries, or devices to create new, integrated systems or functions.
In the context of computers and technology, it means combining different functions into a single device or system.
• Mobile devices: Smartphones are an example of convergence, as they combine multiple functions such as
telephony, computing, internet browsing, photography, gaming, and GPS navigation into a single device.
• Technology Convergence: Different forms of media and communication—television, internet, and
telephony—are converging, allowing users to access multiple services (e.g., watching TV shows, making
calls, browsing the internet) on a single platform.
• Convergence of Software: Software suites like Microsoft Office now integrate word processing,
spreadsheets, presentations, and email, making it easier for users to work within a single platform.
Convergence enables greater functionality, accessibility, and convenience by combining devices into one.

ICT (Information and Communication Technology) in Everyday Life

 Grade 10
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) refers to the use of technology for gathering, processing, and communicating
information. It encompasses both hardware (computers, networks) and software (applications, operating systems).

ICT System Model: A general model of an ICT system involves:

• Conveying data (e.g., sending emails or messages).
• Manipulating data (e.g., analysing a dataset or creating a report).
• Storing data (e.g., saving files on a computer or cloud).
Example of an ICT System:
• Point of Sale (POS) System: A common ICT system in stores where data about products (like price and quantity) is conveyed
through a barcode scanner, processed by a system, and then output through a receipt printer.
• Cell Phone: A common ICT device that allows users to communicate via calls, send text messages, access the internet, and
use a variety of apps to manipulate data (photos, emails, etc.).

Grade 11
ICTs (Information and Communication Technologies) are crucial for enhancing productivity, communication, and collaboration in the
workplace. These technologies include systems like email, collaboration platforms, cloud storage, and ERP (enterprise resource
planning) systems.
BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) is a workplace policy allowing employees to use their personal devices (smartphones, laptops,
tablets) for work purposes. It has several benefits and challenges:
Benefits: Cost Savings: Reduces the need for the Challenges: Security Risks: Personal devices might not meet the
organization to purchase hardware. company’s security standards, leading to potential
Employee Satisfaction: Employees may feel more data breaches.
comfortable using their own devices, as they are Device Compatibility: Ensuring that various
familiar with them. personal devices can effectively communicate with
Increased Flexibility: Employees can work from the company’s systems.
anywhere, promoting remote work and flexible Data Management: Difficulty in ensuring data
hours. privacy and managing sensitive company data
across multiple personal devices.
Portable vs non-portable:
Portable Computers: These are lightweight and easy to carry. Non-portable Computers: Typically, larger systems that are
Examples include laptops, smartphones, and tablets stationary, like desktop computers and servers. These devices are
often used for heavy processing and can have more power,
storage, and expandability.
Processing Power:
Low Processing Power: Devices like Moderate Processing Power: High Processing Power: Servers,
calculators, basic embedded systems, and Smartphones, laptops, and personal workstations, and gaming computers
some IoT (Internet of Things) devices. computers that handle everyday tasks, designed for complex computations, such
including browsing, office work, and media as video rendering, 3D modelling, and
consumption large-scale data analysis.
Usage:
Personal Use: Laptops, desktops, Business Use: Computers used in office Specialized Use: Dedicated systems like
smartphones, tablets, primarily used by environments, often including medical devices, ATMs, gaming consoles,
individuals for tasks like browsing, gaming, workstations, desktops, and servers that and embedded systems, used for very
and personal productivity handle office software, databases, and specific tasks or industries.
networking.
Grade 12
Personal Computer Purpose: Designed for individual users, typically for personal tasks like browsing, word processing, media
Systems: consumption, and light gaming.
Examples: Desktops, laptops, and tablets.
Typical Features: These devices are affordable, user-friendly, and versatile, making them ideal for home use
or personal productivity.
SOHO (Small Purpose: For small businesses or home-based professionals to handle tasks like document creation,
Office/Home Office) communication, light design work, and data management.
Examples: Home office desktops, laptops, printers, and basic networking equipment.
Typical Features: Devices often need to balance affordability with functionality, supporting small-scale
business applications, and offering connectivity for multiple devices.
Mobile Computer Purpose: Portable and compact devices primarily used for communication, entertainment, and productivity
Systems: on the go.
 Examples: Smartphones, tablets, and portable laptops.
Typical Features: These devices are lightweight, have long battery lives, and provide connectivity through Wi-
Fi or cellular networks, making them ideal for mobile tasks.
Power User Purpose: High-performance devices for users who require more computing power for tasks like gaming, video
Systems editing, 3D modelling, and software development.
Examples: Gaming PCs, high-performance workstations, and professional laptops.
Typical Features: These systems have powerful processors, large amounts of RAM, high-quality graphics
cards, and expansive storage, capable of handling intensive computing tasks.

Data VS Information
Grade 10
Data: Information:
Raw facts and figures that alone don’t provide meaningful context Data that has been processed or organized to be meaningful (e.g.,
(e.g., numbers, names, or dates). a student’s grades turned into a report card).
Grade 12
This fall under the information processes:
Knowledge: The understanding gained from analysing information, which enables decision-making
Conclusion/Decision: The final step where decisions are made based on the knowledge obtained.
The process of information management involves converting data into meaningful information, which can be used to generate
knowledge. Knowledge is then applied to make informed conclusions or decisions, contributing to effective decision-making within
an organization

Reasons for using computers

Grade 12
Saving Paper, Paper: Digital documents reduce the need for printing, minimizing paper waste and reducing costs.
Time, and Labor: Time: Computers can automate repetitive tasks, speeding up processes such as calculations, data entry, and
information retrieval.
 Labor: Computers help streamline tasks, reducing manual labour, and enabling employees to focus on higher-
level work.
Communication Computers reduce the cost of communication by providing email, instant messaging, video calls, and social
Costs: media platforms. This is particularly important for businesses that need to communicate across long distances
without incurring high phone bills or postal costs.
Efficiency: Computers enhance the efficiency of operations by processing large amounts of data quickly, performing
complex calculations, and automating routine tasks. This improves productivity in almost every industry, from
manufacturing to healthcare.
Accuracy: With the help of software and algorithms, computers reduce the chances of human error, especially in tasks like
calculations, data entry, and decision-making, leading to more accurate results.
Reliability: Computers are designed to operate consistently over long periods. They can process vast amounts of
information without fatigue and deliver reliable performance in critical applications such as finance, healthcare,
and scientific research.
Effect on Time Computers, through communication technologies like email, video conferencing, and social media, make it
and Distance: possible to overcome the barriers of time and distance. This enables global business operations, remote work,
and international collaboration.
Global Computers facilitate global communication through social networks (like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram),
Communication: collaboration platforms (like Slack or Microsoft Teams), and web tools (such as blogs, wikis, and forums). These
tools allow individuals and organizations to connect with others worldwide, share ideas, collaborate, and
disseminate information easily.
Computer management
Grade 10
Startup – Switch on the Computer and Log on (Access Control)
Switching on the Computer: The process of turning on the Logging on: Access control involves entering a username and
computer by pressing the power button initiates the startup password to authenticate and grant access to the computer. This
procedure. The system runs checks and loads the operating ensures that only authorized users can access the system and its
system. resources.
Desktop (GUI) – First Looks, Icons, and Shortcuts
GUI (Graphical User Interface): The desktop is the primary interface users interact with. It displays elements like:
Start Button: A button that opens the Start menu, providing Taskbar: A bar at the bottom of the screen showing running
access to programs, settings, and system tools. applications, the system clock, and system icons.
Icons: Small images that represent programs, files, and system My Computer/My PC: An icon that lets users access local drives
functions. Common icons include "My Computer," "Recycle Bin," and connected storage devices.
"My Documents," etc.
Recycle Bin: Stores deleted files temporarily before they are o File Manager: Software like Windows Explorer
permanently removed from the system. that lets users manage files and folders, navigate
between drives, and organize their data.
Accessing Apps
Applications or programs are accessed either from the Start Menu or Desktop by clicking their respective icons. Some apps may also
be opened through a search bar or shortcut.
Grade 12
1. Starting the Computer 2. Provide User Interface:
What it does: The operating system (OS) is responsible for What it does: The OS provides a graphical user interface (GUI) or
initializing and managing hardware components during the boot- command-line interface (CLI) through which users interact with
up process. It loads the necessary system files and prepares the the computer. Common features include windows, icons,
computer for use, typically starting from the BIOS/UEFI and taskbars, and input devices (mouse/keyboard).
loading the OS kernel.
Single User vs Multiple Users:
Single User: The OS is designed to allow one person to use the Multiple Users: The OS can manage multiple users by providing
computer at a time. For example, a home desktop PC. each with an isolated environment. For example, Windows and
Linux can support multiple accounts, where each user has their
own login and resources (e.g., shared server systems).
Multitasking:
The OS allows the user to run multiple applications at once. It manages the switching of tasks to ensure each application gets the
necessary processing time.
▪ Example: Running a web browser, text editor, and music player at the same time.
Task Manager (Windows):
Task Manager is a tool within Windows that allows users to see and manage running processes, monitor system performance, and
troubleshoot issues. It shows information like CPU usage, memory usage, and running applications.

Keyboards and key

Grade 10
QWERTY The most common layout for a computer keyboard, named after the first six letters on the top row.
Tabs Used to move the cursor to the next field or indentation.
Caps lock A key that capitalizes letters when pressed and locked.
Backspace Deletes the character to the left of the cursor
Shift Used to capitalize letters or access additional symbols on a key
Enter Executes commands or inputs data.
Function Keys Typically assigned specific tasks within programs (e.g., F1 for help).

Basic System requirements

Grade 11
1. HDD (Hard Disk Space): 2. CPU (Central Processing Unit): 3. RAM (Random Access Memory):
What does it mean? This refers to the What does it mean? The CPU is the main What does it mean? RAM is the temporary
amount of storage available on a processor of the computer. It performs memory that the computer uses to store
computer's hard drive or SSD (Solid State calculations, makes decisions, and data that is actively being used or
 Drive) to store data, applications, and the controls other components. The processed. It allows quick access to data
operating system performance of the CPU is measured in for running applications
clock speed GHz (Gigahertz) and the
number of cores (e.g., dual-core, quad-
core).
Link with Software: Software installation Link with Software: The CPU's speed and Link with Software: The more RAM a
requires a certain amount of hard disk the number of cores influence how quickly computer has, the more applications it can
space to store program files, software runs and how many tasks the handle simultaneously without slowing
configurations, and necessary data. If the computer can handle simultaneously. down. Insufficient RAM leads to slower
disk space is insufficient, the software may More powerful CPUs are needed for performance as the system may use virtual
fail to install or function properly. running complex or resource-intensive memory (slower storage) to make up for
software (e.g., video editing software, 3D the lack of physical RAM.
games).

Software Installation
Grade 11
Portable Storage Medium: Internet Download
What does it mean? Portable storage devices include USB flash What does it mean? Many modern software applications are
drives, external hard drives, and SD cards. They can be used to downloaded directly from the internet. This can include
transfer software or data from one computer to another installation files, patches, updates, and full software packages.
Software Installation: Software can be installed from a portable Software Installation: Software is often downloaded as a
storage medium by running the installation file directly from the compressed file or an installer package. Once downloaded, the
drive or copying the installation files to the computer's internal user runs the installer to set up the software on their system.
storage.

Anti-Virus Software
 • What it does: Anti-virus software scans for, detects, and removes malware (e.g., viruses, trojans, ransomware) to protect the
computer from harm. It helps ensure that the OS and files remain secure from threats.

General Troubleshooting
Grade 12
Disk Cleanup: Wizards:
What it does: Disk cleanup removes unnecessary files from the What they are: Wizards are step-by-step guides within the OS
system, such as temporary files, old system files, and cached that help users solve common issues like connectivity problems,
files, to free up space and improve performance. printing issues, or software errors.

Factors that Influence Performance

Grade 12
1. RAM: 2. Processor Type, Speed, 3. Number of 4. Disk Optimization:
Cores, and Cache: Applications Running
and Caching:
What it does: More RAM allows Processor: A faster processor What it does: Running many What it does: Disk
for faster access to data and with more cores can handle applications can strain the optimization ensures that files
better multitasking. Insufficient more tasks at once and system's resources. Efficient are stored efficiently, and that
RAM can slow down the system process data quicker. The caching (storing frequently fragmentation (especially in
as it may need to swap data to amount of cache also affects used data) improves HDDs) is minimized, improving
slower storage. the speed at which the CPU performance by reducing the data retrieval speed.
accesses frequently used data. time to access data.
Influence of Malware
Types of Malwares:
Viruses Trojans: Ransomware: Spyware
Programs that spread by Malicious software that Malware that encrypts files and Software that secretly monitors
infecting other files and pretends to be legitimate demands payment for their user activities and sends
programs. software. release information back to an attacker.
Impact: Malware can degrade system performance, compromise security, and cause data loss. Anti-virus software is essential for
preventing and removing malware

File everything
Grade 10, 11, 12
File Operations Open: Access an existing file by double-clicking it or using an application’s open option.
Save: Store a document or file with its current content, either by overwriting an existing file or giving it a new
name.
Close: Exit a file or program safely to avoid losing unsaved changes.
Basic Printing: Sending a file to a connected printer using the "Print" option.
File Organization Drives: Locations where data is stored (e.g., hard drives, SSDs, USB drives).
Folders: Containers for organizing files into categories.
Files: The actual data content that can be opened and edited.
• Organize Files: Create, move, copy, rename, and delete files/folders to keep the system organized.
• Restore: Recover deleted files from the Recycle Bin.
• Search: Use the search bar in File Explorer to find files by name, type, or modification date.
• View and Sort: View files in different layouts (e.g., list, details) and sort them by various attributes such as
name, size, or date
File management The OS provides tools for organizing, storing, and accessing files. This includes functions like copying, moving,
deleting, and searching files.
Windows Explorer/This PC: A utility to manage files, folders, and drives on the computer. It allows for file
organization and navigation through the system’s storage.
File type A file type is a category of files based on their content and format. Examples include text files (.txt), images (.jpg),
spreadsheets (.xls), and videos (.mp4).
File Types in Use: Different software applications are designed to open specific file types. For example,
Microsoft Word opens .docx files, and Adobe Photoshop opens .psd files.
File properties Includes information such as file type, size, creation date, and last modified date.
You can view and edit file properties through the file manager to track the file's details.
File specifications Drive: The location where the file is stored (e.g., C: drive).
 Path: The directory structure leading to the file.
Filename: The name given to a file when it is created.
File Extension: The suffix at the end of the filename, indicating its type.
File Attributes Read-Only: This attribute means that the file cannot be modified or deleted. It is often used to protect critical
files from accidental changes.
Hidden: The file is not displayed in the file explorer unless the system is configured to show hidden files. This
attribute is used for system files or files that should not be altered by the user.
File extensions A file extension indicates the type of file and what program can open it. Common file extensions include:
o txt: Text files.
o .jpg/.png: Image files.
o .doc/.docx: Word processor files (Microsoft Word).
o .xlsx: Spreadsheet files (Microsoft Excel).
o .mp3/.wav: Audio files.
o .mp4/.avi: Video files.
o html: Web page files.
o .pdf: Portable Document Format.
o .zip/.rar: Archived/compressed files.
Naming Files should be named clearly and concisely, often including relevant information. They should avoid special
Conversions characters and spaces for compatibility across different systems.
Metadata Metadata is additional information about a file, such as the author, title, date created, and last modified date.
This data helps in organizing and sorting files.
Import Import refers to bringing files or data into an application from another location
Export export refers to saving files or data from the application to a different location or format
Search Searching involves finding specific files or data on your computer by using keywords, file types, or other search
criteria.
How it works: Most operating systems include a search function in the file manager or start menu to help locate
files quickly. You can search by file name, type, date, or other properties.
conversion Changing file formats (e.g., from Word to PDF) to ensure compatibility or for compression.
Schedule/ update The OS schedules tasks such as system updates, virus scans, and backups to run automatically at set intervals.
Spooling This refers to sending data to a temporary storage area (spool) for later processing. In printing, the OS queues
documents to be printed and sends them to the printer in the correct order.
Compress/ Compression: Reducing file size for easier storage or sharing, using software like WinRAR or 7-Zip.
decompress Decompression: Extracting files from a compressed folder for use or access
Security Access Control: The OS controls who can access certain files and applications by enforcing permissions for
users and groups.
Control of Spyware/Adware: The OS may include tools or features to protect against unwanted software that
tracks user activity or shows ads.
Firewall: The OS may include a built-in firewall to control incoming and outgoing network traffic and prevent
unauthorized access.
Back up The OS often includes backup utilities that allow users to back up their files or entire system to an external drive
or cloud storage.
Creating Small links to files, folders, or programs placed on the desktop or taskbar for quicker access.
Shortcuts
Screenshots Snipping Tool: A built-in Windows tool used to take screenshots of selected areas of the screen.
Print Screen: Pressing the "Print Screen" key captures a screenshot of the entire screen, which can then be
pasted into a program (e.g., Paint or Word).
Peripheral Adding New Devices: Connecting peripherals like printers, scanners, and mouse to the computer.
Devices o Changing the Default Printer: Selecting a specific printer as the default device for printing from
the settings
Hardware
refers to the physical components of a computer system that work together to perform various tasks. These components can be
touched or physically interacted with, and they enable the computer to process data, store information, and communicate with other
devices.
Hardware Components
Central Processing Unit Motherboard: Memory (RAM, ROM): Storage Devices Ports and Connectors
(CPU):
The "brain" of the The main circuit board RAM (Random Access Devices that store data, Physical connections for
computer, which that houses the CPU, Memory) stores data such as hard drives, external devices, such
executes instructions memory, and other temporarily for quick SSDs, USB flash drives, as USB, HDMI, Ethernet,
from programs. essential components access, while ROM etc. etc.
(Read-Only Memory)
contains permanent
instructions for the
computer's boot-up
process.

Input Output Storage Processing

Input refers to the data and Output is the result or response Storage refers to the devices The System Unit is the main
instructions that are provided to from the computer after and media used to save data, body of a computer that houses
a computer, enabling it to processing the input data. It whether temporarily or the motherboard, CPU,
perform tasks. Input can be raw can be displayed on a screen, permanently memory, and other
data (such as text or images) or printed on paper, or heard Processed data and components necessary for
commands (such as user through speakers instructions are saved on processing data.
responses or program storage devices like hard drives, The data is processed by the
instructions). SSDs, or cloud storage. This CPU, which performs
operations like calculations,
 allows data to be retrieved later logical decisions, or data
when needed manipulation based on
instructions from software
programs
1. Types of Input: Types of Output: Primary Storage (Memory) vs. Motherboard, CPU, and
Data: Raw, unprocessed Text: Words or numbers Secondary Storage: Memory:
information such as text, displayed on the screen or Primary Storage (e.g., RAM): Motherboard: The main circuit
numbers, images, audio, and printed on paper. Temporary storage used by the board that connects all
video. Graphics: Images, charts, or CPU during active processing. components.
Instructions: Commands from other visual elements displayed Secondary Storage (e.g., hard CPU (Central Processing
the user or software, like on the screen. drives, SSDs): Long-term Unit): Executes instructions
opening a file or running a Audio: Sound output, such as storage that keeps data even from software, also known as
program. music or voice, from speakers when the computer is off. the "brain" of the computer.
or headphones. Memory (RAM and ROM): RAM
Video: Moving images temporarily stores data that the
displayed on the screen. CPU is actively using, while
ROM contains essential
instructions for booting the
system.
Input Devices are hardware Output Devices are hardware A Storage Device is a hardware
devices used to send data to components that produce component used to store data,
the computer. These devices output from the computer. such as hard drives, flash
allow users to interact with the Output is used when the drives, and optical drives
system and provide it with data computer needs to present
or commands. processed data in a usable
Input is used whenever the form, such as displaying a
computer needs to receive data document on the screen or
from an external source to printing a report
process it. Examples include
typing on a keyboard, scanning
a document, or taking a picture
with a camera.
Keyboard: An external or built- Monitors: Display text, Hard Disks: Fixed or portable
in device used to input text and graphics, and video on a devices for long-term storage.
other data. screen. Modern monitors vary USB Flash Drives: Small,
Mouse: A pointing device (wired in size, quality (resolution), and portable storage devices used
or wireless) used for navigating technology (LED, OLED). for transferring and saving data.
and interacting with graphical Printers: SSD (Solid-State Drive): Faster
elements on a screen. Inkjet: Prints images and text than traditional hard drives,
using liquid ink. SSDs store data electronically
Laser: Uses toner and a laser with no moving parts.
beam to print high-quality text.
3D Printers: Create three-
dimensional objects from
digital models (used for
prototypes, models, etc.).

Hard Copy: Physical output, Measuring Capacity: Measuring Speed:

like printed documents. Storage capacity is measured in The speed of the CPU is
Soft Copy: Digital output, such units such as KB (Kilobyte), MB measured in GHz (Gigahertz),
as files displayed on a screen. (Megabyte), GB (Gigabyte), TB indicating the number of cycles
(Terabyte), PB (Petabyte), and the processor can execute per
EB (Exabyte). second. Higher GHz means
faster processing.
Communication:
This involves transferring data to and from other systems, devices, or networks via communication devices like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or
USB connections.
Methods for Connecting Peripherals
1. Cabled Connections:

o USB: Connects devices like keyboards, mouse, printers, and storage devices.

o Ethernet: Connects devices to a network for internet or local communication.

2. Wireless Connections:

o Wi-Fi: Wireless internet connection.

o Bluetooth: Wireless connection for short-range communication between devices like headphones, keyboards, and
mouse.

Input Devices (Basic Concepts, Output Devices (Basic Storage Media and Devices
Features, and Uses) Concepts, Features, and Uses)

1. Pointing Devices: 1. Audio Output: 1. Optical Media:

Touchpad: A small, flat surface on laptops Headsets and Speakers: Devices used to CDs, DVDs, Blu-Ray: Optical discs used
used to move the cursor. output sound from the computer. for storing data, music, movies, and
Trackball: A ball that you rotate to move 2. Other Output Devices: software.
the cursor. Multifunction Devices: Devices that 2. Memory Cards and Card Readers:
Touchscreen: Allows direct interaction combine multiple functions like printing, Memory Cards: Small storage devices
with the screen by touching it. scanning, and copying. used in cameras, smartphones, and other
Stylus: A pen-like device used for DLP Projector: Digital Light Processing portable devices.
precision input on touchscreens. projectors are used to project images or Card Readers: Devices that read data
Joystick: A control device used for video videos onto a screen from memory cards
games or other interactive software.
2. Scanning and Reading Devices:
Flatbed Scanner: Scans physical
documents by placing them on a flat
surface.
Handheld Scanner: Scans documents by
moving the scanner over them.
RFID: Radio Frequency Identification used
for tracking items.
Bar Code Readers: Scans barcodes to
identify products.
OCR (Optical Character Recognition):
Converts printed or handwritten text into
digital data.
3. Video Input:
Webcam: A small camera for video input,
often used for video calls or capturing
video content.
4. Audio Input:
Microphone: Captures sound for input,
such as voice recognition or recording
audio.
Voice Recognition: Software that converts
spoken language into text or commands.
5. Biometric Input:
Fingerprint Scanner: Identifies individuals
based on their unique fingerprint patterns.
Retinal Scanner: Identifies individuals
based on their unique retinal patterns.
Advantages, Disadvantages, and Limitations of Input Devices :
o Scanners:

Advantages: Disadvantages: Limitations:

Scanners provide a quick and easy way Scanners may struggle with low-quality Limited to capturing flat surfaces and
to digitize physical documents. They originals, and the process can be slow may require additional software (OCR)
can capture high-quality images and for large volumes of documents. for text recognition.
text with high accuracy

o Digital Cameras:

Advantages Disadvantages Limitations:

Digital cameras can capture high-quality Quality is affected by the camera's Quality can degrade in low-light
images and videos, are portable, and resolution and lens quality. conditions or with low-resolution
allow immediate viewing and storage of cameras.
images.

2. What Determines the Quality of Digital Cameras and Scanning?

Resolution Sensor quality: Lighting conditions:

Higher resolution results in better image The sensor in cameras and scanners Good lighting improves the quality of
quality. determines how well they capture light both digital images and scans.
and detail.

3. Biometric Input:

o Purpose: Used for security purposes, biometric input devices capture unique physical characteristics like fingerprints or
retina scans to authenticate users.
 o Examples: Fingerprint scanners, retina scanners.

4. Input Hand-held Devices:

o Examples: Smartphones, barcode scanners, and RFID readers.

o Purpose: These devices capture data on-the-go, such as scanning items or taking notes.

5. Terminals (POS), ATMs:

o Purpose: Terminals like Point-of-Sale (POS) systems and Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) are used to input user data
for transactions and operations.

6. Touch Screens:

o Purpose: Allow users to interact with devices directly by touching icons or buttons on the screen.

o Examples: Smartphones, tablets, and kiosks.

7. Alternative Input Devices (e.g., Virtual Keyboards):

o Purpose: Used when traditional input methods (keyboard/mouse) aren’t practical or possible.

o Examples: Virtual keyboards used on touchscreen devices or for users with disabilities.

8. Wireless Technology:

o Purpose: Enables devices to communicate and input data without physical connections.

o Examples: Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, and NFC.

Advantages, Disadvantages, and Limitations of Output Devices:

 o Interactive Whiteboards:

Advantages: Disadvantages: Limitations:

Can interactively display content and Expensive and requires additional May require a touch interface or
allow input directly on the screen, setup and space. special markers.
useful in educational and meeting
environments.

o Display Devices (Monitors):

Advantages: Disadvantages: Limitations:

Provide clear and large visual output for Requires a stable power source and Quality depends on resolution, refresh
detailed work. can consume more energy. rate, and screen size.

2. What Determines the Quality of Monitors and Printers?

o Monitors: Factors like resolution (measured in pixels), colour accuracy, and refresh rate determine a monitor's quality.

o Printers: Print quality is determined by resolution (DPI), type (inkjet vs. laser), and speed.

3. Wireless Technology:

o Purpose: Wireless output devices, such as wireless printers or projectors, allow the transfer of data without cables.

o Examples: Bluetooth printers, Wi-Fi-enabled projectors.

4. Software/Other Equipment Required:

o Device Drivers: Software needed for the operating system to communicate with hardware devices (printers, cameras,
etc.).
 o OCR Software: Optical Character Recognition software converts scanned text images into editable text.

5. Input and Output Devices for Physically Challenged Users:

o Purpose: Specialized input and output devices cater to individuals with physical disabilities, making computers more
accessible.

o Examples:

▪ Voice Recognition Software for users with limited mobility.

▪ Braille Keyboards or Screen Readers for visually impaired users

Integration of Input Modes for Productivity

• Combining multiple input methods (e.g., voice recognition, touchscreens, and keyboards) can greatly enhance productivity by
reducing the time it takes to complete tasks.

• For instance, voice recognition can help users with disabilities or those on the go by allowing hands-free input. This is especially
useful for people who need to multitask or work with limited mobility.

• Interpret Advertisements:

o Understand how tech ads use terms like "processing speed," "storage capacity," and "RAM size" to promote devices.

o Look for misleading claims about speed or capability that might not reflect real-world performance.

• Basic Troubleshooting:

o Disk Cleanup: A utility to remove unnecessary files from your system to improve performance.

o Wizards: Built-in tools that guide you through solving common issues like network connection problems or printer errors.
Making Buying Decisions
When buying hardware or software, it’s important to consider the fit for purpose, which refers to how well the product meets your
specific needs.

• What to Buy? Why?

o Consider the intended use: Is it for basic home use, professional work, or gaming?

o Budget: Determine what you can afford while still meeting the requirements for the task.

Ergonomics and Device Types

1. Keyboard and Mouse:

o Ergonomic Considerations: When choosing input devices, ergonomics is crucial for long-term comfort. Ergonomic
keyboards and mouse reduce strain and promote a natural hand position.

o Wireless vs. Cabled: Wireless options offer flexibility and reduce clutter, while cabled options don’t need batteries and
provide a reliable connection.

2. Digital Cameras, Webcams, Scanners, Monitors:

o Resolution and Image Quality: Higher resolution means more detail in the images. Cameras and scanners with high
resolution are better for professional-grade work.

o Software: OCR software can convert scanned text into editable content, saving time and effort in data entry.
Voice Recognition
• Uses: Voice recognition is widely used in applications like virtual assistants (Siri, Alexa), transcription software, and for people
with physical disabilities who cannot use traditional input methods.

• Advantages: Hands-free, fast, and improves accessibility.

• Limitations: Accuracy can be affected by accents, background noise, and speech clarity.

Printers
• Which Printer is Best for a Task?

o Factors: Choose printers based on:

▪ Budget: Inkjet printers are usually cheaper upfront, but laser printers are more cost-efficient in the long run.

▪ Speed: Laser printers generally print faster than inkjet printers.

▪ Colour: Inkjet printers excel at colour printing, while laser printers are often black and white.

▪ Cost per Page: Laser printers tend to have a lower cost per page for high-volume printing.

▪ Graphics Capability: Some printers are better for printing images, while others may focus on text documents.

▪ Future Needs: Consider whether you might need additional features in the future, like wireless capabilities or
photo printing.

Productivity, Efficiency, and Accessibility

 • Productivity: Technology should be chosen to enhance productivity by streamlining tasks and improving efficiency.

• Efficiency: The more efficient your tools (e.g., faster processors, better storage), the faster you can work.

• Accessibility: Consider accessibility features like voice recognition, large text modes, or customizations to help those with
disabilities.

Risks Associated with Input Devices

• Keylogging Software: This type of malware tracks keystrokes, potentially stealing sensitive data such as passwords or credit
card numbers. Always use antivirus software and avoid using public or untrusted computers for sensitive tasks.

Troubleshooting Common Problems

1. Erratic Mouse Movement: Check for issues with the mouse sensor or interference from wireless devices.

2. Scanning Issues: Ensure the scanner is correctly connected and the scanner driver is up to date.

3. Disk Errors: Run disk cleanup or repair utilities to fix errors.

4. Resolution Problems: Check monitor settings and ensure the correct resolution is selected.

5. Non-Responding Programs: Force quit or restart the program. Check for updates.

6. Printing Problems: Ensure the printer is correctly connected, has paper and ink, and check the printer queue.

7. Check Storage Space: Use system tools to check the amount of used or free space on storage devices.
New Technology
• Purpose: New technology aims to improve efficiency, productivity, and accessibility. For example, cloud computing offers
remote access to files and software, while 3D printing revolutionizes manufacturing.

• How Do They Work: These technologies often use advanced algorithms, networks, or hardware to perform tasks that would be
impossible or difficult with traditional methods.

• Advantages and Disadvantages: New technologies often bring better performance and functionality but may come with
challenges like cost, compatibility issues, or security risks.
Software
is a set of instructions or programs that tell a computer how to perform tasks. It is the opposite of hardware, which refers to the
physical components of a computer.
• Software Components: Software consists of two main types:

System Software: Application Software

This includes the operating system and utility programs that help Programs designed to perform specific tasks for the user, such as
manage and maintain the computer. word processing or graphic design.
This software manages the hardware and software resources of These are programs designed to perform specific tasks for the
the computer. It acts as a bridge between the user and the user.
computer hardware. Examples: Microsoft Office Suite (Word, Excel), Adobe
Examples: Operating systems (Windows, macOS, Linux), device Photoshop, web browsers, media players, games.
drivers, utility programs (e.g., antivirus, backup).
Examples of System Software Function/Purpose/Role of Different Types of
Application Software

Operating System: The most important system software. It Multimedia Software: Designed to handle multimedia content
manages hardware, software, and user interactions. such as text, images, video, and audio. These applications allow
Basic Functions/Purpose: users to create, edit, and view multimedia files.
Manage system resources like memory, CPU, and storage. o Examples:
Provide an interface for users to interact with the computer. ▪ Video editing software (e.g., Adobe Premiere
Manage file systems and execute applications. Pro)
Typical Features of a GUI: ▪ Audio editing software (e.g., Audacity)
Windowed interface with icons, buttons, and menus for user ▪ Image editing software (e.g., Adobe
interaction. Photoshop)
Examples of Operating Systems: ▪ Animation software (e.g., Blender)
Windows, macOS, Linux, and mobile operating systems like Communication Software: Used for communication and
Android and iOS. collaboration, including tools for messaging, voice calls, video
 conferencing, and email. These applications help individuals and
teams to connect and share information quickly and easily.
o Examples:
▪ Email software (e.g., Microsoft Outlook,
Gmail)
▪ Messaging apps (e.g., WhatsApp, Slack)
▪ Video conferencing tools (e.g., Zoom,
Microsoft Teams)

System Software Cloud-Based Applications

What is a Driver: A driver is a small program that allows the Cloud-based applications are hosted on remote servers and can
operating system to communicate with hardware devices like be accessed via the internet, rather than installed on a local
printers, graphics cards, and network adapters. device. Users can access their data and work from any device
Auto Configuration of Devices: Many modern devices support with an internet connection.
hot swapping or plug-and-play, meaning they automatically Examples:
configure themselves when connected to a computer, without Google Docs: A suite of office applications (word processor,
needing additional software installation. spreadsheet, presentation) that runs in a web browser.
Office 365: A cloud version of Microsoft Office applications
(Word, Excel, PowerPoint) that provides online storage and
collaboration features.
• Uses:
o Collaboration: Multiple users can access and work
on documents simultaneously in real time.
o Accessibility: Users can access documents from
any device with an internet connection.
o Storage: Cloud applications often include cloud
storage for saving files and documents
Advantages
 Access Anywhere: If there's an internet connection, users can
access their work from any device.
Disadvantages
Internet Dependency: Requires an internet connection, and
performance may be affected by slow connections.
Collaboration: Teams can work together in real time.
Data Security: Storing sensitive data on cloud servers may raise
concerns about privacy and security.
Automatic Updates: Cloud apps are usually updated
automatically, ensuring users have the latest features and
security updates.
Limited Offline Functionality: Some cloud applications may
have limited or no functionality without an internet connection.
Cost-effective: Cloud services often operate on a subscription
model, reducing the need for expensive hardware.

Concept of Graphical User Interface (GUI) Explore Web Applications: Blogs

is a user-friendly way to interact with computers using graphical A blog is an online journal or informational website where content
elements like icons, buttons, and windows, rather than text- is regularly updated. Typically, blogs are written by individuals or
based commands. groups and can cover a variety of topics such as personal
Toolbars: Horizontal or vertical bars that contain buttons for experiences, hobbies, news, or specialized subjects.
quick access to functions (e.g., save, print). Uses:
Menus: Lists of options that can be selected by clicking or Personal Expression: People use blogs to share their thoughts,
tapping experiences, or interests with others.
Radio Buttons: Buttons that allow the user to select one option Business Marketing: Companies often use blogs to promote
from a group of choices their services, products, and expertise.
Checkboxes: Boxes that can be checked or unchecked to Information Sharing: Blogs serve as platforms to inform or
indicate a selection. educate readers about specific topics or industries.
Advantages:
Dialogs: Pop-up windows that allow the user to interact with the Ease of Use: Blogging platforms like WordPress, Blogger, or
system (e.g., to confirm an action or input data). Medium are easy to set up and use, even for beginners.
Lists and Combo Boxes: A list or drop-down menu from which a Disadvantages
user can select an item Minimising: Reduces the window to an Ime-Consuming: Regularly updating a blog with quality content
icon on the taskbar. can be time-consuming
Window Management: Reach a Wide Audience: Blogs can be accessed globally,
o Restoring: Brings a minimised window back to its allowing individuals or businesses to share their ideas with a vast
original size. audience.
o Resizing: Changes the size of the window. Requires Regular Maintenance: To remain relevant, blogs need
o Moving: Changes the window's position on the continuous updates, SEO optimization, and engagement with the
screen. audience.
o Closing: Closes the window and the program. Interactivity: Blogs often allow readers to comment, fostering
community interaction.
Over-Saturation: Many blogs exist on the same topics, making it
difficult for a new blog to gain visibility
Good Practices for Blogging:
o Quality Content: Provide valuable, informative,
and engaging content for your readers.
o SEO Optimization: Use proper keywords and
optimize your posts for search engines to improve
visibility.
o Consistency: Post regularly to maintain reader
engagement.
o Interact with Readers: Respond to comments and
engage with your audience to build a community.
Basic Accessories Basic Security (PC/Laptop)

Accessories: These are basic programs included with the Security Measures:
operating system that help users perform routine tasks.
 o Calculator: A basic app for performing o Log on: A process by which a user gains access to
mathematical operations. their system using a username and password. This
o Paint: A simple graphics editor for drawing and process is called authentication.
editing images. o Other Authentication Methods:
o Snipping Tool: A screenshot tool that lets users Screen Lock Pattern: A pattern that the user draws on a touch
capture images from their screen. screen to unlock the device.
Biometric Scanning Apps: Methods like fingerprint scanning or
facial recognition to authenticate users
Extend Software Concepts

• Freeware: Software that is available for free, but often with

limitations (e.g., no updates or additional features).
• Shareware: Software that is free to try for a limited period,
after which the user must pay for continued use.
• Proprietary Software: Software that is owned by a
company or individual, and its source code is not available
for modification
Open-Source Software
• Definition: Open-source software is software whose source code is made available for free to anyone to use, modify, and
distribute.

• Benefits:

o Free: Open-source software is typically free to use.

o Customizability: Users can modify the software to suit their needs.

• Disadvantages:

o Support: Limited professional support or community-driven support.

 o Compatibility: Open-source software may not always be compatible with proprietary systems.

Licensing and Licensing Agreements

• Licensing: Licensing agreements govern how software can be used, distributed, and modified.

o End User License Agreement (EULA): A legal contract between the software creator and the user, outlining how the
software can be used.

o Site License Agreements: A license that allows a company or institution to use software on multiple computers.

o Creative Commons: A public domain license that allows creators to share their work freely while retaining some control
over how it is used

Compatibility Issues
• Compatibility Issues arise when software cannot run properly on a particular operating system or hardware configuration. This
can occur due to differences in operating systems, versions of the software, or hardware limitations.

o Examples:

▪ A software designed for Windows may not run on macOS.

▪ Older versions of software may not be compatible with newer operating systems.

▪ Hardware limitations such as insufficient RAM or processing power may prevent the software from functioning
optimally.
Versions, Patches, and Service Packs
• Versions: Different editions or releases of a software program, often reflecting updates or new features.

o Major versions introduce significant changes or new functionality (e.g., from Windows 10 to Windows 11).

o Minor versions include smaller updates or bug fixes.

• Patches: Updates to fix specific issues, such as bugs, vulnerabilities, or performance problems.

o Patch Example: A security patch for a vulnerability discovered in a program.

• Service Packs: Larger updates or collections of patches that address multiple issues and may add new features or improve
performance. These are typically released periodically.

o Service Pack Example: A service pack for an operating system that includes multiple patches and new updates.

Updating Software
• Regular software updates are important for maintaining functionality, security, and performance. These updates typically
address bugs, security vulnerabilities, and introduce new features.

o How Updates Work:

▪ Manual updates: The user downloads and installs updates manually.

▪ Automatic updates: Software updates automatically when a new version or patch is available, usually at a
convenient time for the user.

o Importance of Updates:

▪ Ensures compatibility with new devices and operating systems.

 ▪ Fixes security vulnerabilities that could be exploited by hackers.

▪ Improves performance and resolves issues.

Software for Accessibility, Efficiency, and Productivity

1. Voice Recognition Software

• Purpose: Voice recognition software converts spoken language into text or commands, allowing users to interact with their
devices hands-free.

• When to Use: Ideal for users with mobility impairments, people with repetitive strain injuries, or anyone who prefers dictation
over typing.

• Examples:

o Dragon NaturallySpeaking: Used for dictating text, controlling the computer, and automating tasks.

o Google Voice Typing: A free, built-in feature in Android devices and Google Docs.

2. Typing Tutor/Keyboarding Skills Software

• Purpose: Helps improve typing speed, accuracy, and familiarity with the keyboard layout.

• When to Use: Useful for beginners or anyone who wants to improve their typing skills.

• Examples:

o Typing Club: An online tool that helps users learn how to type efficiently.

o Key Blaze Typing Tutor: Software to improve typing skills with lessons and practice drills.

3. Note-Taking Software
 • Purpose: Allows users to organize and store notes digitally. Some tools allow audio, text, and image integration.

• When to Use: For students, professionals, or anyone needing to capture and organize thoughts or information.

• Examples:

o Evernote: Organizes notes, photos, and documents across devices.

o Microsoft OneNote: Digital notebook that syncs across devices and integrates with Microsoft Office.

Common Applications and Their Uses

Word Processing Purpose: Allows users to create, edit, When to Use: For writing Examples:
Software format, and print text documents. reports, letters, essays, and Microsoft Word
creating other types of text- google Docs (web-based)
based documents
Spreadsheet Purpose: Used for organizing, analysing, When to Use: For tasks like Examples:
Software and storing data in tables or grids, often budgeting, data analysis, and Microsoft Excel
with built-in formulas for calculations planning. Google Sheets (web-based)
Database Software Purpose: Stores and manages data in a When to Use: For storing large Examples:
structured format, allowing users to easily amounts of data, running Microsoft Access
retrieve and analyse data. queries, and managing MySQL (for developers)
inventories.
Presentation Purpose: Used to create slideshows for When to Use: For business Examples:
Software presentations, typically combining text, presentations, educational Microsoft PowerPoint
images, and multimedia elements. lectures, or personal projects. Google Slides (web-based)
E-Mail Software Purpose: Allows users to send and When to Use: For personal or Examples:
receive electronic messages, often with professional communication. Microsoft Outlook
attachments like documents or images. Gmail (web-based)

Document Purpose: Used to view, edit, or manage When to Use: When handling Examples:
Management PDF documents. documents that need to be Adobe Acrobat Reader
Software (PDF File formatted consistently across o Foxit PDF
Formats) different devices and Reader
platforms.

Web Browsers Purpose: Used to access websites and When to Use: For browsing the Examples:
web applications. internet and accessing online Google Chrome
services Mozilla Firefox
Safari

Web-Based Applications vs. Installed Applications

Web-Based Applications Installed Applications

• Purpose: • Purpose:
These applications are hosted on remote servers and accessed These are software programs installed on your
via a web browser computer or device.

• Advantages: • Advantages:
Can be accessed from any device with an internet connection. Can work offline.
No need for installation on the local device. Typically, more powerful and feature rich.
Often automatically updated.
• Disadvantages: • Disadvantages:
 Dependent on an internet connection. Requires storage space on the device.
May have limited functionality when offline Needs manual updates.
• Examples: • Examples:
Google Docs Microsoft Office Suite
Dropbox (cloud storage) Adobe Photoshop
Slack (team communication)

Interpreting System Requirements

Key System Properties

• Hard Disk Space: The amount of storage available for your files, applications, and system data.

• Memory (RAM): Temporary storage for data being actively used by the CPU, affecting the speed and performance of applications.

• Processor: The central processing unit, which performs the computations and instructions necessary for running software.

How to Compare

• When buying software or a system, check the system requirements for the software to ensure compatibility with your hardware.

o Example: A game might require 8GB of RAM and a 3.5GHz processor, so you will need to check if your computer meets or
exceeds those specs.

Common Software Problems and Upgrades

1. Obtaining and Installing Software Improvements

• Patches and Updates: Regular software updates fix bugs, improve security, and add new features. Users should install these
updates regularly to maintain the software's functionality and security.
 • Example: Updating your browser to the latest version for better security and new features.

2. Read-Only Files

• Problem: Files marked as "read-only" cannot be edited until the read-only property is changed.

• Solution: Right-click the file, go to properties, and uncheck the "read-only" box.

3. Flawed Software Risks

• Problem: Flawed or outdated software can cause errors, crashes, or security vulnerabilities.

• Solution: Regularly update software to fix bugs and use antivirus software to protect against malware that may exploit flaws.

Consolidating Skills and Concepts

1. Identify General Hardware Configuration of a Computer

• Processor: Determines the speed and capability of the computer.

• Memory (RAM): Affects the speed of operations and multitasking.

• Hard Drive Size: Determines the amount of storage space available.

2. Understand Computers and Their Uses

• Use computers for a variety of tasks such as data processing, communication, research, entertainment, and more.

3. Make Better Buying Decisions

• Interpret Advertisements: Evaluate hardware and software based on their quality, specifications, and compatibility with your
needs.
 • Example: When buying a new laptop, compare processors, memory, storage, and price to make an informed decision.

4. Fix Ordinary Computer Problems

• Handle common issues such as slow performance, software errors, and connection problems. Use troubleshooting tools like
disk cleanup, system restore, and task manager to resolve issues.

5. Know How to Use the Internet and E-Mail

• Access information, communicate via email, and use online resources to improve productivity and knowledge.

6. Protect Yourself Against Online Threats

• Use antivirus software, firewalls, and practice good security habits such as avoiding suspicious links and using strong
passwords.