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About The Cover
The handsome feline on the cover is the late Tuxedo Stan. Stanley, one of four boys born
to a homeless mother, rose from his humble beginnings to international stardom when he
ran for mayor of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada in October, 2012. His campaign helped
raise awareness of the plight of neglected and homeless cats in Halifax and around the
world. Tuxedo Stan’s election slogan, “Because neglect isn’t working,” has been adopted by
many feline rescue groups. The newly elected Halifax municipal government donated
$40,000.00 to the local SPCA to help build a low-cost spay and neuter clinic as a direct
result of the Tuxedo Stan for Mayor campaign. Sadly, Tuxedo Stan succumbed to aggressive
renal lymphosarcoma 8 months after the election, at just 3-1/2 years of age. Stan’s brother,
Earl Grey, continues his work as leader of The Tuxedo Party of Canada. You can follow
Earl Grey and the Tuxedo Party at www.earlgreycat.com or at www.facebook.com.

Dr. Hugh Chisholm, Tuxedo Stan’s manager

August’s Consultations in
FELINE INTERNAL
MEDICINE
VOLUME 7

Edited by
Susan E. Little
DVM, DABVP (Feline)
Owner, Bytown Cat Hospital
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
3251 Riverport Lane
St. Louis, MO 63043

AUGUST’S CONSULTATIONS IN FELINE INTERNAL MEDICINE ISBN: 978-0-323-22652-3

VOLUME 7

Copyright © 2016 by Elsevier, Inc. All rights reserved.

Previous volumes copyrighted 2010, 2006, 2001, 1997, 1994, 1991

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly
from Elsevier’s Health Sciences Rights Department in Philadelphia, PA, USA: phone: (+1) 215 239 3804,
fax: (+1) 215 239 3805, e-mail: [email protected]. You may also complete your request on-line
via the Elsevier homepage (http://www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining
Permissions.’

Notice

Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden
our knowledge, changes in practice, treatment and drug therapy may become necessary or appropriate.
Readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by
the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the
method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of the practitioner,
relying on their own experience and knowledge of the patient, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages
and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the
fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the Editor assumes any liability for any injury and/or
damage to persons or property arising out of or related to any use of the material contained in this book.
The Publisher

International Standard Book Number: 978-0-323-22652-3

Vice President and Publisher: Loren Wilson

Content Strategy Director: Penny Rudolph
Content Development Manager: Jolynn Gower
Content Development Specialist: Brandi Graham
Publishing Services Manager: Julie Eddy
Design Direction: Amy Buxton
Cover photo: Dr. Hugh Chisholm

Printed in the United States of America

Last digit in the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

 It is a daunting task to take over the editorial duties for this volume of Consultations in Feline
Internal Medicine from the esteemed Dr. John R. August. The first volume in this series was
published in 1991, and here we are, almost 25 years later, with the publication of volume 7. My
career as a feline specialist was shaped and enriched by these volumes and I never dreamt that one
day I’d have the honor of becoming editor. I hope this volume continues the tradition of excellence
in cutting-edge feline medicine encompassed in the previous six volumes. It is only fitting that this
volume is dedicated to the person whose vision is responsible for this body of work. Here’s to you,
Dr. August!
Preface
“Eeyore was saying to himself, ‘This writing business. Pencils intercat aggression, and house soiling. Finally, 10 chapters on
and what-not. Over-rated, if you ask me. Silly stuff. Nothing Pediatric and Geriatric Medicine were separated from Popu-
in it.’ ”―A.A. Milne, Winnie-the-Pooh lation Medicine and organized into their own section by Dr.
Margie Scherk. A growing body of work is illuminating the
In the preface to the first volume of this series in 1991, Dr. special physiology and needs of cats at either end of the life
John August wrote, “I wanted to develop a book that addressed span. Chapters on anesthesia and sarcopenia in senior cats
key issues in feline medicine that were topical, practical, and will be of special interest to clinicians, and the chapter on
controversial.” He noted that the section editors for that first neonatal resuscitation covers information that is difficult to
volume, and for every succeeding volume, were tasked with find in other sources.
identifying hot topics and recruiting the very best authors. I In addition to the new sections, there are some new and
have taken those words to heart and attempted to continue exciting topics in the traditional sections. These include chap-
the tradition of publishing the best current topics in feline ters on the gut microbiome, complementary and alterna-
medicine in this volume. Such an important task was not tive therapies for inflammatory bowel disease, continuous
possible without the expert assistance of the 17 section glucose monitoring for diabetic patients, stem cell therapy
editors to identify and recruit an outstanding panel of more for chronic kidney disease, emerging dermatoses, cardiore-
than 100 international authors who are experts in their fields. spiratory disease in the shelter setting, electrochemotherapy,
The first volume in this series contained nine sections: management of large-scale cruelty cases, and controversies in
Special Problems, Dermatology, Cardiology and Respiratory feline nutrition. As always, the chapters in this book provide
Disorders, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders, Urinary a mix of practical information and new ideas, even contro-
Tract, Hematopoietic System, Gastrointestinal System, Neu- versial topics. They contain things you will put into everyday
rology, and Infectious Diseases. Throughout the years, in use and material that will be thought-provoking.
keeping with the changing face of feline medicine, the sec- Writing is essentially a lonely business, as many of the
tions have occasionally changed. This volume of Consultations authors included in this book will tell you, but I will have to
in Feline Internal Medicine contains 12 sections, covering disagree with Winnie the Pooh as it is clearly not “silly stuff.”
Infectious Diseases (8 chapters), Gastrointestinal Diseases (8 The fruits of the labors of many experts are now shared with
chapters), Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases (9 chapters), you and the feline medicine community. Cats do not give up
Dermatology (8 chapters), Cardiology and Respiratory Med- their secrets easily, but this volume contains many important
icine (13 chapters), Upper and Lower Urinary Tract Diseases pieces of the puzzle.
(7 chapters), Oncology (7 chapters), Nutrition (6 chapters),
Population Medicine (9 chapters), as well as three new
sections. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
A section on Emergency and Critical Care Medicine
appears for the first time in this volume. This new section, Putting together a textbook of this magnitude is not possible
designed by editors Dr. Tony Johnson and Dr. Gretchen without an excellent publishing team and my thanks go to
Statz, contains 13 chapters on diverse topics such as the new my colleagues at Elsevier, including Brandi Graham, Penny
evidence-based guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation Rudolph, and others for their support and advice. Textbooks
in cats, treatment of hypertensive crises, and cutting-edge depend on the willingness of experts to share and teach, so I
endourology procedures (urinary diversion techniques). Also would like to express my gratitude to the section editors and
new in this volume is a section on Behavioral Medicine with authors who gave freely of their time and expertise in what
6 chapters, edited by Dr. Debra Horwitz. The inclusion of I know are already busy professional schedules. The real
this section reflects the growing body of research that helps reason I love to work on textbooks is how much I learn from
us understand both normal behavior and behavior problems my wonderful colleagues in the process! Finally, I want to
in cats. Behavior problems are some of the most common thank the excellent veterinarians and team members I work
concerns that cat owners bring to veterinarians, so it is a with every day at Bytown Cat Hospital in Ottawa, Ontario
delight to see the excellent content designed by Dr. Horwitz for their support and understanding of the seemingly endless
and her authors covering subjects such as anxiety disorders, work of editing a textbook.

vii
Section Editors
P. Jane Armstrong, DVM, MS, MBA Debra F. Horwitz, DVM, DACVB
Professor of Small Animal Internal Medicine Veterinary Behaviorist
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Veterinary Behavior Consultations
University of Minnesota St. Louis, Missouri
St. Paul, Minnesota Behavioral Medicine
Nutrition
Albert E. Jergens, DVM, PhD, DACVIM
Joseph W. Bartges, DVM, PhD Professor and Associate Chair for Research and Graduate
Staff Internist and Academic Director Studies
Cornell University Veterinary Specialists Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Stamford, Connecticut College of Veterinary Medicine
Adjunct Clinical Professor Iowa State University
Small Animal Clinical Sciences Ames, Iowa
Cornell University Gastrointestinal System
Ithaca, New York
Upper and Lower Urinary Tract Diseases Tony Johnson, DVM, DACVECC
Medical Director
Christine L. Cain, DVM, DACVD Veterinary Information Network
Assistant Professor of Dermatology Davis, California
Department of Clinical Studies Emergency and Critical Care Medicine
University of Pennsylvania
School of Veterinary Medicine Antony S. Moore, BVSc, MVSc
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Veterinary Oncology Consults
Dermatology Wauchope, New South Wales, Australia
Oncology
Craig A. Datz, DVM, MS, DABVP, DACVN
Adjunct Associate Professor Mark E. Peterson, DVM, DACVIM
College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Endocrinology and Nuclear Medicine
University of Missouri Animal Endocrine Clinic
Columbia, Missouri New York, New York
Senior Scientific Affairs Manager Adjunct Professor of Medicine
Royal Canin USA Department of Clinical Sciences
St. Charles, Missouri New York State College of Veterinary Medicine
Infectious Diseases Cornell University
Ithaca, New York
Brian A. DiGangi, DVM, MS, DABVP Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases
Clinical Assistant Professor
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences Elizabeth Rozanski, DVM
University of Florida Associate Professor
Gainesville, Florida Department of Clinical Sciences
Population Medicine Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine
North Grafton, Massachusetts
Brenda Griffin, DVM, MS, DACVIM Cardiology and Respiratory Medicine
Adjunct Associate Professor of Shelter Medicine
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences John Rush, DVM, MS, DACVIM (Cardiology), DACVECC
College of Veterinary Medicine Professor
University of Florida Department of Clinical Sciences
Gainesville, Florida Tufts Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine
Population Medicine North Grafton, Massachusetts
Cardiology and Respiratory Medicine

viii
 Section Editors ix

Margie Scherk, DVM, Dip ABVP (Feline Practice) Séverine Tasker, BSc, BVSc (Hons), PhD, DSAM,
catsINK DipECVIM-CA, FHEA, MRCVS
Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada Reader in Feline Medicine
Pediatric and Geriatric Medicine The Feline Centre
Langford Veterinary Services & School of Veterinary
Gretchen Statz, DVM, DACVECC Sciences
Staff Criticalist University of Bristol
Department of Internal Medicine and Critical Care Langford, Bristol, United Kingdom
Veterinary Specialty and Emergency Care Infectious Diseases
Indianapolis, Indiana
Internal Medicine Consultant Angela Witzel, DVM, PhD
Antech Diagnostics Assistant Clinical Professor of Nutrition
Irvine, California Small Animal Clinical Sciences
Emergency and Critical Care Medicine University of Tennessee
Knoxville, Tennessee
Nutrition
Contributors
Jill L. Abraham, VMD, DACVD David Bennett, BSc, BVetMed, PhD, DVM, DSAO, FHEA,
Dermatologist MRCVS
Department of Dermatology Professor
BluePearl Veterinary Partners School of Veterinary Medicine
New York, New York University of Glasgow
Feline Food Allergy Glasgow, Great Britain
Osteoarthritis in the Aging Cat
Karin Allenspach, DMV, ECVIM-CA, FVH, PhD, FHEA
Professor in Small Animal Internal Medicine Allyson Berent, DVM, DACVIM
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Staff Veterinarian, Director of Interventional Endoscopy
Royal Veterinary College Services
London, Hertfordshire, Great Britain Department of Interventional Radiology / Endoscopy
Feline Inflammatory Gastrointestinal Disease The Animal Medical Center
New York, New York
Jennifer Baez, VMD, DACVIM (Internal Medicine, Endourology in the Feline Patient: Urinary Diversion
Oncology) Techniques
Veterinary Medical Oncologist
Department of Oncology Darren Berger, DVM, DACVD
Center for Animal Referral and Emergency Services Assistant Professor of Dermatology
(CARES) Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Langhorne, Pennsylvania College of Veterinary Medicine
Feline Mammary Carcinoma Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa
Melissa Bain, DVM, DACVB, MS, DACAW Malassezia spp. in Feline Dermatology
Associate Professor of Clinical Animal Behavior
Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology Jeannine M. Berger, DVM, DACVB, DACAW, CAWA
UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine Director of Behavior Resources
Davis, California Department of Behavior
Update on Feline Housesoiling and Urine Marking San Francisco SPCA
San Francisco, California
Joseph W. Bartges, DVM, PhD Feline Aggression Toward People
Staff Internist and Academic Director
Cornell University Veterinary Specialists April E. Blong, DVM, DACVECC
Stamford, Connecticut Post-Doctoral Associate
Adjunct Clinical Professor Cornell Clinical Fellow
Small Animal Clinical Sciences Small Animal Nutrition Resident
Cornell University Cornell University
Ithaca, New York College of Veterinary Medicine
Update on Feline Urolithiasis Ithaca, New York
Urinary Tract Infection Feline Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Current Evidence-
Based Guidelines
Marie C. Bélanger, DVM, MSc, ACVIM
Professor of Small Animal Internal Medicine and Manuel Boller, Dr. Med. Vet., MTR, DACVECC
Cardiology Senior Lecturer Emergency and Critical Care
Department of Clinical Sciences Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences
University of Montreal University of Melbourne
St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada Werribee, Victoria, Australia
Cardiorenal Syndrome Feline Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Current Evidence-
Based Guidelines

x
 Contributors xi

Dawn Merton Boothe, DVM, MS, PhD, DACVIM, DACVCP Christopher G. Byers, DVM, DACVECC, DACVIM (SAIM),
Professor, Director Clinical Pharmacology CVJ
Anatomy Physiology and Pharmacology; Clinical Sciences Medical Doctor
Auburn University VCA Midwest Veterinary Specialists of Omaha
Auburn, Alabama Omaha, Nebraska
Medicating the Very Young and the Very Old Cat Adjunct Associate Professor of Emergency & Critical Care
Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine
Allison Bradley, BA, DVM, DACVIM Manhattan, Kansas
VCA Veterinary Specialists of Northern Colorado Acute Hemolytic Disorders in Cats
Loveland, Colorado
Feline Extrahepatic Bile Duct Obstruction: Medical versus Alane Kosanovich Cahalane, DVM, MA, DACVS-SA
Surgical Management CEO and Co-Founder
VSH Hong Kong
Benjamin Brainard, VMD, DACVAA, DACVECC Hong Kong, SAR China
Associate Professor, Critical Care Vascular Access Ports in Cats
Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery
College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia Christine L. Cain, DVM, DACVD
Athens, Georgia Assistant Professor of Dermatology
Current Diagnostics and Therapeutics in Feline Department of Clinical Studies
Hypercoagulability University of Pennsylvania
School of Veterinary Medicine
Jennifer Broadhurst, DVM Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Division Director Diagnostically Challenging Dermatoses of Cats
Clay County Animal Care & Control
Clay County, Florida Amanda Callens, BS, LVMT
Kitten Nurseries: A Practical Guide Veterinary Technician
Update on Feline Urolithiasis
Michael R. Broome, DVM, MS, DABVP
Advanced Veterinary Medical Imaging Daniel L. Chan, DVM, DACVECC, DACVN, DECVECC,
Tustin, California FHEA, MRCVS
Treatment of Severe, Unresponsive, or Recurrent Professor of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine and
Hyperthyroidism Clinical Nutrition
Treatment of Hyperthyroidism and Concurrent Renal Disease Section of Emergency and Critical Care
Department of Clinical Science and Services
Scott A. Brown, VMD, PhD The Royal Veterinary College
Josiah Meigs Distinguished Teaching Professor University of London
Department of Physiology & Pharmacology Critical Care Nutrition
University of Georgia
Edward Gunst Professor of Small Animal Medicine Dennis J. Chew, DVM, DACVIM (Internal Medicine)
Department of Small Animal Medicine & Surgery Professor Emeritus
UGA College of Veterinary Medicine Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Athens, Georgia The Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine
Chronic Kidney Disease: An Update Columbus, Ohio
Management of Idiopathic Hypercalcemia
C.A. Tony Buffington, DVM, PhD
Professor Martha G. Cline, DVM, DACVN
Veterinary Clinical Sciences Clinical Veterinary Nutritionist
The Ohio State University Department of Clinical Nutrition
Columbus, Ohio Red Bank Veterinary Hospital
Feline Idiopathic Cystitis Tinton Falls, New Jersey
Environmental Strategies to Promote Health and Wellness Current Feeding Practices of Cat Owners
xii Contributors

Rachel Dean, BVMS, PhD, DSAM(fel), MRCVS Daniel J. Fletcher, PhD, DVM
Director of the Centre for Evidence-Based Veterinary Associate Professor, Section of Emergency and Critical Care
Medicine Associate Chair, Department of Clinical Sciences
Clinical Associate Professor in Feline Medicine Cornell University
School of Veterinary Medicine and Science College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus Ithaca, New York
Loughborough, Great Britain Feline Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: Current Evidence-
Evidence-Based Feline Medicine: Principles and Practicalities Based Guidelines

Joao Felipe de Brito Galvao, MV, MS, DACVIM (SAIM) J.D. Foster, VMD, DACVIM
Internal Medicine Specialist and Medical Director Staff Veterinarian
Department of Internal Medicine Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine
VCA Arboretum View Animal Hospital University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine
Downers Grove, Illinois Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Management of Idiopathic Hypercalcemia Cutaneous Manifestations of Internal Disease

Amy DeClue, DVM, MS, DACVIM Susan Foster, BVSc, MVetClinStud, FANZCVS
Associate Professor of Small Animal Internal Medicine Small Animal Medicine Consultant
Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery Vetnostics
University of Missouri North Ryde, New South Wales, Australia
Columbia, Missouri Adjunct Senior Lecturer in Small Animal Medicine
Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Cats with Diabetes School of Veterinary and Life Sciences
Murdoch University
Alison Diesel, DVM, DACVD Murdoch, Western Australia
Clinical Assistant Professor Dealing with Toxoplasmosis: Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis,
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences Treatment and Prevention
College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences
Texas A&M University Diane Frank, DVM, DACVB
College Station, Texas Professor
Recognition of and Approach to Feline Cutaneous Reaction Department of Clinical Sciences
Patterns Université de Montréal
St-Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
Brian A. DiGangi, DVM, MS, DABVP (Canine & Feline Intercat Aggression
Practice)
Clinical Assistant Professor Lisa M. Freeman, DVM, PhD, DACVN
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences Professor
University of Florida Department of Clinical Sciences
Gainesville, Florida Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts
Strategies for Infectious Disease Management in Shelter Cats University
North Grafton, Massachusetts
Ray Dillon, DVM, MS, MBA, DACVIM (IM) Nutritional Management of Heart Disease
Jack Rash Professor of Medicine
Department of Clinical Sciences Frédéric Gaschen, Dr. Med. Vet., Dr. Habil.
College of Veterinary Medicine Professor and Chief
Auburn University Companion Animal Medicine Service
Auburn, Alabama Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine
Feline Heartworm Disease Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Disorders of Esophageal, Gastric, and Intestinal Motility in
Adam Eatroff, DVM, DACVIM (SAIM) Cats
Department of Internal Medicine / Hemodialysis Unit
BluePearl Veterinary Partners Lorrie Gaschen, DVM, PhD, Dr. Med. Vet., Dipl. DECVDI
New York, New York Associate Dean for Diversity and Faculty Affairs
Acute Kidney Injury Blanche Donaldson Professor
Professor of Diagnostic Imaging
Amy K. Farcas, DVM, MS, DACVN Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Owner, Clinical Nutritionist Louisiana State University
Veterinary Nutrition Care Baton Rouge, Louisiana
Belmont, California Diagnostic Imaging of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Tissue
Feeding the Senior and Geriatric Cat Sampling
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 Contributors xiii

Sonya G. Gordon, DVM, DVSc, DACVIM-CA Daniel F. Hogan, DVM

Associate Professor Professor and Chief
Department of Small Animal Clinical Science Comparative Cardiovascular Medicine and Interventional
Texas A&M University Cardiology
College Station, Texas College of Veterinary Medicine
Update on the Management of Feline Cardiomyopathy Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Purdue University
Brenda Griffin, DVM, MS, DACVIM West Lafayette, Indiana
Adjunct Associate Professor of Shelter Medicine Treatment and Prevention of Feline Arterial Thromboembolism
Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences
College of Veterinary Medicine Katherine Irwin, DVM, DACVD
University of Florida Dermatologist
Gainesville, Florida Dermatology for Animals
Lost Cats: Epidemiology and Best Practices for Identification Omaha and Lincoln, Nebraska
and Recovery Cyclosporine in Feline Dermatology

Tamara Grubb, DVM, PhD, DACVAA Stephanie Janeczko, DVM, MS, DABVP (Canine & Feline
Assistant Professor of Anesthesia & Analgesia Practice), CAWA
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Senior Director, Shelter Medicine Programs
College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State Department of Research & Development
University American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals
Pullman, Washington New York, New York
Anesthesia for the Aging Cat Foster Care Programs in Animal Shelters

Danièlle Gunn-Moore, BSc(Hon), BVM&S, PhD, FHEA, Rosanne E. Jepson, BVSc, MVetMed, PhD, DipACVIM,
MANZCVS, MRCVS DipECVIM
Professor of Feline Medicine, RCVS Specialist in Feline Lecturer in Small Animal Internal Medicine
Medicine, Division of Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department of Clinical Sciences and Services
Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and the Roslin Royal Veterinary College
Institute, London, Great Britain
University of Edinburgh Phosphate and the Kidney
Edinburgh, Scotland
Cognitive Dysfunction in the Cat Albert E. Jergens, DVM, PhD, DACVIM
Professor and Associate Chair for Research and Graduate
Beth Hamper, DVM, PhD, DACVN Studies
Small Animal Nutritionist Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences
Hamper Veterinary Nutritional Consulting College of Veterinary Medicine
Indianapolis, Indiana Iowa State University
The Unique Metabolic Adaptations and Nutrient Requirements Ames, Iowa
of the Cat Feline Inflammatory Gastrointestinal Disease

Katrin Hartmann, Dr. Med. Vet., Dr. Habil., ECVIM-CA Tony Johnson, DVM, DACVECC
(Internal Medicine) Medical Director
Professor and Department Head Veterinary Information Network
Center of Clinical Veterinary Sciences Davis, California
Clinic of Small Animal Medicine Fibrosing Pleuritis
Munich, Germany
Update on Antiviral Therapies SeungWoo Jung, DVM, MS, PhD, DACVIM (Cardiology)
Assistant Professor of Cardiology
Andrea Harvey, BVSc, DSAM(Feline), DipECVIM-CA, Department of Clinical Sciences
MRCVS, MANZCVS (Associate) Auburn University
RCVS Recognised & Registered (NSW) Specialist in Auburn, Alabama
Feline Medicine Feline Heartworm Disease
Small Animal Specialist Hospital
Sydney, Australia Rebecca Kirby, DVM, DACVIM, DACVECC
Feline Laryngeal Disease Gainesville, Florida
Feline Circulatory Shock
xiv Contributors

Claudia A. Kirk, DVM, PhD, DACVN, DACVIM Jacqui Ley, BVSc(hons), PhD(Psychology),
Professor and Associate Dean FANZCVS(Veterinary Behaviour), DECAWBM
Office of the Associate Dean for Academic Affairs and Registered Specialist in Veterinary Behaviour
Student Services Animal Behaviour Consultations
College of Veterinary Medicine Melbourne Veterinary Specialist Centre
University of Tennessee Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Knoxville, Tennessee Feline Social Behavior and Personality
Cats and Carbohydrates: How Much Should We Feed?
Susan E. Little, DVM, DABVP (Feline)
Erika L. Krick, VMD Owner, Bytown Cat Hospital
Assistant Professor of Oncology Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Department of Clinical Studies Emerging Aspects of Streptococcal Infections in Cats
University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Andrew Lowe, DVM, MSc, DACVD
A Review and Update on Gastrointestinal Lymphoma in Cats Dermatologist
Department of Dermatology
Darcie Kunder, VMD Alta Vista Animal Hospital
Resident Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
Department of Dermatology and Allergy Glucocorticoids in Feline Dermatology
Matthew J Ryan Veterinary Hospital, University of
Pennsylvania Virginia Luis Fuentes, MA, VetMB, PhD, DACVIM,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania DECVIM-CA (Cardiology)
Cutaneous Manifestations of Internal Disease Professor of Veterinary Cardiology
Department of Clinical Science and Services
Michelle Kutzler, DVM, PhD, DACT Royal Veterinary College
Associate Professor of Companion Animal Industries Hatfield, Hertfordshire, Great Britain
Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences Ultrasound Imaging for Diagnosis and Staging of Feline
Oregon State University Cardiomyopathy
Corvallis, Oregon
Neonatal Resuscitation and Supportive Care in Cats Leslie A. Lyons, BS, MS, PhD
Gilbreath McLorn Professor of Comparative Medicine
D. P. Laflamme, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ACVN Department of Veterinary Medicine & Surgery
Veterinary Nutritionist College of Veterinary Medicine
Department of Basic Research University of Missouri
Nestle Purina PetCare Research Columbia, Missouri
St. Louis, Missouri Population Structure and Genetic Testing in Cats
Sarcopenia and Weight Loss in the Geriatric Cat
Caroline Mansfield, BSc, BVMS, MVM, PhD, DECVIM-CA
Selena Lane, DVM Associate Professor in Small Animal Medicine
Critical Care Resident Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Science
Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery University of Melbourne
University of Georgia Werribee, Victoria, Australia
Athens, Georgia The Challenges of Pancreatitis in Cats: A Diagnostic and
Current Diagnostics and Therapeutics in Feline Therapeutic Conundrum
Hypercoagulability
Stanley L. Marks, BVSc, PhD, DACVIM (Internal
Cathy Langston, DVM, DACVIM Medicine, Oncology), DACVN
Associate Professor Professor
Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine Department of Medicine and Epidemiology
The Ohio State University University of California, Davis, School of Veterinary
Columbus, Ohio Medicine
Acute Kidney Injury Davis, California
Rational Approach to Diagnosing and Managing Infectious
Causes of Diarrhea in Kittens
Another Random Scribd Document
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 Business - Answer Key
Spring 2021 - College

Prepared by: Professor Brown

Date: July 28, 2025

Discussion 1: Best practices and recommendations

Learning Objective 1: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 4: Research findings and conclusions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Best practices and recommendations
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 7: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 9: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Section 2: Ethical considerations and implications
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 11: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 17: Study tips and learning strategies
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 19: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Review 3: Practical applications and examples
Example 20: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 23: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 23: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 27: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Abstract 4: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Practice Problem 30: Study tips and learning strategies
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 33: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 37: Study tips and learning strategies
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 38: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 40: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Test 5: Fundamental concepts and principles
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 42: Historical development and evolution
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 43: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 43: Study tips and learning strategies
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 44: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 45: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 46: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 48: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Abstract 6: Experimental procedures and results
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 51: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Part 7: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 61: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 64: Current trends and future directions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 68: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 68: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Abstract 8: Best practices and recommendations
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 71: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 71: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 72: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 75: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 75: Research findings and conclusions
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 76: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 78: Study tips and learning strategies
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 79: Study tips and learning strategies
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 80: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Test 9: Theoretical framework and methodology
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 81: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 82: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 83: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 85: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 86: Historical development and evolution
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Results 10: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 93: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 94: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Appendix 11: Study tips and learning strategies
Practice Problem 100: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 103: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 105: Historical development and evolution
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 109: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Introduction 12: Experimental procedures and results
Remember: Ethical considerations and implications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 113: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 117: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
References 13: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 121: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 122: Key terms and definitions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 123: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 125: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 126: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 14: Experimental procedures and results
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 135: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 135: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 136: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Abstract 15: Case studies and real-world applications
Practice Problem 140: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 141: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 144: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 145: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 146: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 147: Historical development and evolution
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
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