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14 views12 pages2020-Martelli Et Al-Rearing Enhancement of Ovalipes Trimaculatus (Crustacea - Portunidae) Zoea I by Feeding On Artemia Persimilis Nauplii Enriched With Alternative Microalgal Diets
This study investigates the effects of various microalgal diets on the growth and survival of the southern surf crab, Ovalipes trimaculatus, during its larval stages. Results indicate that Artemia persimilis nauplii enriched with a mix of microalgae significantly enhance the growth, survival, and fitness of the crab's zoea. This research contributes to optimizing aquaculture practices for this species, which has high potential in the industry.
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14 views12 pages2020-Martelli Et Al-Rearing Enhancement of Ovalipes Trimaculatus (Crustacea - Portunidae) Zoea I by Feeding On Artemia Persimilis Nauplii Enriched With Alternative Microalgal Diets
This study investigates the effects of various microalgal diets on the growth and survival of the southern surf crab, Ovalipes trimaculatus, during its larval stages. Results indicate that Artemia persimilis nauplii enriched with a mix of microalgae significantly enhance the growth, survival, and fitness of the crab's zoea. This research contributes to optimizing aquaculture practices for this species, which has high potential in the industry.
Uploaded by
baroncnpCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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/ 12
www.nature.com/scientificreports
SCIENTIFIC
REPORTS
natureresearch
Bcc rps
OPEN Rearing enhancement of Ovalipes
trimaculatus (Crustacea:
Portunidae) zoea | by feeding
on Artemia persimilis nauplii
enriched with alternative
microalgal diets
Antonela Martelli»?", Elena S. Barbieri, Jimena B. Dima? & PedroJ. Barén*
‘The southern surf crab Ovalipes trimaculatus (de Haan, 1833) presents a high potential for
aquaculture. In this study, we analyze the benefits of different dietary treatments on its molt
success and fitness of larval stages, Artemia persimilis nauplii were enriched with monospecific
(Nannochloropsis oculata, Tetraselmis suecica, Dunaliella salina, Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros
_gracilis) and multispecifi (Mix) microalgal diets twice a day over a 48-h period, Mean total length (TL),
‘growth instar number (N and gut fullness rate (GFR) of nauplii showed significant differences betws
dietary treatments at several sampling times, optimal results being observed in those providing Mi
‘Artemia nauplii grown under most experimental dietary treatments reached the capture siz limit
for Ovalipes trimaculatus z0ea | (700 umm) within 24 h. After that time interval, Mix-enriched nauplii
were amongst those with higher protein contents. Ovalipes trimaculatus z0es | fed on Artemia nauplil
enriched during 24 h under different dietary treatments showed significant differences in survival,
inter-molt duration, melting success to zoea Il and motility. Optimal results were observed in zoe
| fed on Mix-entiched Artemia nauplii This work not only represents a first step towards the dietary
‘optimization for O. trimaculatus zoeae rearing but also provides the frst results onthe use of enriched
A persimilis.
Portunid crabs stand out as highly valued resourees for fisheries and aquaculture because oftheir export potential
ann high nutritional value. Duet thei sie, meat content and unigue favor their products ae highly priced
in domestic and international markets, Since global portunid product demands exceed expectations each year
word oheries captures have grown steadily surpassing | milion tons by 2016 leading to thelocal verexpota
tion of some species. At the same time, unsaid market demands ave been increasingly sustained by restock
dng and aquaculture production in exces of 0.38 milion tons by 2016, 96% of which were produced in East Asi
‘Atpreven,portunid aquacultceis restricted to meat production of Sl serrata, Portunus pelagic, Port
‘nus ttbereultus,Porturus sanguinlentus and Charybs frat’ and to restocking of Calinetes sap, til
the calture potential for many oer large-sized species from the taxon is virtually explored, Indeed, reported
production out of the west coast of Asai stil negligible’, representing both a challenge and an opportanity
for the industry sector elsewhere. The southern surt crab Onalipestrimacilatus (de Haan, near the spe
cies wth high potential for aquaculture, is widely distributed in coastal areas ofthe South Atlante, Indian and
Pacific Oceans, being present along the mid-latitude (25°-45" S) Argentinean coast, where populations have
Laboratorio de Oceanografia Bioldgica (LOBic), Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marines ~ CONICET,
Complejo CCT CONICET-CENPAT, Blvd. Brown 2915, (9120) Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina, “Laboratono
de Cefalépodos, Instituto de Biologia de Orgarismos Marinos ~ CONICET, Complejo CCT CONICET-CENPAT,
Blue. Brown 2915, (9120) Puerto Madryn, Chabut, Argentina, "These authors contrbuted equally: Antonela
[Mactell and Elena. Barbieri, "email: marteli@cenpat-conicet gob.ar
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proportions thee microg ypc | Nix
Dina ane ans
‘Nanay ela Nanoo
Tchr ibe ie
Tan ek Te
‘Cir aie Chae
‘Table 1. Dietary treatments applied for ensichment of Artemia naupli
boeen targeted by artisanal fisheries over the last 10 years providing products with good acceptance in the local
shelfsh markets, Although several studies have been conducted on the structure its populations, reproduc:
tion, grovsth and some behavioral and anatomical aspects" information available on the biology ofits eaty life
stages still scarce and insufficient to allow encouraging their breeding in aquaculture facilites!"
Larval tages of decapn crustaceans maybe lecthtrophic or plankttrophic depending on the reproductive
strategy ofeach species", While the former cover their food requirements by consuming abundant yolk reserves
stored in the oocytes, the later start feeding on different plankton components soon after hatching". Thus,
breeding planktotrephic decapod larvae requires assessing the quality and frequency of food consumption to
‘optimize survival, growth and physiological condition”. However, this involves the simultaneous maintenance
larvae and ausbiary food cultures, representing the boteneck or the aquaculture of many decapods, includ
{ng portuni crabs
. {quantity and quality requirements has contributed to minimize mortality and to enhance
growth and fitness of zoeae from several portunids including Sela serrata, Portunus sarguinolentus*,P poli
us" andl Callinectes sapidus. Among other live feeds, brine shrimps (Artemia spp.) are widely used du to their
food carrying capacity and good acceptance’. At low temperatures (ie. 12"), like those experienced by O.
‘rimaculatus daring the reproductive season, Arteria persimili,a brine shtimp species naive from Argentina
and Chile”, shows higher survival rates compared to its native congener A.franciscana, probably resulting from.
itsadaptation to Patagonian climate conditions". Iiseysts have nutritional properties comparable to those of
other commercial species traded in international markets" displaying high hatching ffciencis”™ and producing
small-sized nouplis with elevated foty acid unsaturation, highly desirable for use as live food in aquaculture”
Sill, up to date the species has been rarely used to feed larval stages of fishes or mavine invertebrates”
‘Artemia is an incomplete food source itself because ofthe paucity of some essential elements in its com.
position, as for example the n3 and ne polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) frequently required for successful
evelopment of crustacean larvae". Although nutritive commercial emulsions have been used to complement
its composition, fulfilling the dietary requirements of larvae preying on it, their autoxidation with synthesis of
toxic compounds along with relatively high commercial cost” have discouraged this practice. Alternatively,
feeding Artemia with various types of food in suspension culture systems has allowed it enrichment with higher
fatty acid content and to use it as cartier of other nutrients (eg, vitamins), antimicrobial substances, vaccines
and probiotics"
‘Microalgae can be incorporated asa food adaltive to supply basic nutrients into a wide variety of food, and
represent an alternative to replace feedstutf and ensure sustainability standards in aquaculture. Their positive
*on the groth rate and physiological condition of aquatic species are related to their increased trigiyceride
nd protein deposition in muscle, improved resistance to disemcs, decreased nitrogen output into the envi
ronment, and augmented omega-3 fatty acid content, physiological activity and carcass quality", Typically
‘microalgae can provide up to 30-40% protein, 10-20% lipid and 5-158 carbohydrate contains if eed to Artemia
during the exponential phase of culture gowth'" representing an energy source witha high benefit to cos ratio"
“Thus, finding an optimal dietary combination of microalgae and an appropriste schedule fr feeding them to
Artemia are critical to guarantee thei nutritional value at low production cost"
“Taking into consideration all ofthe above mentioned, this study has two main objectives: (1) testing alterna
tive microalgae dietary compositions and different feeding schedules to enrich Artemia persimils so as to opti
‘mize its nutritional value aslive food, and (2) enhancing survival, growth and physiological condition of Ovalipes
trimaculatus 20¢ae Uby feeding them with Artemia persmilis auplit enriched on different microalgl dicts,
Materials and methods
Effects of different microalgae dietary treatments on the condition of Artemia nauplii. Five
species of microalgae: Narnochloropssoculata, Tetraselissuecica, Dusnalola salina, Isochryisgalbana, Chae.
roceros gracilis were cultured separately to feed Artemia in monospecific diet weatments, and also all of them
were combined in equal proportions to constitute a multispecific diet treatment (Mix) Table 1. Microalgae were
cultured in autoclaved 0.45 unfiltered and UV-treated seawater using £12 natient medium at 50 psa In the
‘ease of Cheetoceros gracilis, the culture medium was supplemented witha silicate solution (30 mg L?), Micro:
algae cultures were supplied with constant aeration and were subjected toa 12-1 hlightsdark photoperiod and
22°41 °C temperature ina culture chamber. Daily, number of eells per ml were determined using a Neubauer
‘chamber and cultures were maintained st I” cell mi. Once cell populations reached the exponential growth
phase (Le, 5 days from inoculation), the culture was used to feed Artemia. The ratio of microalgae to Artemia
‘was kept constant throughout the experimentation period
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Reding | 5
seoping fs i? i
‘Table 2. Sampling and feeding schedule applied on Artemia naupli
Artemia ysts (Diosma, A. persis) were disinfected witha sodium hypochlorite solution (S mg L" of active
chlorine) daring 10min. Then, they were washed with freshwater to remove any rex of disinfecting soliton
Cleaned cysts were incubated in sterile diluted seawater at 35°C and 15 gL of sanity under contindous ara
tion and 2000-billumination until hatching™. Twenty four hous later, newly hatched naupli as maximum 24h
alive) were collected using «250-ym mesh-size net and transfered into eylindroconicalrecipents containing
1L of sterile seawater with constant scration. ll ofthe experiments were conducted in an incubstor chamber
under controlled temperature 26°C) and photoperiod (12:12 ightdarh.
To test the sx feding reativents Table inital density of recently hashed (<24h) Artemia nauplii the
containers was adjusted to approximately 400 nauplii. Miceoalgae cultures were kept at nearly 10 cells mL!
throughout the experiment to maintain constant cel biochemical composition" Throughout the 48h exper
sent duration, Artemis naupit were fed tice: at the beginning ofthe experiment and after 24, with 10 eel
‘nl of microalgae. Samples for growth, gut Fullness, and biochemical determinations were taken as described in
Table 2, using hand net 150 ym in mesh size. The sampling interval was established according to growth and
molt stages of naupi at 26°C reported by Cohen cal" and considering the results of previo observations on
the time required by Artemia to achieve gt fullness.
Samples of rtomia nauplii were takea by duplicate every 12 since the beginning ofthe experiment to
evaluate the proximal compesition under each enriching teatmeet. Gross biochemical composition of Artemia
‘nauplii was based on classical methods". Moisture content was determined by drying the sample in an oven at
15*C to constant weight™ Ash content was obtained by drying the samples furnace at 830°C for 8. Tio
key nutritional components were determined: (i) fat content was esas by using the Bligh Dyer extraction
aethod®-and (i) etude protein content was estimated by a colorimetric method. Al ests were expeesed
asmg gof proximal composition in dey weight
“Todstermine growth nd gut fllnes, 1 Artemia nauplil were sampled for measurements at ach sampling
time foreach dietary treatment. Individuals were handled wih forceps under a Leia (DM2500 model isect=
ing stereomicroscope at 50X magnification. Total length (TL), total gut length (Tel) and total fll gut length
(Tig) were measured with the Leica Application Svite peogramn (V4.3). Based on these registers, the Fate of gut
fullness (GER) was calculated for each individual as
‘This ratio was used as an indicator of the cacrying capacity of nutritional components into the guts of the
Artenva nauplii. Growth stages were determined in samples preserved in 70% ethanol solution, based on total
lengths and on the presence of specific appendages, following Cohen etal",
Experiment Il: effects of different dietary treatments on the condition of Ovalipes trimacula-
tuszoeae|. Ovigerous O.trimaculatus females carrying embryos at advanced stages of develops
TV and V") were hand-colleted by SCUBA diving on subtidal sand bottoms of Nuevo Gulf (42" 25
\W, Argentina) during the reproductive season (October-December) of 2015, Specimens were trunsported tothe
Experimental Marine Aquarium of the National Patagonian Sci-Tech Center (CCT CONICET-CENPAT) and
‘were acclimated in plastic tanks containing filtered seawater with continuous aeration, Up to 30% ofthe seawater
volume was renewed once a day until hatching occurred. Afcr hatching, groups of 100 zoeae I were collected
using a glass pipette and placed into 2L containers filed with sterile seawater under 131°C and 3321 g1.",
Simulating the average of SST and salinity conditions theough the reproductive season in Nuevo Gulf! Photo
period was fixed to 12:12 h, simulating the natural light cycle tthe time of experimentation
"Newly hatched ©. trimaculatuszoeae I were subjected to nine dictary treatments Table 3, each applied on 3
replicates of the 100-raeae I samples mentioned above. Except for the starving treatment, zocae were fed with
2-4 Artemia nauplii mL complemented with Mix at constant microalgae to Artemia ratio (10® cells mt.)
‘Whenever corresponded, Artemia nauplii were enriched during 4h before being fered tothe 2oeae, taking
into consideration the results of Experiment I. Every morning the zoeae were transferred into a new beaker
using a 5 mL pipette, counted and staged based on their total length, presence of appendages and shape ofthe
yes following the descriptions of Schoeman and Cockerott” For each treatment, dation irom hatching to the
first moult (Din days), sorvval (8) and the numberof zoeae I (x2) obtained from the total numberof 20eae
Tat the beginning ofthe experiment, were registered, Moulting suecess (MS %) was calculated as the number
olive 20eae Il over nL
Motility was determined asa measure of larval fitness based on the vertical displacements (Va, em seg" of
zoeae Tin response tothe light stimulus. After feeding for 5 days, 10 zoeaeT were randomly chosen from each
treatment, and placed in a rectangular glass column (15 em high x10 em long 1 wide) previously filled with
150 mi of sterilized seawater conditioned a the same teraperatce asthe larval culture. The coluran was placed
within a dark box equipped with a white 200-lm led-light set onthe top Taking into account thei observed
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Aria cai eth Max la AME
2 Are cri wth Dull aie Aan
Artemia srk Nonnrino ata [AN
‘Caremark oh gaitora [A
Eaves with Tins len [AT
Are cri wth Chaisorgracits [A Chakr
7. Sarw renie a
Only Mix mirage ie
‘Table 3. Dietary treatments applied to Ovalipestrimaculatus 20690 L
postive phototasism and high photokinesis, each O. trimaculatus zoea I was left atthe bottom of the columa
and light was immediately turned on. Time (in seconds) taken by the zoeae to displace from the bottom to the
top of the column was registered with a digital chronometer, and vertical displacement (Va) was calculated
thereafter In a preliminary pilot experiment testing the time taken by 150 zoea I to displace from bottom to top
of the colum, most passed the 10-cm mark in an average of 32.97 s, and t took more than 100 s ony to three
‘ofthem (maximum time=112.01 5) For this reason, while testing for different treatments, whenever a z0ea did
‘not reach the top ater 3 min the experiment was stopped.
Data analysis. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test mean diferences between teat
‘ments for each Variable of Experitent I whenever normality (Kolmogorov-Smienov test and homoseedastcity
(Fisher test) assumptions wer filled, Square oot transformation Was applied if necessary. When normal
or homoscedasticty assumptions could not be confirmed, the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test ws used t0
‘amine diferences between teeatments, especialy in Experiment Il. Whenever difrences were significant
(20105), Tukey and Dunn posthoc test were used foe treatment comparisons
Results
Experiment I: effects of different microalgae dietary treatments on the condition of Artemia
nauplii. Dictary treatments applied on Artemia nauplii resulted insignificant differences in mean TL (um)
and groveth of instar (1) at every sampling ime starting on 12 h Table 4, On the average, naupli fed on Mix grew
to instar 3 after only 12h, significantly faster than those fed on monospecific microalgal cultures Fig. 1A. Also,
larvae fed on Mix displayed one ofthe highest mean TL at all sampling times, while those supplemented with
‘Nanno performed one ofthe lowest Fig. 1B. Since estimated mean (2 sd) length reported for O.trimaculatus
zocae T'was 1.90.19 mm”, preys larger than 700 um were beyond thei capture limit. Therefore, a feeding
period not longer than 24h resulted optimal for most ditary treatments Fig. 1B,
‘With the exception of Artemia nauplii enriched with Chaeto and Iso, nauphi showed «rapid ingestion of|
microalgae with high mean gut fllnss (5) just 15 min afer feeding Fig 2. Atall sampling times except for
24h 30 min, gut fallnes(*) showed sigoiticantdiferences between feeding treatments In general, Artemia
‘naupli fed on Mix were among those with th highest gut fllness (6), while those fed on Chacto, Iso and Dunn
showed a fast gut emptying Fig 2.
Tostatier hatching, Artemia nauplii showed relatively low contents of all measured biochemical components
“Table 5. Proximal composition was not measured right after fest food supply, considering that instar I nauplii
cdo not feed, however, twas observed that protein and lipid representation relative to total dry mater peaked
30 min after the second feeding for all dietary treatments, reflecting the enhancement provided by microalgae
encapsulation Table 5. At that time, all treatments except Tetra provided high percentages of lipids, with Iso
presenting the highest value. Mix and Iso supplied the highest percentages of protein Table 5
Experiment Il: effects of different dietary treatments on the condition of Ovalipes trimacula-
tuszoeae|. Different dietary treatments applied o 0 rimaculatus zoeae I resulted in significant differences
in survival, intermol duration, vertical displacement and molting success Table 6. Zoeae I fed on Mix-enriched
‘Artemia naupli presented the shortest ntermolt duration, while those fed on unencapsulated Mix or on nauplii
enriched with Duna, Isoor Chaeto presented the longest Fig 3.Zoeae Ted on unentiched Artemia naupli,and
those that were starved, survived 6 days and did not molt Fig. 3. Furthermore, Zoeae I from treatments where
they were starved of feed on starved Artemia (Ztaand A sta, fable 3 were the only that could not displace tothe
top ofthe sass column within the stipulated time (180s). Feeding 0. timaculatus zeae Lon Mix-enrched Arte
‘a naupli resulted in the highest mean survival and molting success (%) Fig 3. n contrast, feeding with Unen
capsulated Mis, or Artemia naupli enriched with Io or Chaeto resulted in relatively low values fo this variable
Fig. 3. In agreement with previous results, Zoee fed on Mix-enriched Artemia naupi‘also showed the highest
‘ertical displacement, while thos fed on unencapsulated Mix displayed the lowest values for his variable Fi. 3.
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oa emg) (TL)
° nara [5 [soieas [1a | 3007
2 razeras [5 [1808357 | 929. | oar
u Taassae [5 [1sa808 [153 | <0 aor
% oasis [5 [saa | 1939 | oor
« Tiassa? [5 [9316 [saci [ y OM > oma TT
bb
1
A
B
1000.
| / ot ae
| la
»
A00- | bl] Be
— 1 io £
re A limit
00 bbb |
0
0:00 12:00 | 24:00 | 36:00 48:00
Time (h)
ME Mixmicroalgal Ml Dunatella salina WB) Nannochloropsts oculata
WB booohrysis galbana GB Tesraselmis suectea CI Chaetoceros gracilis
Figure 1. Development and growth of Artemia nauplii under diffrent dietary weatments: (A) average naupliar
instar (D), and (B) total length (TL), at different times after hatching. Bar heights and whisker amplitudes
represent mean + standard deviation values respectively. Different letters on top ofthe bars indicate significant
differences revealed by Tukey tests
cbiained 30 min afer the second feeding. In contrast the representation of lipids in Artemia naupli total dry
‘Weight was relatively low compared to values reported by Dhont and Van Stappen, ranging fom 40 to 80-mg
30 min alter the second feeding, and exceeding this range only in Tetra LIN) mg ater 36h) and Chacto (=
120 mg g” afer 48)
Although no information is yet available on the specific nutrient requirements of O. trimaculatus 20e3 I
and litte is known about those ofthe broad diversity of brachyuran species", there is some evidence pointing
‘out that 300 mg g” of protein in dry matter of microalgae selected for aquaculture satisfy nutrient demands of
2oeue Irom crustacean decapods”. In fact, most microbound er microencapsulated diets formulated for crust
‘ean larvae contain between 300 and 500 mg of crude protein to cover their nutrient demands (Holme etal
2006). Therefore, protein content of tema nauplii in excess of 300 mg g" of dry matter registered inthis study
30 min afer the second feeding event (ie. al time 12h 30 min) should cover the nutritional requirements of O.
trimaculatus 20ca I. On the other hand, lipid requirement of crustacean larvae of many cultured species range
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i
7
00 Os 030 | 1200 24:00 24:15 2430 | 36:00 48:00
Time (h:m)
@® Mix microalgal @® Dunalielia salina WB Nannochioropsis oculata
[ Isochrysis galbana GB) Tetraselmis suecica 2 Chaetoceros gracilis
Figure 2. Gut fullness rate (GER) of Arteria naupli at different times and dietary (enrichment) treatments
Barheights and whisker amplitudes represent mean standard deviation values rexpectively. Different letters on
top of tae bars indicate significant diferences revealed by Tukey tests.
‘Table 3. Biochemical composition of Artemia naupli entiched under diferent dietary treatments in
Experiment I, expressed as mean mg of dry mater Please see short name in Table |
‘within 43-130 mg ¢" (Holme et al 2006). Although values registered in encched Artemia nauplii this study
‘Should satiny the pid requirements of larvae of many of these species, lipid contents resulted low compared to
thous of many Artemis stains”
‘Since the easly work of Bens eal", demonstrating that dey weight as wells calorie, Kpid and fty acid
contents decrease as Artemia passthrough succesive mots, there is agreement in that enriched Artemia must
not bereaved for more than 24 o¢ 36 h until being offered as live food in aquaculture production. Indeed,
Sorgeloos et a recommend aot exceeding a 4h sncubstion period after hatching. On the oer hand, since
the average length (sa) of O. rimaculatus ross I, measured from the tip ofthe spine tothe telson 1.9 sam
(£019 mm) offering large Artemia naupli is expected to impose anatomical constaiats for theiecaptuce and
‘manipulation, Although ths study does no provide strict evaluation of the optimum size relationship between
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Ais
10
D (days)
S09) 723 or
Dias) ia oom
De em =? oo
wail Ba on
MSO) v1 ‘0
‘Table 6. Kruscal-Wallis tests for differences in survival (S (9), z0eae I intermolt duration (D), vertical
dlisplacement (Vil) total nuraber (lve and dead) of zoeae Il (nZiI) and molting success (MGS (%)) between
{groups Ovalipes trimaculatus 2ocae I fed on different diets, P values in bod leters denote significant statistical
dlferences,
o
Vd (cm*seg™')
WE Mix microalgal MH Dunaliella salina Hl Nannochloropsis oculata
BD bookrysis galbana GQ Tetrasetmis suecica (] Chaetoceros gracilis
& only Mix 1 ZSta( zero value) (I A Sta (ero value)
Figure 3. Growth, survival and physiological condition of Ovalipestrimaculatuszoeae I on different dietary
treatments. (A) Zoeae I intermolt duration (D); (B) Vertical displacement average speeds (em s*) (Vd); ()
Total number of ive and dead 20eae Il obtained in each treatment (vZIl); (D) Melting success ta zoeae IL
asthe ratio ofthe numberof life zoeae I over nZ11 (MS %). Bar heights and whisker amplitudes represent
‘mean standard deviation values respectively, Different letters on top of the bars indicate significant differences
revealed by Dunn tests
Artemia nauplii and O. timaculatus oeae I, direct observations made during the experiments showed that the
portunid larvaeate notable to capture Artemia larger than 700 ym, On the other hand, even ifthe zoeae of O.
{rimaculatus were capable to fed on naupli larger than that size by tearing apart their body parts, as observed
forthe zoeae of Scylla serrata this could result inthe loss of nutritional reserves inthe got contents of brine
shrimps, as pointed by Smith et al», suggesting that this practice should be avoided,
‘Considering that newly hatched zoeae I of portunids have low motility capacity compared to later larval
stages it has been argued that they catch food items mainly by chance and consequently fed less frequently
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(6%, Holme etal. 2006). Concentrations of 2-4 Artemia nauplii ml" provided to O. trimaculatus zoeae In this
study have been reported to successfully sustain the survival and growth of Sola tramgusbarica fom zoea 10
‘megalopa’, However, the later and other studies have stated that survival an be enhanced when Artemia naupli
are complemented with rotifers. Furthermore, otters have been used a8 the only source to feed Callinectes
‘sapidus Zoeae I and Il, supplementing with Artemia naupli from zoeae II to VIL. Nevertheless, z0eae Lof C
sapidus present markedly smaller total lengths (0.90-1.25 mm)", than those of O.trimaculatus. In this study,
highest survival, molting success and vertical displacement, and lower intermolt duration were obtained when
feeding was based on MEX-entiched Artemia. In conteast,zoe3e [ed on unentiched nauplit survived until the
sixth day and could not molt tothe next insta, congirming that it offers a reduced nutritional contebution®™”.
(On the other hand, provision of Artemia nauplii enriched with monocultures of different species of microalgae
resulted in intermediate grove, survival, development and physiological conditions of ©. trimaculatus 2003 I.
All ofthese results, however, should be considered with cate since effects of dietary treatments applied to O.
‘rimaculatus 20¢ae | could expres in later developmental stages as observed on Portunus trtuberculatus2oeae
felon Nannovenriched Artemia where deste high zoel growth and survival he fist posta instar,
crab }) presented anomalous morphology and were inv
‘Crab zoeae are relatively strong swimmers, having the capacity to respond to a variety of external stimuli
including light, gravity salinity and temperature, among others”. Zoeae [of O. trimaculatus, as those of other
pertunid crabs presenta tong postive photos Hower, stesors ich a lead concentration of CO;
br ather organic and inorganic chemicals" in seawater, and low physiological condition associated t starvation
or sub-optimal feeding", may affect the phototactic response and swimming capacity oftheir larvae as we can
‘observed in the starvation treatment of Experiment Il, Therefore, differences in vertical displacement records
‘of O.trimaculatus 2oeae are likely the result of contrasting phototactic and photokinetic responses associated t0
the physiological condition of zoeae fed on diferent diets, presumably optimal fr the Mix treatment.
‘This work represents a step ahead towards the dietary optimization for rearing of O.trimaculatus oeee, that,
slong with other recent studies", is expected to contribute building the necessary knowledge to help producers
redlucing time and cost associtated to the species larval breeding process™>
Received 10 July 2019: Accepted 15 June 2020
Published online: 02 July 2020
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