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Compression of biomedical images and signals 1st Edition
Amine Nait-Ali Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Amine Nait-Ali, Christine Cavaro-Menard
ISBN(s): 9781848210288, 1848210280
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 3.63 MB
Year: 2008
Language: english
This page intentionally left blank
Compression of Biomedical Images and Signals
This page intentionally left blank
Compression of Biomedical
Images and Signals

Edited by
Amine Naït-Ali
Christine Cavaro-Ménard
First published in France in 2007 by Hermes Science/Lavoisier entitled “Compression des images et des
signaux médicaux”
First published in Great Britain and the United States in 2008 by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as
permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced,
stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers,
or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA.
Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the
undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

6 Fitzroy Square 111 River Street
London W1T 5DX Hoboken, NJ 07030
UK USA

www.iste.co.uk www.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd, 2008

© LAVOISIER, 2007

The rights of Amine Naït-Ali and Christine Cavaro-Ménard to be identified as the authors of this work
have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Compression des images et des signaux médicaux. English.

Compression of biomedical images and signals / edited by Amine Naït-Ali, Christine Cavaro-Menard.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Translated from French.
ISBN 978-1-84821-028-8
1. Diagnosis--Data processing. 2. Data compression (Computer science) 3. Medical informatics.
I. Naït-Ali, Amine. II. Cavaro-Menard, Christine. III. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Data Compression. 2. Diagnostic Imaging. WN 26.5 C7355c 2008a]
RC78.7.D35C63813 2008
616.07'50285--dc22
2008003130

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-1-84821-028-8

Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire.
 Table of Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii

Chapter 1. Relevance of Biomedical Data Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Jean-Yves TANGUY, Pierre JALLET, Christel LE BOZEC and Guy FRIJA
1.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2. The management of digital data using PACS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.1. Usefulness of PACS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2.2. The limitations of installing a PACS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3. The increasing quantities of digital data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.1. An example from radiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.2. An example from anatomic pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.3.3. An example from cardiology with ECG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.3.4. Increases in the number of explorative examinations . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.4. Legal and practical matters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5. The role of data compression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.6. Diagnostic quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.6.1. Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.6.2. Reticence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.7. Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.8. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Chapter 2. State of the Art of Compression Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Atilla BASKURT
2.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.2. Outline of a generic compression technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.2.1. Reducing redundancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.2. Quantizing the decorrelated information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.3. Coding the quantized values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.2.4. Compression ratio, quality evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
vi Compression of Biomedical Images and Signals

2.3. Compression of still images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.3.1. JPEG standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.1.1. Why use DCT? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.1.2. Quantization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3.1.3. Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3.1.4. Compression of still color images with JPEG . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.3.1.5. JPEG standard: conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.3.2. JPEG 2000 standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.2.1. Wavelet transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.3.2.2. Decomposition of images with the wavelet transform . . . . . . 27
2.3.2.3. Quantization and coding of subbands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3.2.4. Wavelet-based compression methods, serving as references . . 30
2.3.2.5. JPEG 2000 standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.4. The compression of image sequences. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.4.1. DCT-based video compression scheme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.4.2. A history of and comparison between video standards. . . . . . . . . 36
2.4.3. Recent developments in video compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.5. Compressing 1D signals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.6. The compression of 3D objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.7. Conclusion and future developments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.8. Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Chapter 3. Specificities of Physiological Signals and Medical Images . . . . . 43

Christine CAVARO-MÉNARD, Amine NAÏT-ALI, Jean-Yves TANGUY,
Elsa ANGELINI, Christel LE BOZEC and Jean-Jacques LE JEUNE
3.1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2. Characteristics of physiological signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.1. Main physiological signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.1.1. Electroencephalogram (EEG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.2.1.2. Evoked potential (EP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.2.1.3. Electromyogram (EMG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.2.1.4. Electrocardiogram (ECG) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2.2. Physiological signal acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2.3. Properties of physiological signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2.3.1. Properties of EEG signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.2.3.2. Properties of ECG signals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.3. Specificities of medical images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.3.1. The different features of medical imaging formation processes . . . 50
3.3.1.1. Radiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.3.1.2. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.3.1.3. Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.3.1.4. Nuclear medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
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Date: July 28, 2025

Summary 1: Learning outcomes and objectives

Learning Objective 1: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Key terms and definitions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 3: Research findings and conclusions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Case studies and real-world applications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 6: Experimental procedures and results
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 7: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 7: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 8: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 9: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Methodology 2: Study tips and learning strategies
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 11: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 12: Literature review and discussion
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 13: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 13: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 16: Key terms and definitions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 17: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 18: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 18: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Unit 3: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 24: Practical applications and examples
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 27: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 28: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 28: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 29: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Discussion 4: Current trends and future directions
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 32: Current trends and future directions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 33: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 33: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 36: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 39: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Test 5: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 43: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 44: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 45: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 48: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Chapter 6: Ethical considerations and implications
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 56: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 58: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 58: Practical applications and examples
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 60: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Module 7: Assessment criteria and rubrics
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 61: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
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